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 Ajit Singh

Python
Programming
4th Edition

Featured With......
ISBN-13 :979-8321458457

Pandas
GUI Programming
Modules & Library
Database Connectivity
101 Python Programs

Copyrighted Material
 AKNOWLEDGEMENT
This piece of study of python is an outcome of the encouragement, guidance, help and assistance provided
to us by our colleagues, faculties, Tech-friends and my family members.

As an acknowledgement, I would like to take the opportunity to express my deep sense of gratitude to all
those who played a crucial role in the successful completion of this book, especially to my senior scholars;
this book certainly has been benefited from discussions held with many IT professionals (Ex-students)
over the years it took to write it.

Python reflects on a number of growing trends in software development, putting it at or near the leading
edge of good programming languages. It is a very simple language surrounded by a vast library of add­
on modules. It is an open source project, supported by many individuals. It is an object-oriented language,
binding data and processing into class definitions. It is a platform-independent, scripted language, with
complete access to operating systems APIs. It supports integration of complex solutions from pre-built
components. It is a dynamic language, which avoids many of the complexities and overheads of compiled
languages.

Three Faces of a Language. There are three facets to a programming language: how you write it, what it
means, and the additional practical considerations that make a program useful. While many books cover
the syntax and semantics of Python, in this book, the pragmatic considerations are also covered. My core
objective is to build enough language skills with a good object-oriented design so that the students can have
an efficient knowledge about python on windows platform.
Special thanks goes to our respected professor Prof. Dr. Bal Gangadhar Prasad, who is not only my role
model in learning and teaching but, also a source of encouragement who has always pushed me forward to
utilize my skills in a timely manner and have ever obliged for bearing with me from time to time, insisting
me on sticking to my determination all throughout.

I would also like to thank those who provided the odd suggestions via email to me. All feedbacks were
listened to, as you will no doubt see some content influenced by your suggestions.

I hope that the reader likes this book and finds it useful in learning the concepts of python.

Thank You!!

Ajit Singh!!

PREFACE

Share the knowledge........

Strengthen the sur­
roundings........
Python Simply In Depth provides all essential programming concepts and information one shall need in
order to start developing their own Python program. The book provides a comprehensive walk-through of
Python programming in a clear, straightforward manner that beginners will appreciate. Important con­
cepts are introduced through a step-by-step discussion and reinforced by relevant examples and illustra­
tions. This book can be used as a guide to help explore, harness, and gain appreciation of the capabilities
and features of Python.

This book encapsulates rich practical hands-on experience in developing python based applications,
combined with teaching the subject for graduate/post-graduate students. The book is therefore a culmi­
nation of putting together what has been both practiced as well as preached, which is the one of the most
compelling differentiators for this book. It can also be used for independent study by anyone interested in
getting a broad introduction to a core useful set of the python language.

This book isfeatured with advanced topics, such as Python Pandas, Database Connectivity, Python GUI
Programming and Python Libraries apartfrom the core concepts like Multithreading, Exception Handling
and Useful Modules. We explained these because they can solve some problems better than standard solutions.

My approach in this book is to regard python as a language that readers will want to use as a primary tool
in many different areas of their programming work - not just for creating programs with graphical content.
Nevertheless, I recognized that visual examples are much more fun to create and work with.
This book is a close-to-complete presentation of the Python language. Whether you are new to program­
ming or a professional developer, this book’s goal is to bring you quickly up to speed on the fundamentals of
the core Python language. After reading this book, you will know enough about Python to apply it in what­
ever application domains you choose to explore in your career.

Compatible with CBSE and AICTE Syllabus........

About This Forth Edition

In the four years since the first edition of this book was published in late 2019, there have been sub­
stantial changes in Python itself. Although I have attempted to retain as much of the prior version of
this text as possible, this new edition reflects many recent changes in the Python language, as well as a
handful of structural changes.

This Book’s Prerequisites

There are no absolute prerequisites to speak of, really. Both true beginners and crusty programming
veterans have used this book successfully. If you are motivated to learn Python, this text will probably
work for you. In general, though, we have found that any exposure to programming or scripting before
this book can be helpful, even if not required for every reader.

Feedback
I have tried to wash out every error in our third edition of this book after being reviewed by lots of bachelor of
Computer Science, but as happens with any programming language - A few difficult to understand bugs shall
remain and of course, typos - and therefore, suggestions from students that may lead to improvement in next
edition in shortcomingfuture are highly appreciated.

Constructive suggestions and criticism always go a long way in enhancing any endeavour. I request all readers
to email me their valuable comments / views /feedback for the betterment of the book at ajit_singh24@ya-
hoo.com, mentioning the title and author name in the subject line. Please report any piracy spotted by you as
well. I would be glad to hear suggestionsfrom you.

Python Programming
4th Edition

Copyrighted Material
Copyright © 2024-25 by Ajit Singh, All Rights Reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any
form or by any means — electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise— without
prior written permission from the author, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review.
For information about this title or to order other books and/or electronic media, contact the
publisher:

Ajit Singh - 24+ years of experience in academics.

