Computer Programming

Lecture 3
Multidimensional Arrays
 Introduction
you have used one-dimensional arrays to model linear
collections of elements.
You can use a two-dimensional array to represent a
matrix or a table.
For example, the following table that describes the
distances between the cities can be represented using a
two-dimensional array.

Aden Ataq Mukalla

Aden 0 352 810
Ataq 352 0 280
Mukalla 810 280 0
Distance Table (in Km)
3.2
 Two-dimensional array
Two-dimensional Array: a collection of a fixed number of
components arranged in two dimensions
The syntax for declaring a two-dimensional array is:

dataType arrayName[intexp1][intexp2];

where intexp1 and intexp2 are expressions yielding positive

integer values
Here is a two-dimensional array containing 3 rows and 4:

3.3
Initialization of two-dimensional array

we can initialize a multidimensional array in more than

one way.
Initialization of two-dimensional array

int x[2][3] = {2, 4, 5, 9, 0, 19};

The above method is not preferred. A better way to

initialize this array with the same array elements is given
below:
int x[2][3] = { {2, 4, 5},
{9, 0, 19}
};
Column 0 Column 1 Column 2
Row 0 2 4 5
Row 1 9 0 19
3.4
Accessing Two-Dimensional Array Elements

An element in two-dimensional array is accessed by

using the subscripts, i.e., row index and column index of
the array.
For example:

int Array[3][7];

Array[3][7]

3 rows 7 Columns

3.5
 Accessing Two-Dimensional Array Elements

Caution

• It is a common mistake to use matrix[2,1] to access the

element at row 2 and column 1.
• In C++, each subscript must be enclosed in a pair of square
brackets, for example matrix[2][1];

3.6
 Processing a 2-D Array
A one-dimensional array is usually processed via a for
loop. Similarly, a two-dimensional array may be processed
with nested for loops:
// an array with 5 rows and 2 columns.
int a[5][2] = { {0,0}, {1,2}, {2,4}, {3,6},{4,8}};

// output each array element's value

for ( int i = 0; i < 5; i++ )
{
for ( int j = 0; j < 2; j++ )
cout << a[i][j] << " "; 0 0
cout <<endl; 1 2
} 2 4
3 6
4 8

output
3.7
 Example: Taking Input for Two Dimensional Array
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
We have used a nested
for loop to take the
int main() { input of the 2d array.
int numbers[2][3];
Once all the input has
cout << "Enter 6 numbers: " << endl; been taken, we have
used another nested
// Storing user input in the array
for (int i = 0; i < 2; ++i) { for loop to print the
for (int j = 0; j < 3; ++j) { array members.
cin >> numbers[i][j];
}
} Enter 6 numbers:
1
cout << "The numbers are: " << endl; 2
3
// Printing array elements 4
for (int i = 0; i < 2; ++i) { 5
for (int j = 0; j < 3; ++j) { 6
cout << "numbers[" << i << "][" << j << "]: The numbers are:
" << numbers[i][j] << endl; numbers[0][0]: 1
}
numbers[0][1]: 2
}
cin.get();
numbers[0][2]: 3
return 0;} numbers[1][0]: 4
numbers[1][1]: 5
numbers[1][2]: 6
3.8
Example: Sum by Row 0 0 0
The following for loop finds the sum of each row of a 1 1 1
matrix. 2 2 2
3 3 3
#include <iostream>
using namespace std; 4 4 4

int main() { matrix[5][3]

int sum;
// an array with 5 rows and 3 columns.
int matrix[5][3] = { {0,0,0}, {1,1,1}, {2,2,2}, {3,3,3},{4,4,4}};
for (int row = 0; row < 5; row++)
{
sum = 0;
for (int col = 0; col < 3; col++)
sum = sum + matrix[row][col];
cout << "Sum of row " << row + 1 << " = " << sum << endl;
}
cin.get(); Sum of row 1 = 0
return 0; Sum of row 2 = 3
} Sum of row 3 = 6
Sum of row 4 = 9
Sum of row 5 = 12

The output 3.9

 Sum by Column?

