Introduction to

Image Processing
Compiled by: Mr. Subhojit Malik, Assistant Professor, ECE, HETC
 Flow Diagram
of
Image Processing
  Images play an important role, both in daily-life
applications such as satellite television, magnetic
resonance imaging, computer tomography as well as
in areas of research and technology such as
geographical information systems and astronomy.

Introductio  An image is a 2D representation of a three-

n dimensional scene.
 A digital image is basically a numerical
representation of an object.
 The term digital image processing refers to the
manipulation of an image by means of a processor.
  An image is a two-dimensional function that
represents a measure of some characteristic
such as brightness or colour of a viewed
scene.

 An image is a projection of a 3D scene into a

Image 2D projection plane.

 Defined as a two-variable function f (x, y)

where for each position (x, y) in the projection
plane, f (x, y) defines the light intensity
at this point.
 How
image  Human Visual System
is formed?
The Eye –
A Camera
Visual Information Processing in Brain
 Graphical
representation of
the eye looking at
For example, suppose that a person is looking at a tree 15 m high
a palm tree at a distance of 100 m. Letting h denote the height of that object in
the retinal image, the geometry in the above figure yields
15 /100 = h / 17 or h = 2 5 . mm.
Electromagnetic Spectrum
  An analog image can be mathematically
represented as a continuous range of values
representing position and intensity.

Analog  An analog image is characterized by a physical

Image magnitude varying continuously in space.

 For example, the image produced on the

screen of a CRT monitor is analog in nature.
  A digital image is composed of picture
elements called pixels.

 Pixels are the smallest sample of an image.

Digital
Image
 A pixel represents the brightness at one
point.
  Conversion of an analog image into a
digital image involves two important
operations - sampling and quantisation.

Digital Image
 i. Processing of images is faster and cost-
effective.
ii. Digital images can be effectively stored and
efficiently transmitted from one place to another.
iii. When shooting a digital image, one can
immediately see if the image is good or not.
Advantages iv. Copying a digital image is easy. The quality of the
of digital image will not be degraded even if it is
Digital Images copied for several times.
v. Whenever the image is in digital format, the
reproduction of the image is both faster and
cheaper.
vi. Digital technology offers plenty of scope for
versatile image manipulation.
 i. Misuse of copyright has become easier
because images can be copied from the
Internet just by clicking the mouse a couple of
times.
ii. A digital file cannot be enlarged beyond a
Drawbacks certain size without compromising on quality.
of iii. The memory required to store and process
Digital Images good-quality digital images is very high.
iv. For real-time implementation of digital-
image-processing algorithms, the processor
has to be very fast because the volume of
data is very high.
 The processing of an
image by means of a
Digital
Image computer is generally
Processing termed digital image
processing.
  (1) Flexibility and Adaptability: The main
advantage of digital computers when
compared to analog electronic and optical
information processing devices is that no
Advantages
hardware modifications are necessary in
of order to reprogram digital computers to
Digital solve different tasks.
Image
Processing
 This feature makes digital computers an ideal
device for processing image signals
adaptively.
  (2) Data Storage and Transmission: With
the development of different image-
compression algorithms, the digital data can
Advantages be effectively stored.
of
Digital
Image  The digital data within the computer can be
easily transmitted from one place to
Processing another.
  The only limitation of digital imaging
Limitation and digital image processing are
of memory and processing speed
Digital capabilities of computers.
Image
Processing
  (i) Medical Science
Applications  (ii) Forensics
of
Digital  (iii) Remote sensing
Image  (iv) Communications
Processing  (v) Automobiles
  Medical Science:
1. Gamma Ray Imaging -
i. Tumor Imaging
ii. Brain Imaging
Applications
iii. Bones Imaging
of
Digital iv. Cardiac Functionality
Image v. Diagnosis of Alzheimer
Processing vi. Infection Imaging
vii. Thyroid Imaging
  Medical Science:

Applications
2. X-Ray Imaging
of
Digital i. X-Ray imaging
Image ii. Biometric Imaging
Processing
3. Ultrasound Imaging
  Forensics:
Applications i. Face identification
of ii. Fingerprint identification
Digital iii. Iris identification
Image
iv. Vein pattern identification
Processing
v. Emotion Recognition etc
  Remote Sensing:
i. Features of earth-surface by using
remote sensing instrument without going
Applications to the site of interest
of
Digital ii. Astronomy
Image
Processing iii. Extraterrestrial landscapes
such as Sun, Moon, Mars,
Saturn, Jupiter etc
Applications  Communications:
of i. Multimedia technology
Digital ii. Video conferencing
Image
iii. Transmission of data effectively etc.
Processing
Applications  Automotive:
of
Digital i. Security & Surveillance
Image ii. Night vision system etc.
Processing
 1)Image enhancement
2)Image restoration
Image
Processing 3)Image fusion
Techniques
4)Image watermarking
  A digital image is a two-dimensional discrete
signal.

Digital  A digital image is also an N × N array of

Image elements.
Representatio
n  Each element in the array is a number which
represents the sampled intensity.
 Digital  For example, the representation of a 4 × 4
image in matrix format and its three-
Image
dimensional view.
Representatio
n
  Four neighbours of the pixel P :

Neighbours
of  Eight neighbours of the pixel P :
a Pixel
Neighborhoo  References
d
  If V be the set of gray-level value used to
define adjacency.

Adjacency
 In binary image, V = {1} is being referred to
adjacent pixel with value 1.
  Let S represents a subset of pixels in an
image.

Connectivity  2 pixels p and q are said to be connected

in S if there exists a path between them
consisting entirely of pixels in S.
  A digital path or curve from pixel (p) with
coordinate (x,y) to another pixel (q) with
coordinates (s,t) is a sequence of distinct
Path
pixels with coordinates (x0,y0),
(x1,y1),…….. (xn,yn),
  For pixels p,q and z with coordinates (x,y) ,
(s,t) and (u,v) respectively, D is a distance
function.

Distance
Measure
Euclidean
Distance
 D4
Distance
 D8
Distance
 Dm
Distance
  Digital Image Processing by R.C. Gonzalez and R.E. Woods
 Digital Image Processing by Sanjay Sharma
References
Thank You
  Q: Which one is correct ?

a. An image is a 3D representation of a 2D scene.

FAQ b. An image is a 3D representation of a 3D scene.
c. An image is a 2D representation of a 3D scene.
d. An image is a 2D representation of a 2D scene.
  Q. Natural array of sensors is

a. Pupil

FAQ b. Fovea
c. Lens
d. Retina
  Q. Visual information processing is done by

a. Primary visual cortex

b. Occipital
FAQ c. Optical nerve
d. LGN
  Q. Distance of lens and fovea for eye is

a. 100 m
FAQ b. 20 m
c. 17 mm
d. 20 mm
  Q. Image is formed in

a. Ultraviolet range of frequency

b. Microwave range of frequency
FAQ c. Radio wave range of frequency
d. None of these
  Q. Visible light range is

a. 0.4 – 0.7 mm
b. 0.04 – 0.07 µm

FAQ c. 0.4 – 0.7 µm

d. 4 – 7 µm
  Q. Which statement is false?

a. A digital image is composed of picture elements called pixels.

b. Pixels are the smallest sample of an image.

FAQ c. Number of pixel within an image is fixed.

d. A pixel represents the brightness at one point.

e. None of these
  Q. Which statement is true?

a. Conversion of an analog image into a digital image involves only

one important operation - sampling.
b. The reproduction of the image is both slower and cheaper.

FAQ
c. The memory required to store and process good-quality digital
images is very high.
d. For real-time implementation of digital-image-processing
algorithms, the processor has to be very low because the
volume of data is very low.
  Q. “Digital image processing is effective” – Because

a. Computers helps to process image signals adaptively.

b. Reprogramming is possible to solve different tasks.

FAQ c. All process are flexible.

d. Transmission of data is easier and slower.
e. Data storage becomes easier.
f. All of these
  Q. A digital image is represented by

a. N * M array

FAQ b. M * M array
c. M ^ 2 array
d. None of these
  Q. If for 2 consecutive neighboring pixels intensity
value is same what will be the distance?
a. 0

FAQ b. 1
c. 2
d. 3
e. None
  Q. If the coordinates for 2 pixels are (1,3) and
(3,1), what will be the Euclidian distance between
them?
a. 0

FAQ b. 1
c. 2
d. 3
e. 4