M.Phil, UGC NET Qualified

PYTHON
? INSTITUTE
MnM r.to*
PCAP: Programming Essentials in Python

Statement of Achievement
Presented To:

Ajit Singh
Warne

During the Cisco Networking Academy® self-paced course.the student has studied the following Skills:

• the universal concepts of computer programing (i e variables, flow control, data structures, algorrthms, condtional execution loops, functions, etc,)
• developer teds and the runtime environment;
• lire syntax and semantics of the Python language;
• the fundamentals d cbicct oncnlod programing and the way they arc acoprtcd m Python .
• the means by which to rcsdvc typ<cal implementation problems
• the writing of Python programs using standard language infrastructure.
• fundamental programing techniques, best practices, customs and vocabulary, inducing the most common library function in Python 3;

17 Jan 2020
Date

By completing the course. tha student is no* randy Io atisrn.nl rhn quaincaron PCAP-Ceditmri Assoc nte in Python Programing certification, from ths OpnnEDG Python Inshtuls
. rotacad com |mm pythoninstttixe <x g
 CONTENTS

Chapter Topic(s) Page

No
1 Getting Started with Python 09
History
Evolution
Features of Python
Limitation of Python
Comparisons
Some Jargon
2 Installing Python 17
Windows Installation
Customizing Environment
Whats new
3 Interacting with Python 26
Running Python
Command-Line Interaction
The IDLE Development Environment
Script Mode
Getting Help
4 Python Syntax 34
Syntax Formalities
Indentation
Keywords
Identifiers
Statements
Comments
print() and input() functions
5 Variables and Data Types 41
Variables
Several Data Types
Numeric Conversion (or Factory) Functions
Math function
6 Operators in Pyhton 51
Types of operators
Example of each type of operators.
7 Built-in Functions 61
8 Conditional Statements 66
Conditional Processing: the if Statement
The pass Statement
The assert Statement
The if-else Operator
9 Loops 72
Iterative Processing: The for Statement
Iterative Processing: The while Statement
More Iteration Control: break and continue
Infinite loop
Nested loop
10 User-Defined Functions 78
Function Definition: The def and return Statements
Function Use
Function Varieties
Some Examples
More Function Definition Features
Local and global variable
Lamda
Functions and Namespaces
The global Statement
11 Python Useful Modules 90
Module Definition
Module Use: The import Statement
Finding Modules: The Path
Math
datetime
os
zipfileurllib
winsound
finding module PYTHONHOME & PYTHONPATH
The exec Statement
12 Classes and Object-Oriented Programming 100
Class Definition: the class Statement
 Class Responsibilities
Creating and Using Objects
Constructor
Instance & global variable
Static Methods and Class Method
Object Lifecycle
Special Method Names
Inheritance
Polymorphism
13 Exception Handling in Python 113
Basic Exception Handling
Raising Exceptions
An Exceptional Example
Complete Exception Handling and The finally Clause
Exception Functions
Exception Attributes
Built-in Exceptions
14 Multithreading 124
Defination
Starting new thread
The threading module
Synchronizing thread
Multithreaded priority queue
15 Text Files in Python 133
File semantics
File Organization and Structure
Additional Background
Built-in Functions
File Statements
 File Methods
File and directory related methods
16 Regular Expression in Python
Creating a Regular Expression
Using a Regular Expression
Regular Expression Exercises
17 String, List & Dictionary
String Literal Values
String Operations
String Comparison Operations
String Statements
String Built-in Functions
String Methods
String Modules
Digression on Immutability of Strings

Lists
List Literal Values
List Operations
List Comparison Operations
List Statements
List Built-in Functions
List Methods
Stack & queue using list
Copy list

Mappings and Dictionaries

Dictionary Literal Values
Dictionary Operations
144

150
 Dictionary Comparison Operations
Dictionary Statements
Dictionary Built-in Functions
Dictionary Methods
Iterators
18 Python Pandas 166
Introduction to Pandas
Key features of Pandas
Anaconda Pythons Distribution
Downloading, installing and customizing Anaconda on Windows
Working with Numpy
Working with Series
Working with DataFrame
Working with Panel
Data transferring from CSV files to data frame and vice versa.
Data transferring from Excel files to data frame and vice versa.
Data transferring from SQLite to data frame and vice versa.
19 Python GUI Programming 201
Introduction to TKinter
GUI Components
Label, Button, Entry Box, Textbox, Frame, Dialog, Windows,Radio,
Checkbok
Event & Event Handling
20 Database Connectivity In Python 222
Database
Database Interface
Phythons Database API
Python Database Programming Using MySQL
Python Database Programming Using ORACLE
 Handling errors in Database Programming
21 The Python Library 223
Overview of the Python Library
Most Useful Library Sections
22 101 Python Programs 243

Chapter 1
Getting Started with Python
Python is an open source, high-level programming language developed by Guido van Rossum in the late
1980s and presently administered by Python Software Foundation. It came from the ABC language that he
helped create early on in his career.

Python is an interpreted language. This means that every time a program is run, its interpreter runs through
the code and translates the codes into machine-readable byte code.
Python is an object-oriented language that allows users to manage and control data structures or objects to
create and run programs. Everything in Python is, infact,jirst class. All objects, data types, junctions, meth­
ods, and classes take equal position in Python.

The official introduction to Python is

Python is an easy to learn, powerful programming language. It has efficient high-level data structures and a
simple but effective approach to object-oriented programming. Pythons elegant syntax and dynamic typing,
together with its interpreted nature, make it an ideal language for scripting and rapid application develop­
ment in many areas on most platforms.

It is a high-level language. Reading and writing codes in Python is much like reading and writing simple
regular English statements. Python is a powerful language that you can use to create games, write GUIs,
and develop web applications.

History of Python
Python language was developed by Guido van Rossum in the late eighties and early nineties at
the National Research Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science in the Netherlands.

Python is derived from many other languages, including Modula-3, ABC, C, C+

+, Algol-68, SmallTalk, and UNIX shell and other scripting languages.
Python is copyrighted. Like Perl, Python source code is now available
under the GNU General Public License (GPL).

Python is now maintained by a core development team at the institute, although

Guido van Rossum still holds a major role in directing its development.

Python is implemented in C, and relies on the extensive, well understood, portable C libraries. It fits seam­
lessly with Unix, Linux and POSIX environments. Since these standard C libraries are widely available for
the various MS-Windows variants, and other non-POSIX operating systems, Python runs similarly in all
environments.

