CH-03 FUNCTIONS

Objectives •Why Functions

•Types of Functions
•To understand the details of function calls and parameter passing in
Python.
•To be able to define new functions in Python.
•To understand scope of formal parameters and variables defined in a
function.

Why •Code reuse

functions? •Easier to maintain (modularity)
•Facilitate solving a complex problem
•It reduces program size
•It makes program readable and understandable

Types of 1.Built-in:These are the functions whose functionality is pre defined in

Functions python like abs(), eval(), input() and many more.

2. Functions in modules: There are some predefined modules in python.

If we want to use a function residing in a module, we have to import
that module into our program. Example:
>>> import math
>>> print(math.sqrt(3))

3. User Defined functions

Functions in  Module is a .pyfile which contains the definitions of functions and
modules variables.
 Module is a simple python file.
 When we divide a program into modules then each module
contains functions and variables. And each functions is made for a
special task.
 Once written code in modules can be used in other programs.
 When we make such functions which may be used in other
programs also then we write them in module.
 We can import those module in any program and we can use the

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 functions.
 We can import a module with the help of import statement. The
import statement can be used in two forms:
 import <module> command: To import entire module

 from < module> import <object> command: To import selected

object from a module.

 >>> import math

>>> print(math.sqrt(3))
 from math import sqrt
>>> print(sqrt(3))

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User
defined
Functions

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Structures def function1():
of Python :
Program :
def function2():
:
:
def function3():
:
:
#__main__ Python begins execution from here i.e. #__main__
Statement 1
Statement 2

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Flow of
execution
in a
function
call

Argument  Arguments are values appear in function call.

and  Parameters are values appear in function header.
Parameters # Program to add two numbers
def sum(a,b): # a,b are formal parameter
c=a+b
return c

n1=int(input(“Enter value”)) # n1,n2 are actual arguments

n2= int(input(“Enter value”))
res=sum(n1,n2)
print(“Sum=“,res)
Types of Python supports four types of formal parameters.
Parameters 1.Positional arguments

2.Defaults arguments
3.Keywords arguments
4.Variable Arguments

Positional  The function call statement must match the number and order of
Arguments arguments as defined in the function definition, this is called the
Positional argument matching.
 In this no value can be skipped from function call or you can’t change
the order of arguments also

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 If a function definition header is like.
def check(a,b,c):

:
then possible function calls for this can be:
check(x,y,z)#a gets value x, b gets value y, c gets value z
check(2,x,y) #a gets value 2, b gets value x, c gets value y
check(2,5,7) #a gets value 2, b gets value 5, c gets value 7
Default  A parameter having default value in the function header is known
Arguments as a default parameter.

 Example of function header with default values:

def interest ( principle, time, rate=0.10):
# 0.10 is default value for parameter rate. if in a function call, the
value for rate is not provided, Python will fill the missing value
with this value.
 if a function calls appears like:
si=interest(5400,2)
#third argument missing, its default value 0.10 is used for rate

si=interest(6100,3,0.15)
# no argument missing with principle=6100 , time=3, rate=0.15

 Following are examples of header with default values:

def interest (p,t,r=0.5):#correct

def interest(p,t=2, r):# incorrect

Any parameter can’t have a default vale unless all parameters

appearing on its right have their default values.
Keyword  Keyword arguments are the named arguments with assigned values
Arguments being passed in function call statement.
 Python offers a way of writing function calls where you can write any
argument in any order provided you name the arguments when calling
the function.
1.interest (p=2000,time=2, r=0.10)
# p gets value 2000, t gets value 2, r gets value 0.10

2.interest ( t=4,p= 2600, r=0.09)

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 #p gets value 2600, t gets value 4, r gets value 0.09

3.interest (t=2,r=0.12, p=2000)

#p gets value 2000, t gets value 2, r gets value 0.12

SCOPE OF VARIABLE
Local and 1.def sum(x,y):
Global 2 z=x+y
Variable 3. return z

# Main Programme
4.n1=int(input(“Enter n1”)
5.n2=int(input(“Enter n2”)
6.s=sum(n1,n2)
7.print(s)

Name Resolution (Resolving Scope of a name)

LEGB RULE- L-Local Environment-
LEG E-Enclosing Environment
B G-Global Environment
B-Built in Environment
# Case 1-Variable in Global Scope but not in local scope
def calsum(x,y):
s=x+y
print(n1)
return s

# main Programme
n1=int(input("Enter n1"))
n2=int(input("Enter n2"))
print(calsum(n1,n2))

OUTPUT
Enter n120
Enter n240
20
60

======================================================================

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 # Case 2-Variable neither in Global Scope nor in local scope

def show():
print(n3)

# main Programme
print(show())

OUTPUT
Error
=======================================================================

# Case 3- Some Variable name in local as well as in global scope

def run():
s=15 # local scope
print(s)

# main Programme
s=12 # Global Scope
print(s)
run()
print(s)
print("================================")

OUTPUT
12
15
12
=====================================================================

# case 4- If you want to use global variable insisde local scope

def run():
global s
s=90
print(s)

# main Programme
s=12 # Global Scope
print(s)
run()
print(s)
print(s)

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 OUTPUT
12
90
90
90

Practice # Q1.What is the output of the following code ?

Question
a=1
def fun():
a=10
print(a)
# main programe
fun()
print(a)

OUTPUT.
10
1
====================================================================
# Q2.What is the output of the following code ?

a=1
def fun():
a=10
return a
# main programe
print(a)
print(fun())
print(a)

OUTPUT
1
10
1

# Q3.What is the output of the following code ?

a=1
def fun():
global a
a=50
return a

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 # main programe
print(a)
print(fun())
print(a)

OUTPUT
1
50
50

MUTABLE/IMMUTABLE PROPERTIES OF PASSED DATA OBJECT

Depending upon the mutability / immutability of its data type of variable behave
differently that is if a variable is referring to an immutable data type then any
change in its value will also change the memory address it is referring to ,but if a
variable is referring to mutable type then any change in the value of mutable type
will not change the memory address of the variable.

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