0 0 0
1 1 1
Assignment 1 2 2 2
3 3 3
4 4 4

Save the file as (sum_by_column.cpp)

3.10
Example: Largest element in each row 0 1 3
The following C++ code determines the largest element in 4 7 3
each row of the matrix 5 9 8
#include <iostream> 9 6 2
using namespace std; 7 3 1
int main() {
int largest; matrix[5][3]
// an array with 5 rows and 3 columns.
int matrix[5][3] = { {0,1,3}, {4,7,3}, {5,9,8}, {9,6,2},{7,3,1}};
for (int row = 0; row < 5; row++)
{
largest = matrix[row][0]; //Assume that the first element
//of the row is the largest.
for (int col = 1; col < 3; col++)
if (matrix[row][col] > largest)
largest = matrix[row][col];
cout << "The largest element in row " << row + 1 << " = "<<
largest << endl;
}
The largest element in row 1 = 3
cin.get(); The largest element in row 2 = 7
return 0; The largest element in row 3 = 9
}
The largest element in row 4 = 9
The largest element in row 5 = 7
3.11
 Largest element in each column?

0 1 3
4 7 3
Assignment 2 5 9 8
9 6 2
7 3 1
Save the file as (Largest_clm.cpp)
matrix[5][3]

3.12
 Higher-Dimensional Arrays
An array can be declared with multiple dimensions.

3.13
 Initializing Three-Dimensional Array
Initialization in Three-Dimensional array is same as that of
Two-dimensional arrays. The difference is as the number of
dimension increases so the number of nested braces will also
increase.
Method 1:
int x[2][3][4] = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 1, 1, 1,
3, 4, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 9, 9, 9, 9};
4 columns
Better Method:
int x[2][3][4] =

3 rows
Array 1
{
{ {0,1,2,3}, {4,5,6,7}, {8,9,1,1} },
{ {1,3,4,5}, {6,6,6,6}, {9,9,9,9} }
Array 2
};

x[2][3][4]

2 Arrays 4 Columns
3 Rows 3.14
 Initializing Three-Dimensional Array

You can use loops to process multidimensional arrays.

For example, the nested for loops:

int x[10][5][7];

for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)

for (int j = 0; j < 5; j++)
for (int k = 0; k < 7; k++)
x[i][j][k] = 0;

3.15
 Processing a 3-D Array
• Following is a simple C++ program to initialize three-dimensional
(3D) array of dimensions 2*3*4, then it will access some
elements present in the array and display the element on the
screen :

int x[2][3][4] = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13,

14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23};

for ( int i = 0; i < 2; i++ )

{
for ( int j = 0; j < 3; j++ )
{
for (int k=0; k<4; k++)
0 1 2 3
cout << x[i][j][k] << "\t";
4 5 6 7
cout <<endl;
8 9 10 11
}
cout <<endl;
12 13 14 15
}
16 17 18 19
20 21 22 23
output 3.16
Searching Arrays with Linear Search

It may be necessary to determine whether an array

contains a value that matches a certain key value.
The process of finding a particular element of an array is
called searching
The linear search compares each element of an array
with a search key .Because the array is not in any
particular order.