Evolution of Python

The development of Python occurred at a time when many other dynamic (and open-source) program­
ming languages such as Tel, Perl, and (much later) Ruby were also being actively developed and gaining
popularity.

Version 1 of Python : Python 1.0 was released in January 1994. The major release included a number of
new features and functional programming tools including lambda, filter, map and reduce.

Version 2 of Python: In October 2000, Python 2.0 was released with the new list comprehension feature
and a garbage collection system. The Python Software Foundation has already announced that there
would be no Python 2.8. However, the Foundation will provide support to version 2.7 of the programming
language till 2020.

Version 3 of Python : Python 3.0 was released in December 2008. It came with a several new features
and enhancements, along with a number of deprecated features. The deprecated features and backward
incompatibility make version 3 of Python completely different from earlier versions. So many Python
developers still use Python 2.6 or 2.7 to avail the features deprecated from last major release.

As Python 3 is backward incompatible, the programmers cannot access features like string exceptions, old-
style classes, and implicit relative imports. Also, the developers must be familiar with changes made to
syntax and APIs. They can use a tool called 2to3 to migrate their application from Python 2 to 3 smoothly.
The tool highlights incompatibility and areas of concern through comments and warnings. The comments
help programmers to make changes to the code, and upgrade their existing applications to the latest ver­
sion of programming language.

The version 2 and version 3 of Python are completely different from each other. So each programmer must
understand the features of these distinct versions, and compare their functionality based on specific needs
of the project. Also, he needs to check the version of Python that each framework supports. However, each
developer must take advantage of the latest version of Python to avail new features and long-term support.
The difference between
"Python Implementation" vs. "Python distribution" vs. Python

Python itself is a programming language as per the behavior defined by the documentation available on
python.org. Anything that does what that documentation says it's supposed to do would "count" as being
Python....

An implementation of Python is an actual program that provides the behavior defined by the documenta­
tion available on python.org. It has various implementations which allow you to run programs written in
it. To give you a better idea, msvc, clang, gcc are implementations of C. Here are some python implementa­
tions:
 • CPython: this is the default, and what you should be using if you have no idea.
• Jython: implementation in java, allows you to use the java api.
• IronPython: implementation for .net, allows you to use the .net api.
• PyPy: JIT implementation.

A distribution of Python is a bundle that contains an implementation of Python along with a bunch of
libraries or tools or packages. In theory, a distribution of Python could use any implementation, although
all the ones I know of use CPython. The download from python.org could also be considered a distribution
(a minimal distribution that doesn't contain any "extras").

In practice, most people using Python for practical purposes are using CPython (the de facto standard
implementation), so the real choice is among different distributions of that. Among those, you mainly
choose based on what extras you want to come with it. You can choose to use the "bare" distribution from
python.org and then install packages yourself, or if you plan on doing scientific/analytics computing, you
could choose one of the distributions geared towards that (e.g., Anaconda or Canopy).
Features/Advantages of Using Python Language

The features/advantages of Python language are as follows;

1. Interpreted Language - as well as also compiled to bytecode. Modules are automatically compiled
(to .pyc) when imported as well as also be explicitly compiled as per the requirement. It facilitates an inter­
active command line and interpreter shell.

2. Object Oriented Language - Almost everything is an object in this language. It supports Data hiding,
Multiple inheritance, Interfaces and polymorphism.

3. Runs across different platforms - Python works on Windows, Linux/UNIX, Mac OS X, other operating
systems and small-form devices as well as it also runs on microcontrollers used in appliances, toys, remote
controls, embedded devices, and other similar devices.
4. Highly Structured Language - Statements, functions, classes, modules, and packages enable us to write
large, well structured applications so that to have the feature of readability, locate ability, modifiability.

5. Higher Productive Language - Pythons codes are considerably shorter, simpler, and less verbose than
other high-level programming languages such as Java and C++. In addition, it has well-designed built-in
features and standard library as well as access to third party modules and source libraries. These features
enable programming in Python more efficient.

6. Dynamic Language - It is dynamic language as types are bound to values, not to variables, function and
method lookup is done at runtime, values are inspectable and we can list the methods supported by any
given object.

7. Strongly Typed Language - at runtime rather than compile time. Objects (values) have a type, but vari­
ables do not have in this language.

8. Embedding and Extending Language - Python provides a well documented and supported way
(1) to embed the Python interpreter in C/C++ applications and
(2) to extend Python with modules and objects implemented in C/C++.
Cython enables us to generate C code from Python and to "easily" create wrappers for C/C++ functions.
To embed and extend Python with Java, there is Jython.

9. Reasonably High level - It contains high level builtin data types as well as high level control structures.

10. Less Learning Time - Python is relatively easy to learn as compare to other languages. Python is a a
good to first language for learning programming because it uses simple syntax and shorter codes.

Limitations/Disadvantages of Python Language

Python has varied advantageous features, and programmers prefer this language to other programming
languages because it is easy to learn and code too. But, this language has still not made its place in some
computing arenas that includes Enterprise Development houses. Therefore, this language may not solve
some of the enterprise solutions, and limitations include-

1. Difficulty in Using Other Languages

The Python lovers become so accustomed to its features and its extensive libraries, so they face problem in
learning or working on other programming languages. Python experts may see the declaring of cast values
or variable types, syntactic requirements of adding curly braces or semi colons as an onerous task.

2. Weak Language in Mobile Computing

Python has made its presence on many desktop and server platforms, but it is seen as a weak language for
mobile computing. That is why very few mobile applications are built in it like Carbonnelle.
3. Gets Slow in Speed
Python executes with the help of an interpreter instead of the compiler, which causes it to slow down
because compilation and execution help it to work normally. On the other hand, it can be seen that it is fast
for many web applications too.

