Python Full Stack Developer Technical Interview Questions with Answers

Q: Explain the difference between deep copy and shallow copy in Python.

A: A shallow copy creates a new object but inserts references to the original object's elements. A

deep copy creates a new object and recursively copies all objects within the original object.

Q: How does Python handle memory management?

A: Python uses automatic memory management, with a garbage collector to manage unused

memory and reference counting for objects.

Q: What are Python decorators, and how are they used?

A: Decorators are functions that modify the behavior of other functions or methods. They are used

with the @decorator syntax.

Q: Explain Python's Global Interpreter Lock (GIL).

A: The GIL is a mutex that protects access to Python objects, preventing multiple native threads

from executing Python bytecodes simultaneously.

Q: What are Python's built-in data types?

A: Built-in types include int, float, str, list, tuple, dict, set, and bool.

Q: How does exception handling work in Python?

A: Exception handling is managed using try, except, finally blocks. Use raise to trigger exceptions.

Q: What is the difference between is and == in Python?

A: is checks for object identity, whereas == checks for value equality.

Q: What are Python's key features?

A: Python is dynamically typed, interpreted, has a large standard library, and supports multiple

programming paradigms.
Q: What are classes and objects in Python?

A: Classes define blueprints for creating objects, which are instances of classes.

Q: Explain the concept of inheritance in Python.

A: Inheritance allows a class (child) to inherit methods and properties from another class (parent).

Q: What is the purpose of __init__ in Python classes?

A: __init__ initializes an object's attributes when it is created.

Q: How do you achieve polymorphism in Python?

A: Polymorphism is achieved by overriding methods in subclasses or using duck typing.

Q: Explain the use of super() in Python.

A: super() is used to call methods of a parent class within a child class.

Q: How does list comprehension work in Python?

A: List comprehension provides a concise way to create lists using syntax like [expression for item in

iterable].

Q: What are Python's iterators and generators?

A: Iterators are objects that allow traversal of a sequence, while generators are iterators defined with

yield.

Q: Explain the difference between @staticmethod, @classmethod, and instance methods.

A: @staticmethod doesn't access the class or instance. @classmethod accesses the class, and

instance methods operate on object instances.

Q: How do you manage dependencies in Python projects?

A: Dependencies are managed using tools like pip and requirements.txt.

Q: What are metaclasses in Python?

A: Metaclasses define the behavior of classes themselves. Use metaclass attribute in class

definition.

Q: Explain the Django MVC (or MVT) architecture.

A: Django uses MVT (Model-View-Template), where models handle data, views process requests,

and templates render HTML.

Q: How do you manage database migrations in Django?

A: Database migrations are managed using Django's makemigrations and migrate commands.

Q: What are middleware in Django, and how are they used?

A: Middleware are hooks that process requests and responses globally before reaching views or

after leaving views.

Q: How does Django handle form validation?

A: Django handles validation through Form and ModelForm classes, raising errors for invalid fields.

Q: Explain the use of QuerySets in Django.

A: QuerySets are used to query and retrieve data from the database in Django models.

Q: How do you create a REST API in Django?

A: Use Django REST Framework to define serializers, views, and URL configurations.

Q: What is the difference between GET and POST methods?

A: GET retrieves data without side effects. POST submits data to the server, potentially causing

changes.

Q: How do you handle authentication and authorization in REST APIs?

A: Use Django REST Framework's authentication classes like TokenAuthentication and permissions

like IsAuthenticated.
Q: Explain the role of serializers in Django REST framework.

A: Serializers convert complex data types like querysets into JSON and validate data for

deserialization.

Q: How does JavaScript handle asynchronous operations?

A: JavaScript uses callbacks, promises, and async/await to handle asynchronous operations.

Q: What is the Document Object Model (DOM)?

A: The DOM is a tree structure representing the HTML document, allowing dynamic content

manipulation.

Q: How do you use JavaScript to manipulate HTML and CSS?

A: Use methods like getElementById, querySelector, and style property to change elements.

Q: Explain the difference between let, const, and var in JavaScript.

A: let and const have block scope, with const being immutable. var has function scope.

Q: What are JavaScript promises, and how do you use them?

A: Promises represent asynchronous operations, resolved or rejected. Use .then() and .catch() for

handling results.

Q: What is the difference between monolithic and microservices architecture?

A: Monolithic has tightly integrated components, while microservices separate them into smaller,

independent services.

Q: How do you ensure cross-browser compatibility in web applications?

A: Use modern frameworks, CSS resets, and browser-specific prefixes. Test across browsers.

Q: What are some common security vulnerabilities in web applications?

A: Vulnerabilities include SQL injection, XSS, CSRF, and improper authentication.

Q: How do you optimize the performance of a web application?

A: Use caching, code minification, database indexing, and load balancing.

Q: Write a Python program to reverse a string.

A: def reverse_string(s): return s[::-1]

Q: Write a program to check if a given string is a palindrome.

A: def is_palindrome(s): return s == s[::-1]

Q: Implement a function to find the factorial of a number using recursion.

A: def factorial(n): return 1 if n == 0 else n * factorial(n-1)

Q: Write SQL queries to fetch data based on certain conditions.

A: Example: SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE column_name = 'value';