3.17
Two-Dimensional Array Manipulation
3x3 arrays' subscripts and
The following example prints the 3 x 3 array’s their respective elements
subscript and their element. --------------------------
[0][0]=10
#include <iostream> [0][1]=25
using namespace std; [0][2]=33
int main() [1][0]=21
{ [1][1]=32
int i, j; [1][2]=43
int x[3][3]={{10,25,33}, [2][0]=20
{21,32,43},{20,42,51}}; [2][1]=42
cout<<"\n3x3 arrays' subscripts and\n"; [2][2]=51
cout<<"their respective elements\n";
cout<<"--------------------------\n";
// the outer for loop, reading the row by row...
for(i=0; i<3; i++)
// the inner loop,read every column by column...
for(j=0; j<3; j++)

cout<<"["<<i<<"]"<<"["<<j<<"]"<<"="<<x[i][j]<<"\n";
system("pause");
return 0;
}

3.18
 Example1 - Array Size

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;

int main() {
// Declare Array Variable
int array[5]= { 18, 24, 23, 34, 15 };

int size;

size = sizeof(array)/sizeof(int);

//Print size of Array

cout<<"The Size of Array is "<<size <<endl;
system("pause");
return 0;
}
The Size of Array is 5

Output
3.19
 EXERCISE 1
Identify error(s), if any, in the following array declarations.
If a statement is incorrect, provide the correct statement.
a. int primeNum[99];

b. int testScores[0];

c. string names[60];

d. int list100[0..99];

e. double[50] gpa;

f. const double LENGTH = 26;

double list[LENGTH - 1];

g. const long SIZE = 100;

int list[2 * SIZE];

3.20
 EXERCISE 2
What is the output of the following program segment?
double list[5];
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
list[i] = pow(i, 3) + i / 2.0;
cout << fixed << showpoint << setprecision(2);

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)

cout << list[i] << " ";

cout << endl;

list[0] = list[4] - list[2];
list[2] = list[3] + list[1];
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
cout << list[i] << " ";
cout << endl;

3.21
 EXERCISE 3
What is stored in list after the following C++ code executes?

int list[8];
list[0] = 1;
list[1] = 2;

for (int i = 2; i < 8; i++)

{
list[i] = list[i – 1] * list[i – 2];
if (i > 5)
list[i] = list[i] - list[i - 1];
}

list ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

3.22
 EXERCISE 4
Determine whether the following array declarations are
valid. If a declaration is invalid, explain why.
a. int list[61];

b. strings names[20];

c. double gpa[];

d. double[-50] ratings[];

e. string flowers[35];

f. int SIZE = 10;

double sales[2 * SIZE];

g. int MAX_SIZE = 50;

double sales[100 - 2 * MAX_SIZE];

3.23
 Assignment 1
uses a two-dimensional array grades to store the grades of a number of
students on multiple exams. ( use 10x3 array)
Show two-dimensional array in a tabular format, along with each student's
semester average.
Show Highest/Lowest grade of any student for the semester.
Show a bar chart of the distribution of all student grades for the semester.
Example of output:
The grades are:
Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 Overall grade distribution:
Average 0-9:
Student 1 87 96 70 84.33 10-19:
Student 2 68 87 90 81.67
20-29:
Student 3 94 100 90 94.67
Student 4 100 81 82 87.67 30-39:
Student 5 83 65 85 77.67 40-49:
Student 6 78 87 65 76.67 50-59:
Student 7 85 75 83 81.00 60-69: ***
Student 8 91 94 100 95.00 70-79: ******
Student 9 76 72 84 77.33
80-89: ***********
Student 10 87 93 73 84.33
90-99: *******
Lowest grade in the grade book is 65 100: ***
Highest grade in the grade book is 100

(Save the file as grades.cpp) 3.24

 Assignment 2

Sorting an array containing 0’s, 1’s and 2’s

Given an array A[] consisting 0s, 1s and 2s, write a program that
sorts A[]. The program should put all 0s first, then all 1s and all 2s in
last.

Example a[] = {1,0,2,1,2,1,1,1,2,1,0}

After sorting: {0,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,2,2}

Save the file as (sorting012.cpp)

3.25
 Bonus Assignment (+2)
Write a program to solve N-Queens puzzle problem by generating random
solutions. The program will stop when a correct solution is found.
Represent the generated solution using NxN matrix as shown in the
example below.

4-Queens puzzle & 4x4 matrix

(Save the file as N-Queens.cpp)
3.26