4. Run-time Errors
The Python language is dynamically typed so it has many design restrictions that are reported by some
Python developers. It is even seen that it requires more testing time, and the errors show up when the ap­
plications are finally run.

5. Underdeveloped Database Access Layers

As compared to the popular technologies like JDBC and ODBC, the Pythons database access layer is found to
be bit underdeveloped and primitive. It cannot be applied in the enterprises that need smooth interaction
of complex legacy data.

Varieties of Python Language:

Jython Python for the Java environment http://www.jython.org/

PyPy Python with a JIT compiler and stackless mode http://pypy.org/
CPython Standard Python 2.xx implemented in C.
Stackless Python with enhanced thread support and microthreads etc.
http://www.stackless.com/
 IronPython Python for .NET and the CLR http://ironpython.net/
Python 3 The new, new Python. This is intended as a replacement for Python
2.x. http://www.python.org/doc/

Some Jargon

For folks new to developing software, it might help to understand a few distinctions made above.
Interpreted
Not Interpreted (i.e., Compiled)

Python is a byte-code interpreter. A Python code object is a sequence of bytes that represent various opera­
tions and values. The Python interpreter steps through the bytes, performing the operations.

A compiled language (e.g., C, C++, etc.) is translated from source form to executable binary specific to oper­
ating system and hardware platform.
Java is similar to Python: its compiled and the Java Virtual Machine is a byte-code interpreter.
Dynamic
Not Dynamic (i.e., Static)
Python is a dynamic language. Variables and functions do not have defined data types. Instead, a variable
is simply a label attached to an object. A function is a callable object with parameters, but no declared result
type. Each object has a strongly-defined permanent class.
There is no sophisticated compile-time type checking. Instead, any type mismatches will be detected at
run-time. Since many types are nearly interchangeable, there isnt a need for a lot of type checking. For ex­
amples of interchangeable (polymorphic) types, see Simple Numeric Expressions and Output.
Languages like C, C++ and Java have statically-declared variables and functions.
Scripting
Non-Scripting

The scripting distinction is an operational feature of POSIX-compliant operating systems. Files which
begin with the #!/path/to/interpreter will be used as scripts by the OS. They can be executed from the com­
mand-line because the interpreter is named in the first line of the file.

Languages like Java, C and C++ do not have this feature; these files must be compiled before they can be
executed.

Chapter 2
Installing Python
Installing Python in Windows

To install Python, you must first download the installation package of your preferred version from this
link:

https://www.python.org/downloads/

On this page, you will be asked to choose the recent versions for Python 3.11.x/3.12.x which was released
on 8th Feb 2023. Alternatively, if you are looking for a specific release, either Python 2 or 3, you can scroll
down the page to find download links for earlier versions.

python i
About Downloads Documentation Community

Download the latest version for Windows

Download Python 3.11.2

Looking for Python with a different OS? Python for Windows,

Linux/UNIX, macOS, Other

Want to help test development versions of Python? Prereleases,

Docker images
You would normally opt to download the latest version, which is Python 3.12.x. However, you may opt for the latest
version of Python 2, 2.7.18. Your preferences will usually depend on which version will be most usable for your
curriculum / project. While Python 3 is the present and future of the language, issues such as third party utility or
compatibility may require you to download Python 2.

Run the downloaded file. This brings up the Python install wizard, which is really easy to use. Just accept
the default settings, wait until the install is finished, and you are done.

£* Python 3.11.2 (64-bit) Setup

Install Python 3.11.2 (64-bit)

Select Install Now to install Python with default settings, or choose
Customize to enable or disable features.

—> Install Now

C:\Users\vignan\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python311

Includes IDLE, pip and documentation

Creates shortcuts and file associations

—> Customize installation

Choose location and features

python Use admin privileges when installing py.exe

for
0 Add python.exe to PATH Cancel
windows
Note that depending on your needs, you may also check the box to add Python to the Path. It will inform the
python file installer that the executable python path folder will be added to the environment variable with
the name of ‘Path’.

Finally, if the installation process is a success, the following window will appear:
£• Python 3.10.5 (64-bit) Setup

Setup was successful

New to Python? Start with the online tutorial and
documentation. At your terminal type "py" to launch Python,
or search for Python in your Start menu.

See what's new in this release, or find more info about using
Python on Windows.

S Disable path length limit

Changes your machine configuration to allow programs, including Python, to
bypass the 260 character "MAX-PATH'' limitation.

python
for
windows Close

Windows Configuration (Optional)

Windows users will need to be sure that python.exe is on their PATH. This is done with the System control
panel. Click on the Advanced tab. Click on the Environment Variables... button. Click on the System vari­
ables Path line, and click the Edit... button. This will often have a long list of items, sometimes starting
with %SystemRoot%. At the end of this list, add and the direction location of Python.exe. On my ma­
chine, I put it in D:\Softwares\Python\.

For Windows programmers, the windows command interpreter uses the last letters of the file name to
associate a file with an interpreter. You can have Windows run the python.exe program whenever you dou­
ble-click a .py file. This is done with the Folder Options control panel. The File Types tab allows you to pair
a file type with a program that processes the file.

Follow the below steps to add Python Path to Environment Variables.

Step 1: Click on Start Button and Open the Run Program.

Step 2: Now type sysdm.cpl and click OK. This opens the System Properties Dialog Box.
Step 3: Go to Advanced Tab and and Click on Environment Variables.
Step 4: In the System Variable section, Select the path variable.
Step 5: Click on Edit button and add python path to variable value.
Step 6: Click OK.

