CHAPTER:ONE

DESIG OF AXIALLY &

ECCENTRICALLY LOADED
COLUMN
 DESIGN ECCENTRICITY
 The eccentricity to be used for design of columns of
constant cross section at the critical section is given by
ed,tot = ea + eo + e2
Where:
• ea = le/300 ≥ 20mm, is the initial eccentricity to account
various kinds of imperfection
• eo = Md/Nsd, first order eccentricity when equal eccentricity
exist at both ends

For first order moments varying linearly almost the length,

the equivalent eccentricity is the higher of the following two
values.
eo = 0.6eo2 + 0.4eo1
eo = 0.4eo2
 DESIGN ECCENTRICITY CONT…
Where:
• eo1 and eo2 are the 1st order eccentricity at the ends,
• eo2 - being positive and greater in magnitude than eo1,
this will be additive when the member bend in single
curvature
 e2 the second order eccentricity
For non – sway frames,
𝑘1 𝐿2𝑒
e2= [ 10* (1/r)]
where:
– k1= λ/20-0.75, for 15 ≤ λ ≤ 35
– k1=1, for λ > 35
– 1/r = k2(5/d)*10-3 – curvature at the critical section
– d = column dimension in the buckling plane less than the
cover to the center of the longitudinal reinforcement
 DESIGN ECCENTRICITY CONT…
k2 = Md/Mbal
– Md = design moment at the
critical section including
second-order effects.
– Mbal = balanced moment
capacity of the column
 The sway moments found
by 1st order analysis shall be
increased by multiplying
them by the moment
magnification factor
COLUMN UNDER UNI-AXIAL BENDING
 Almost all compression members in concrete
structures are subjected to moments in
addition to axial loads
 These may be due to:
– the load not being centered on the column or
– may result from the column resisting a portion of
the unbalanced moments at the end of the beams
supported by columns.
 COLUMN UNDER UNI-AXIAL BENDING CONT…
 When a member is
subjected to combined
axial compression (Pd) and
moment (Md) , it is more
convenient to replace the
axial load and the moment
with an equivalent Pd
applied at eccentricity ed
as shown below.
 INTERACTION DIAGRAM
 The presence of bending
in columns can reduce
the axial load capacity
 The interaction between
moment and axial load in
a column, for idealized
homogenous and elastic
column

