physics

Aim :
To investigate the relation between:
i) output and input voltage
ii) number of turns in the secondary coil and primary coil of a self
designed transformer
Theory:
A transformer is an electrical device which is used for changing the
A.C. voltages.
The transformer is a device used for converting a low alternating

voltage to a high alternating voltage or vice-versa. A Transformer
based on the Principle of mutual induction according to this principle,
the amount of magnetic flux linked with a coil changing, an e.m.f is
induced in the neighbouring coil. A transformer is an electrical device
which is used for changing the A.C. voltages. A transformer is most
widely used device in both low and high current circuit. As such
transformers are built in an amazing strength of sizes. In electronic,
measurement and control circuits, transformer size may be so small
that it weight only a few tens of grams where as in high voltage power
circuits, it may weight hundreds of tones. In transformer, the electrical
energy transfer from one circuit to another circuit takes place without
the use of moving parts. A transformer which increases the voltages is
called a step-up transformer. A transformer which decreases the A.C.
voltages is called a step- down transformer. Transformer is, therefore,
an essential piece of apparatus both for high and low current circuits.
When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil p1p2, an

alternating current starts falling in it. The altering current in the
primary produces a changing magnetic flux, which induces altering
voltage in the primary as well as in the secondary. In a good
transformer, whole of the magnetic flux linked with primary is also
linked with he secondary, and then the induced e.m.f. Induced in each
turn of the secondary is equal to that induced in each turn of the
primary. Thus if Ep and Es be the instantaneous values of the e.m .f.’s
induced in the primary and the secondary and Np and Ns are the no.
of turns of the primary secondary coils of the transformer and
dф / dt = rate of change of flux in each turn off the coil at this instant,
we have,
Ep = - Np dф/dt _______________ (1)
And
Es = - Ns dф/dt _______________ (2)
Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by dividing 2 by

1, we get
Es / Ep = - Ns / Np ______________ (3)
As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in the primary

coil p1, so the instantaneous current in primary coil is due to the
difference (E– Ep) in the instantaneous values of the applied and
back e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance o, p1p2coil, then the
instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is given by
Ip = E– Ep / RpE
Ep = Ip Rp
When the resistance of the primary is small,
Rp Ip can be neglected so therefore
Ep = 0 or Ep = E
Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f
Hence equation 3 can be written as

Es / Ep = Es / E
= output e.m.f / input e.m.f
= Ns / Np = K
Where K is constant, called turn or transformation ratio.

Requirements
The transformer consists of two coils. They are insulated with each other by
insulated material and wound on acommon core. For operation at low
frequency, we may have asoft iron. The soft iron core is insulating by joining
thin ironstrips coated with varnish to insulate them to reduce energy losses by
eddy currents.The input circuit is called primary. And theoutput circuit is called
secondary.
Procedure :
1. Take a soft iron rod of cm and cm diameter. Wrap thick paper on it.
2. Wind a coil P of enameled copper wire 200 turns.
3. Wind another coil S of thick enameled copper wire with 400 turns.
4. Both coils are wound over same length of the rod, so that almost the entire
flux produced by current in one is linked to the other.
5. Connect the coil S with an AC voltmeter. Connect an identical voltmeter

across P also.
6. Switch on the current in P and note voltage across the two coils
7. Find the ratio Vp to Vs

Observations
1. We will find that ratio of Vp and Vs across the two coils is equal to the ratio
of number of turns in the coil P to that in the coil S.i.e.,
Vp/Vs = Np/Ns ---------------(1)
2. The coil P (to which AC voltage is applied) is

Called the primary and coil S (in which AC is induced) is called the secondary.
3. Since coil S is placed very close to the coil P,the power in the primary is
transferred into the secondary through mutual induction.
4. It is clear from equation 1, that by appropriate choice of the turn ratio i.e.,
Np/Ns, we can obtain a higher voltage or lower voltage in S compared to that in
P.
• No. of turns in primary, NP = 2000
• No. of turns in secondary, NS = 100
S. No. Input Output ES/EP

Voltage EP Voltage ES
[volt] [volt]
1 12V 240V 1/20
2 240V 12V 20
Energy Losses:-
Following are the major sources of energy loss in a transformer:
1. Copper loss: is the energy loss in the form of heat in the copper coils of a
transformer. This is due to joule heating of conducting wires.
2. Iron loss: is the energy loss in the form of heat in the iron core of the
transformer. This is due to formation of eddy currents in iron core. It is
minimized by taking laminated cores.
3. Leakage of magnetic flux: occurs inspite of best insulations. Therefore, rate

of change of magnetic flux linked with each turn of S1S2 is less than the rate of
change of magnetic flux linked with each turn of P1P2.
4. Hysteretic loss: is the loss of energy due to repeated magnetization and
demagnetization of the iron core when A.C. is fed to it.
5. Magneto striation: humming noise of a transformer
Result:
Clearly ES/EP = NS/NP within experimental error.
Precautions:
• Keep yourself safe from voltage.
• While taking the readings of the current and voltage of the a.c. should
remain constant.
Sources of Error:
• Values of current can be changed due to heating effect.
• Eddy current can changed the readings.
Bibliography:
• NCERT Textbook
• www.academia.edu
• Physics LAB MANUAL.

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Aim :

To investigate the relation between:

i) output and input voltage

The transformer is a device used for converting a low alternating

When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil p1p2, an

Ep = - Np dф/dt _______________ (1)

Es = - Ns dф/dt _______________ (2)

Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by dividing 2 by

As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in the primary

When the resistance of the primary is small,

Rp Ip can be neglected so therefore

Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f

Hence equation 3 can be written as

= output e.m.f / input e.m.f

Where K is constant, called turn or transformation ratio.

2. Wind a coil P of enameled copper wire 200 turns.

5. Connect the coil S with an AC voltmeter. Connect an identical voltmeter

7. Find the ratio Vp to Vs

Vp/Vs = Np/Ns ---------------(1)

2. The coil P (to which AC voltage is applied) is

• No. of turns in primary, NP = 2000

• No. of turns in secondary, NS = 100

S. No. Input Output ES/EP

Following are the major sources of energy loss in a transformer:

3. Leakage of magnetic flux: occurs inspite of best insulations. Therefore, rate

5. Magneto striation: humming noise of a transformer

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