You can get your python path in the folder where you have installed python. Example - for us it D:\Soft-
wares\Python\
How to Test the Python in Microsoft Windows

The last part, it will display on how to test the result of the python installation in the previous part. It is
actually very simple as it exist in the following steps:
As usual, just execute the Command Prompt.
Following after, type the command below to test whether ‘python’ is available and it is exist in the environ­
ment variable of ‘Path’:

C:\Users\Personal>python
Python 3.11.2 (tags/v3.11.2:f377153, Jun 6 2022,16:14:13) [MSC v.1929 64 bit (AMD64)] on Win32
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>>

Last but not least, just perform another test to make sure. The following test is executing a certain com­
mand to check the version of the installed python as follows :

C:\Users\Personal>python -V
Python 3.11.2
C:\Users\Personal>

As it appear in the output of the above command execution, the version is matched. It is python with the
version of‘3.11.2’.

Python Editors
 > Vim http://www.vim.org/
> Emacs See http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/
> SciTE http://www.scintilla.org/SciTE.html.
> MS Windows only
(1) TextPad http://www.textpad.com;
(2) UltraEdit http://www.ultraedit.com/.
> Jed See http://www.jedsoft.org/jed/.
> jEdit Requires a bit of customization for Python See http://jedit.org.
> Geany http://www.geany.org/

Interactive Interpreters:
> python
> ipython
> Idle IDEs

Integrated Development Environments for Python:

> PyWin MS Windows only. Available at: http://sourceforge.net/projects/pywin3 2/
> Kdevelop Linux/KDE See http://www.kdevelop.org/
> Eric Linux KDE? See http://ericide.pythonprojects.org/index.html
> WingIDE See http://wingware.com/wingide/
> Eclipse http://eclipse.org/ There is a plug in that supports Python.
> Emacs and SciTE will evaluate a Python buffer within the editor.
Whats new in Python 3.11.x

This new version of Python mainly focuses on improving the performance of the language. A few nice features
around exception handling and error display should also improve the development experience.

1. Improved performance

On average, a 25% performance gain compared to Python 3.11 is announced. Some operations are even up to 60%
faster than the latest version. The start-up time is reduced by 10% on average.
The measurements were performed with performance using CPython compiled with GCC under Ubuntu.

The performance gain comes mainly from the specialization of some instructions when the calls to a code are repet­
itive. The fact that the code repeats itself without necessarily changing allows the interpreter to analyze the running
code and replace the generic code with type-specific pieces.
Another improvement comes from reducing the number of calls to the system memory in favor of allocating more
space. If these performance gains are always good to take, they do not turn Python into an efficient programming
language.

An increase in memory consumption of around 20% is anticipated following the implementation of these changes on
CPython.
Further performance gains are already planned in versions 3.12 and later.

2. Better exception handling

Special work has been done on error management. It is now possible to add annotations on exceptions.

try:
raise ExceptionGroup("Exception Group", (
TypeErrorf'Type error"),
KeyError("Key error"),
ValueError("Value error"),
except* (ValueError, TypeError) as exc:
exc.add_note("Add more information about the error")
raise exc

except* KeyError as exc:

raise exc
Similarly, a new syntax is emerging. It is now possible to create groups of exceptions and break down the use of except
to catch certain exceptions contained in a group.

3. A more accurate traceback

The error messages returned by Python are now more precise and include the position of the error on the faulty line
of code. This function is very similar to what other modern languages can offer.
+--------------------------
I Traceback (most recent call last):
I File "test.py", line 5, in test
I assertx < 0
|AAAAAAAAAAAA

I AssertionError: assert 0 < 0

+--------------------------

4. Improved typing
As we know, Python is a dynamically typed language, which is not always appreciated by developers. The latest
Python updates have already started the integration of an optional type system. This release continues that trend by
adding more types like Self, Literalstring, Required, and NotRequired.

from typing import Self

class Foo:
def _init_ (self, x: str):
self.x = x

def bar(self, y: str) -> Self:

return Foo(y)

5. An update to the standard library

The standard Python library is not left out and is experiencing some changes.

TOML
First of all, the tomllib module is added to the standard library to parse TOML. This addition follows support for the
pyproject.toml file, added in a previous version of Python.
This library remains limited in terms of functionalities and has only one purpose: file parsing.

import tomllib
with open("pyproject.toml", "rb") as f:
data = tomllib.load(f)
print(data["project"]["name"])

AsyncIO
The asyncio library is also entitled to an update with the addition of Task Group to replace the use of the .gather()
method on asynchronous operations.
import asyncio
async def task 1():
print("Foo")
await asyncio.sleep(5)

async def task2():

print("Bar")
await asyncio.sleep(2)

async def main():

try:
async with asyncio.TaskGroupO as task_group:
task_group.create_task(task 1 ())
task_group.create_task(task2())
except* ValueError as exc:
print(exc.exceptions)

if_ name_ == "__ main_

asyncio.run(main())
This update makes the syntax more pleasant, but does not bring any other major changes to the library.

StrEnum

The StrEnum makes an appearance. It allows to automatically convert a character string into an Enum.

from enum import StrEnum, auto

class Foo(StrEnum):
BAR = auto()
print(Foo.BAR.value) # "bar"

Path
The Path.glob() method of pathlib now allows you to specify whether you only want to retrieve folders.

from pathlib import Path

p = Path("/Users/foobar/")
everything = p.glob("*")
dirs = p.glob("7")

6. Miscellaneous deprecation

Finally, this version brings a background cleanup and removes support for many legacy modules: aifc, chunk, msilib,
pipes, telnetlib, audioop, crypt, nis, sndhdr, uu, cgi, imghdr, nntplib, spwd, xdrlib, cgitb, mailcap, ossaudiodev,
sunau...