fcu = ftu
Where:
– fcu - compressive strength,
– Ftu - tensile strength
 INTERACTION DIAGRAM CONT…
 For uni-axail column failure would occurs in a compression
when the maximum stresses reached fcu as given by:
fcu = P/A + My/I
Dividing both sides by fcu gives:
P/Afcu + My/Ifcu = 1
 The maximum axial load the column could support is
obtained when M = 0, and is:
Pmax= fcuA.
 The maximum moment that can be supported occurs
when P=0 and is:
Mmax = Ifcu/y
Substituting Pmax and Mmax gives
P/Pmax +M/Mmax = 1
 This is interaction equations because it shows the
interaction of or relation ship between P and M at failure
 INTERACTION DIAGRAM CONT…
 Points on the lines represent combination of P
and M
 A point inside the diagram such as E represents a
combination of P and M that will not cause
failure.
 Load combinations falling on the line or outside
the line, such as point F will equal or exceed the
resistance of the section and hence will cause
failure
 Points on the lines represent the resistance of the
section.
 INTERACTION DIAGRAMS FOR RC COLUMNS
Reinforced concrete column:
– Is not elastic
– Its tensile strength is lower than its compressive
strength,
 from these general shape of the diagram
resembles Fig. 5.11
INTERACTION DIAGRAMS FOR RC COLUMNS CONT…
 INTERACTION DIAGRAMS FOR RC COLUMNS CONT…
Balanced condition
• For a given cross section the design axial force
Pb acts at one specific eccentricity eb to cause
failure by simultaneous yielding of tension
steel and crushing of concrete
Tension failure controls:
– For a very large eccentricity of the axial force Pn,
the failure is by yielding of the tension steel.
– The horizontal axis corresponds to an infinite
value of eccentricity (e)
– pure bending at moment capacity (Mo)
 INTERACTION DIAGRAMS FOR RC COLUMNS CONT…
Compression failure controls:
 For a very small eccentricity of the axial force Pn,
the failure is governed by concrete compression.
 The vertical axis corresponds to e = 0 and Po is
the capacity of the column if concentrically
loaded
 Interaction diagrams for columns are generally
computed by:
– assuming a series of strain distributions, and each
corresponding to a particular point on the interaction
diagram, and
– computing the corresponding values of P and M
(strain compatibility analysis).
STRAIN STRESS DISTRIBUTION
 DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR UN-AXIAL COLUMN
1. Assume a cross section, d’ and evaluate d’/h to choose
appropriate chart
2. Compute:
- Normal force ratio: v = 𝑁𝑢 𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑
- Moment ratios: 𝜇ℎ = 𝑀ℎ 𝐴𝑐𝑓𝑐𝑑 ℎ, 𝜇𝑏 = 𝑀𝑏 𝐴𝑐𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏
3. Select suitable chart which satisfy
d ‘/h ratio:
4. Enter the chart and pick ω (the mechanical steel ratio), if
the coordinate (υ, µ) lies with in the families of curves.
– If the coordinate (υ, µ) lies out side the chart, the cross
section is small and a new trail need to be made.
 DESIGN PROCEDURE CONT…
5. Compute Ast = ωAcfcd/fyd
6. Check Atot satisfies the maximum and
minimum provisions
7. Determine the distribution of bars in
accordance with the charts requirement
 REINFORCEMENT DETAILING OF COLUMNS
Longitudinal Reinforcement According to
ES EN 1-1 1992-2015
 The total amount of longitudinal reinforcement
should not be less than As,min.
As,min =0.10NED/fyd or 0.002Ac which ever is the
greater one
where:
– fyd – is the design yield strength of the reinforcement
– NED – is the design axial compression force
 The area of longitudinal reinforcement should not
exceed As,max.
 The recommended value is 0.04Ac outside lap
locations. This limit should be increased to
0.08 Ac at laps.
 REINFORCEMENT DETAILING OF CONT….
 The minimum number of longitudinal
reinforcing bars shall be 6 for bars in a
circular arrangement and 4 for bars in a
rectangular arrangement
 The diameter of longitudinal bars shall not be
less than 12 mm
 For columns having a polygonal cross-section,
at least one bar should be placed at each
corner
 REINFORCEMENT DETAILING OF CONT….
Lateral Reinforcement According to EC EN 1-1 1992-2015
 The diameter of the transverse reinforcement (links,
loops or helical spiral reinforcement) should not be less
than 6 mm or 1/4 of the maximum diameter of
longitudinal bars, whichever is the greater.
 The transverse reinforcement should be anchored
adequately.
 The spacing of the transverse reinforcement along the
column should not exceed Scl,tmax.
 The recommended value is the least of the following
three distances:
• 20 times the minimum diameter of the longitudinal bars
• the lesser dimension of the column
• 400 mm
 REINFORCEMENT DETAILING OF CONT….
 Spirals or circular ties may be used for
longitudinal bars located around the
perimeter of a circle. The pitch of spirals shall
not exceed 100 mm.
 Every longitudinal bar or bundle of bars
placed in a corner should be held by
transverse reinforcement. No bar within a
compression zone should be further than 150
mm from a restrained bar.
 REINFORCEMENT DETAILING OF CONT….
Longitudinal Reinforcement according to EBCS-2
 The area of longitudinal reinforcement shall neither
be less than 0.008Ac nor more than 0.08Ac. The
upper limit shall be observed even where bars
overlap
 The minimum number of longitudinal reinforcing
bars shall be 6 for bars in a circular arrangement and
4 for bars in a rectangular arrangement
 The diameter of longitudinal bars shall not be less
than 12 mm
 REINFORCEMENT DETAILING OF CONT….
Lateral Reinforcement according to EBCS-2
 The diameter of ties or spirals shall not be less
than 6mm or ¼ of the diameter of the
longitudinal bars.
 The center-to-center spacing of lateral
reinforcement shall not exceed:
• 12 times the minimum diameter of longitudinal bars.
• least dimension of column
• 300 mm
 Spirals or circular ties may be used for
longitudinal bars located around the perimeter of
a circle.
 The pitch of spirals shall not exceed 100 mm.
REINFORCEMENT DETAILING OF CONT….
1. Show Sample Design
charts taken from EBCS 2,
part 2
2.Example