Some of these modules will not be removed from the standard library until Python 3.13. Others will simply be re­
placed by alternative solutions, more modern and better maintained, already present in the standard library.

In conclusion, if this update does not bring anything revolutionary, it continues the Python projects already launched
with regard to the improvement of the performances of CPython, the improvement of the error management and the
addition of solutions for typing requested by part of the community.

Chapter 3
Interacting with Python
Python is a flexible and dynamic language that you can use in different ways. You can use it interactively
when you simply want to test a code or a statement on a line-by-line basis or when youre exploring its
features. You can use it in script mode when you want to interpret an entire file of statements or applica­
tion program.
To use Python interactively, you can use either the Command Line window or the IDLE Development
Environment.

Command Line Interaction

The command line is the most straightforward way to work with Python. You can easily visualize how
Python works as it responds to every completed command entered on the

> > > prompt. It may not be the most preferred interaction with Python, but it is the simplest way to explore
how Python works.

Running Python
There are three different ways to start Python -
1. Interactive Interpreter
From Windows
Start-> All Programs -> Python 3.11 -> Python 3.11
2. Script from the Command-line
A Python script can be executed at command line by invoking the interpreter on your application, as in the
following -
C: >python script.py

3. Integrated Development Environment

You can run Python from a Graphical User Interface (GUI) environment as well, if you have a GUI applica­
tion on your system that supports Python.
Windows - PythonWin is the first Windows interface for Python and is an IDE with a GUL
From Windows
Start-> All Programs -> Python 3.11 -> IDLE
Note: If youre using GNU/Linux, UNIX, and Mac OS systems, you have to run the Terminal Tool and enter
the Python command to start your session.

We use commands to tell the computer what to do. When you want Python to do something for you, you
have to instruct it by entering commands that it is familiar with. Python will then translate these com­
mands to instructions that your computer or device can understand and execute.

To see how Python works, you can use the print command to print the universal program Hello, World!
Open Pythons command line.
At the >>>prompt, type the following: print(Hello, World!)
Press enter to tell Python that youre done with your command. Very quickly, the command line window
will display Hello, World! on the following line:

Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.

»> print(”hello”>
hello
»>
Python responded correctly because you gave it a command in a format that it requires. To see how it
responds when you ask it to print the same string using a wrong syntax for the print command, type and
enter the following command on the Python command prompt:
Print(Hello, World!)
This is how Python will respond:
Syntax error: invalid syntax

Youll get syntax error messages whenever you enter invalid or incomplete statements. In this case, you
typed print with a capital letter which is a big no to a case-sensitive language like Python.

If youre just using Python interactively, you can do away with the print command entirely by just typing
your statement within quotes such as Hello, World!

Getting Help
Python has two closely-related help modes. One is the general help utility, the other is a help function that
provides the documentation on a specific object, module, function or class.

The help() Utility

Help is available through the help() function.
If you enter just help() you will enter the online help utility. This help utility allows you to explore the
Python documentation.
The interaction looks like this:
> > > help
Type help() for interactive help, or help(object) for help about object.
>>> help()

Help on a specific topic

If you enter help( object) for some object, you will be given help on that specific object. This help is dis­
played using a help viewer.
Youll enter something like this:
»> help("EXPRESSIONS")

Exiting Python
To exit from Python, you can type any of these commands:
quit()
exit()
Control-Z then press enter

IDLE: Pythons Integrated Development Environment (IDE)

The IDLE (Integrated Development and Learning Environment) tool is included in Pythons installation
package but you can choose to download more sophisticated third party IDEs.
The IDLE tool offers a more efficient platform to write your code and work interactively with Python. You
can access IDLE on the same folder where you found the command line icon or on the start menu. As soon
as you click on the IDLE icon, it will take you to the Python Shell window.
You can run a code in Python via the Python IDLE.
A quick way to find your Python IDLE on Windows is by clicking on the Start menu. You should then see the
IDLE under “Recently added”.

Recently added

|L IDLE (Python 3.9 64-bit)

|L Python 3.9 Module Docs (64-bit)

B? Python 3.9 Manuals (64-bit)

Once you click on the Python IDLE, you’ll see the Shell screen.

The Python Shell Window

The Python Shell Window has dropdown menus and a > > > prompt that you have seen earlier in the com­
mand line window. Here you can type and enter statements or expressions for evaluation in the same way
that you used the command line earlier. This time however, IDLES editing menu allows you to scroll back to
your previous commands, cut, copy, and paste previous statements and make modifications. IDLE is quite
a leap from the command line interaction.

The Python Shell window has the following menu items: File, Edit, Shell, Debug, Options, Windows, and
Help.
Python 3.9.0 Shell — □ X
File Edit Shell Debug Options Window Help
Pychon 3.9.0 (cags/v3.9.O:9cf6752, Oct 5 2020, 15:34:40) [MSC v.1927
64 bit (AMD64)] on Win32
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license()" for more informati
on .
»> I

Ln: 3 Col: 4
The Shell and Debug menus provide capabilities you would find useful when creating larger programs.

The Shell menu allows you to restart the shell or search the shells log to find the most recent reset.
The Debug Menu has useful menu items for tracing the source file of an exception and highlighting the
erring line. The Debugger option will usher in an interactive debugger window that will allow you to step
through the running program. The Stack Viewer option displays the current Python stack through a new
window.

The Options menu allows you to configure IDLE to suit your Python working preferences.

The Help menu opens Python Help and documentation.

The File Menu

The items on the File menu allows you to create a new file, open an old file, open a module, and/or save your
session. When you click on the New File option, you will be taken to a new window, a simple and standard
text editor where you can type or edit your code. Initially, this file window is named untitled but its name
will soon change as you save your code.

The windows menu bar varies only slightly with the Shell Window. It doesnt have the Shell and Debug
menu found in the Shell Window but it introduces two new menus: the Run and the Format menu. When
you choose to Run your code on the file window, you can see the output on the Shell Window.

The Script Mode

When working in script mode, you wont automatically see results the way you would in interactive mood.
To see an output from a script, youll have to run the script and/or invoke the print() function within your
code.
Python 3.9.0 Shell — □ X
File | Edit Shell Debug Options Window Help

New File Ctrl*N :9cf6752, Oct 5 2020, 15:34:40) [MSC v.1927

Open... Ctrl+O
_ .... ... .. "credits" or "license ()" for more informati
Open Module... Alt+M
Recent Files ►
Module Browser Alt*C
Path Browser

Save Ctrl+S
Save As... Ctrl*Shift*S
Save Copy As... Alt*Shift*S

Print Window Ctrl+P

Close Alt*F4
Exit Ctrl+Q

Click on File and then select New File (alternatively, you may use the keyboard shortcut of Ctrl+N):
You would now see the following “untitled” box, where you can type your Python code:
Random documents with unrelated
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 La potence, ainsi que l'arbre défendu du paradis terrestre, donne
la mort et la science.
La vérité dans un puits et la vérité dans le vin, signifient la même
chose: il ne faut dire son secret qu'à un homme sobre.
Les bons écrits sont comparables au vin: le bon sens en est la
force; et l'esprit, la saveur.
Le respect pour nous-mêmes, voilà la morale: la déférence pour
les autres, voilà les manières.
Les amoureux s'expriment fort bien quand ils parlent d'échanger
leurs cœurs. La passion enchanteresse de l'amour dénature
effectivement le caractère des deux sexes. Elle donne de l'esprit à la
bergère, de la douceur au berger; elle échange enfin entr'eux le
courage et la timidité.
Quand le malheur est suspendu sur ma tête, je m'écrie: Dieu,
préserve-m'en. Quand il me frappe: Dieu, soit loué.
Le courage et la modestie sont les deux vertus les moins
équivoques, parce que l'hypocrisie ne sauroit les imiter.
Elles ont encore cette propriété, qu'elles s'annoncent en nous par
la même couleur.
Les hommes sont comme les plantes: les unes aiment le soleil, et
les autres l'ombre.
Il y a deux sortes d'écrivains moraux: les uns font de l'homme un
ange et les autres une bête. Ils ont tous tort: l'un argumente du
meilleur, et l'autre du pire des hommes. Le docteur Young les
concilie ainsi: «Nous ne pouvons avoir une trop haute idée de notre
nature, et une trop basse de nous-mêmes.»
Les rois sont plus malheureux que leurs sujets: l'habitude
accoutume au mal-aise, tandis que la fatigue de régner devient
chaque jour plus pénible. Ce qui m'a le plus surpris dans l'histoire,
c'est d'y rencontrer si peu d'abdications. Une douzaine ou deux, tout
au plus, de rois sont descendus volontairement de leur trône: et
encore quelques-uns s'en sont repenti!
 Le mensonge est la plus insupportable poltronerie. C'est craindre
les hommes et braver Dieu.
Les franc-penseurs sont généralement ceux qui ne pensent
jamais.
Zoroastre, selon Pline, rit le jour de sa naissance, et Thomas
Morus le jour de sa mort: quel est le plus extraordinaire des deux?
Il y a eu des femmes célèbres dans toutes les sectes
philosophiques; mais rien n'a égalé le mérite des pytagoriciennes: il
falloit se taire et garder le secret.
Solon privoit les pères de leur autorité sur les bâtards, par une
raison très-curieuse: ils avoient été pères pour leur plaisir, ils étoient
récompensés par le plaisir de l'avoir été.
Hucheson, grand mathématicien, damne ou sauve les hommes,
par des équations d'algèbre en plus et en moins. Il falloit que saint
Pierre, selon lui, sût bien les mathématiques; et je ne connois que
saint Mathieu, dans le ciel, qui, en sa qualité de financier put assister
à un pareil compte.
Je demandai à un ermite, en Italie, comment il pouvoit vivre seul,
dans une chaumière élevée sur la cîme d'une montagne, à un mille
de toute habitation; il me répondit aussitôt: La providence est à ma
porte.
Dans le monde, vous êtes sujet aux caprices de chaque
extravagant: dans votre bibliothèque, vous soumettez les hommes
célèbres aux vôtres.
Une bonne comparaison doit être aussi courte et aussi concise
que la déclaration d'amour que fait un roi.
J'ai connu un brave soldat, qui me confioit le secret de son
courage, en ces termes: Dans un combat, au premier feu, je me
figurois être un homme mort; je combattois, tout le long du jour,
dans cette idée, sans appercevoir seulement le danger. Mon illusion
ne cessoit que quand je rentrois dans ma tente: je revenois des
limbes; je vis encore; me disois-je!
 J'admire la philosophie de celui qui pardonne; mais j'aime le
caractère de celui qui sent.
Au commencement du seizième siècle, un prêtre ayant trouvé
dans un auteur grec, ce passage: ονους εστιν αυλος, l'ame est
immatérielle, et ayant vu dans son lexicon que αυλος signifioit flûte,
il composa, dans un exercice académique, quinze argumens, tout au
moins, pour prouver que l'ame étoit un sifflet.
Les juifs envoyèrent des ambassadeurs à Cromwel, pour savoir
s'il n'étoit pas le vrai messie.
Le pape Jules II lisoit la Bible quand on lui apprit la défaite de
son armée par les Français: il la jeta par terre pour témoigner à Dieu
son ressentiment.
L'ancienne Rome se rendit la maîtresse, (ce mot est pire que
celui de maître) de l'univers, sous ses consuls, par la même méthode
que la nouvelle a continué d'employer sous ses pontifes. Le bien de
la république étoit le prétexte de Rome ancienne; le bien de l'église
est celui de la moderne. D'après ce principe, auquel les autres sont
subordonnés, tous les vices, l'oppression et la fausseté, quand ils
favorisent la domination, deviennent ou des vertus publiques, ou des
fraudes pieuses.
Par une loi des canons, si l'on accuse un cardinal de fornication, il
faut produire soixante-dix témoins: à ce compte, il doit caresser une
fille en plein marché, pour être convaincu.
Combien le système de l'amour platonique seroit beau, s'il
pouvoit se réaliser! que ses extases seroient pures et séraphiques!
deux cœurs fidèles, doucement agités dans la même sphère
d'attraction, le même sistole, le même diastole, sujets au même flux
et reflux, et se rapprochant toujours plus près l'un de l'autre, par la
compulsion la plus agréablement insensible, comme les asymptotes
d'une hyperbole, sans jamais coïncider ensemble et rencontrer le
point de contact!
Rien ne rappelle si puissamment notre ame que l'infortune. Les
fibres tendues se relâchent; alors l'ame égarée se retire en elle-
même, s'assied toute pensive, et admet en silence la salubrité des
réflexions. Si nous avons un ami, nous pensons aussitôt à lui; si
nous avons un bienfaiteur, ses bontés pressent alors sur notre cœur.
Grand Dieu! n'est-ce pas par cette raison, que ceux qui t'ont oublié
dans leur prospérité, reviennent à toi dans leurs chagrins? quand ils
abattent nos esprits affligés, à qui pouvons-nous plus sûrement
recourir qu'à toi, qui connois nos besoins, qui tiens en dépôt nos
larmes dans ton sein, qui vois nos moindres pensées, et qui entends
chaque soupir mélancolique qui échappe à notre découragement.
Vers le milieu du treizième siècle, et sous le pontificat de
Grégoire IX, il arriva un singulier événement. Le comte de Gleichen
fut fait prisonnier dans un combat contre les Sarrasins, et condamné
à l'esclavage. Comme il fut employé aux travaux des jardins du
sérail, la fille du Sultan le remarqua. Elle jugea qu'il étoit homme de
qualité, conçut de l'amour pour lui, et lui offrit de favoriser son
évasion s'il vouloit l'épouser. Il lui fit répondre qu'il étoit marié; ce
qui ne donna pas le moindre scrupule à la Princesse accoutumée au
rit de la pluralité des femmes. Ils furent bientôt d'accord, cinglèrent
et abordèrent à Venise. Le comte alla à Rome, et raconta à Grégoire
IX chaque particularité de son histoire. Le Pape, sur la promesse
qu'il lui fit de convertir la Sarrasine, lui donna des dispenses pour
garder ses deux femmes.
La première fut si transportée de joie à l'arrivée de son mari sous
quelque condition qu'il lui fût rendu, qu'elle acquiesça à tout, et
témoigna à sa bienfaitrice l'excès de sa reconnoissance. L'histoire
nous apprend que la Sarrasine n'eut point d'enfans, et qu'elle aima
d'amour maternel ceux de sa rivale. Quel dommage qu'elle ne
donnât pas le jour à un être qui lui ressemblât!
On montre, à Gleichen, le lit où ces trois rares individus
dormoient ensemble. Ils furent enterrés dans le même tombeau
chez les bénédictins de Pétersberg; et le comte qui survécut à ses
deux femmes, ordonna qu'on mît sur le sépulcre, qui fut ensuite le
sien, cette épitaphe qu'il avoit composée.
«Ci gissent deux femmes rivales, qui s'aimèrent comme des
sœurs, et qui m'aimèrent également. L'une abandonna Mahomet
pour suivre son époux, et l'autre courut se jeter dans les bras de la
rivale qui le lui rendoit. Unis par les liens de l'amour et du mariage,
nous n'avions qu'un lit nuptial pendant notre vie; et la même pierre
nous couvre après notre mort.»

Fin du Tome sixième et dernier.

 TABLE
DES MATIÈRES
Contenues dans ce Volume.

Préface des lettres d'Yorick à Eliza. Page

3
Eloge d'Eliza Drapper par l'abbé Raynal. 5
Lettres d'Yorick à Eliza. 11
Préface du Traducteur des sermons choisis. 47
Sermon I. Le bonheur. 51
Sermon II. La maison de deuil et la maison de fête. 64
Sermon III. Le Prophète Elisée et la veuve de Sarepte. 78
Sermon IV. Le lévite et sa concubine. 100
Sermon V. Plaintes de Job sur les malheurs et la briéveté de
la vie. 117
Sermon VI. Le caractère de Semeï. 134
Sermon VII. Le pharisien et le publicain. 146
Sermon VIII. La philantropie recommandée. 158
Sermon IX. La conduite de Félix envers Saint-Paul. 174
Sermon X. Les abus de la conscience. 187
Sermon XI. Considérations sur l'histoire de Jacob. 205
Sermon XII. Les voies de la providence justifiées. 221
Sermon XIII. Lazare et l'homme riche. 234
Sermon XIV. Considérations sur les grâces accordées à la
nation. 250
Sermon XV. Le caractère d'Hérode. 264
Sermon XVI. Le temps et le hasard. 278
Lettres de Sterne. 289
Pensées et anecdotes. 419

Fin de la Table du Tome sixième.

 Notes du transcripteur
On a conservé l'orthographe de l'original, avec ses
incohérences (par ex. horizon/horison, vide/vuide,
fidèle/fidele/fidelle, etc.), en corrigeant toutefois les erreurs
introduites par le typographes.
 *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OEUVRES
COMPLÈTES, TOME 6 ***

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