Chapter 8

Control - strict sense, keeping things in line. Assure That people working under the supervisor is working
properly.
- Meeting the standard
- Standard - specific performance goal of the organization expected to hit
3 information:
1. Historical records - consist of collected data
2. Visions - hopes of the supervisor
3. Analytical observation of the job- pertains to the determination of the job entails.
Kinds of control:
1. Quantity control - input and output in meeting the demands
2. Quality control - input and output meets the given standard
3. Time control - production deadlines oAPPRAISAL
4. r meetings
5. Material control- does not focus only on avoidance of waste material
6. Cost control -the amount of production expenditure
Management by exception - Minimum delegation
2 corrective action
1. Control of people - the giving of reprimand or disciplinary action
2. Control standard
management by objectives - provide a set of goals a a given time frame.
Performance appraisal - measures how competent an employee can carry
2 Factors:
1. Objective judgement - documented facts
2. Subjective judgement - recognize opinions
Supervisors is hesitant to discuss for two reasons:
1. Employees resentment of being told about their performance
2. Fearful of being charge of discrimination or favoritism
common error in appraising employees performance:
1. Halo effect- propensity of letting single positive or negative traits
2. Prejudice - plain biased judgement
emotionally disturbed employees (build castle in the air)
symptoms:
1. Blaming others for their failures.
2. Unreasonable absences
3. Time conscious and time waster
4. Loss of confidence
5. Rule breaker
6. Rabble-rouser
7. Permanently dissatisfied
8. Baseless worries
9. Uncontrollable tempers
10. Workaholic
People problems at work categories:
1. Emotional- afraid to face reality
2. Psycho-neurotic- mental illness
burnout - physically and intellectually weak.
Trauma- shocked cause by dramatic incident
Psychotic individual - permanently in the castle in the air
Lester Bittel- the key why people make such problem
Behavioral pattern
1. Sudden changes in behavior
2. Becomes preoccupied and unapproachable unlike before
3. Get easily upset and irritable
4. Accident prone
5. Tiresome feeling
6. Absenteeism
7. Becomes alcoholic
human stress -physical and mental stress

Chapter 9

Socialization - process where people meet together personally in contact with each other
Counseling - a person to person relationship between a supervisor or a professional and the subordinate
with the intention of the for mer to guide and help the later solve his problem
2 types of counseling (Martinez):
1. Job counseling - deals primarily on job related problem such as absenteeism and tardiness
2. Personal counseling - deal principally attached to moral, psychological, spiritual.
Cases in counseling:
1. Normal cases - don't need the service of professional counselor since it's just a part of life.
2. Psycho-neurotic case - the problem involves the personality that is affected greatly by some sort
of incidents
3 approach to counseling:
1. Directive approach - the counselor believes that the employee is confused and it needs to
conduct probing and evaluating, recommending and treating him.
probing and evaluating - process of rooting the problem by asking and evaluating
Recommending - way of giving ideas on what will be the possible results
2. Non-directive approach
- The employee knows the answer to his problem and has the ability to solve it. The
counselor respect the employees formula.
3. Non-coercive approach
- Halfway dealing with the counseling process in both directive and non directive approach
Counseling - is a preventive measure on the development program.
Life position:
1. I'm not okay, you're okay
2. I'm okay, you're not okay
3. I'm not okay, you're not okay
4. I'm okay, you're okay
stroking - refers to physical and psychological contact with other being that is essential to survival.
Jut Mieninger 1970 exp. Marasmus - deprivation of the stroking cause death
2 major categories:
1. Negative strokes - unacceptable notions or gestures
2. Positive strokes - simplest form are a warm smile, affectionate tone of voice.
1.I'm okay, you're not okay - appears to be by far. Produced by a life experienced of an individual trauma
either physically or psychologically.
2. I'm not okay, you're okay - manifestation of an individual life where he reaches the point of putting on all
the discouraging facts he hear about himself and recording it as a truth.
- I'm not better to do it
 3. I'm not okay, you're not okay - was reassess and found out lately . Fatal and can lead to suicide
tendency
4. I'm okay, You're okay - ideal constuctive life . Get such ideal treatment from others
Redecision - to bring into conscious awareness of the data reflected in the past.
- Technique of the supervisor in dealing their employees
Discipline - form of training for the employees in order to observe the policy standard of work.
The purpose of disciplinary action:
1. Encourage employee to meet established standards on job performance
2. Behave sensibly within acceptable attitude
3. Work safely to avoid accident
job - the work assigned to employees in carrying out task
Job redesigning - process of dividing work into bit pieces
2 approaches in job redesigning:
1. Process - centered approach - job design that focus on the needs of the product of services
2. People - oriented approach - centered on people capacity to think better and work with flexibility
unlike the machine.
factors to satisfy the job:
1. Product specifications
2. Methods and procedures of work
3. Tools and equipment
4. Work flow
5. Time table
6. Cost
job description - scope of an individual task
Job assignment categories:
1. Fix routine schedule
2. Changeable work schedule
3. Special assignment
fix routine schedule of job - an assignment given to employees working in the same machine
Changeable work schedule of job - pertains to shifting of employees work from one place to another
Special assignment- is given to employees with a specific, non repetitive and requiring
Positive outcome of good job assignment:
1. Proper work attitude
2. Avoid accidents
3. Builds respect to supervisor
4. Creates harmonious relation
5. Cooperation

Chapter 10.

Factors in the establishment of business ventures:

1. Personal Factor - one should study deeply his inner conviction and worthiness in terms of:
● Interest - an individual should enjoy doing what he was supposed to do in the line of business
● Knowledge and skills - one should have undergone formal education or training
● Experience - the individual must have previous practice in the field
● Ideation - a matter of ability to create something new and implement it.
2. Positive result of study made for such purpose
- The presence of extra factors as a result of evaluative study.
 ● Profitability - the particular indicator is a product of thorough evaluation from an actual feasibility
● Growth and development - this means that the study made forecast a very strong indicator
towards future
● Supportive government policy - clear cut government ruling
3. The right size of business - the amount of capital investment does not necessarily determine the
size of the firm.
4. Marketing perspective - marketing is the interaction of the 3 elements of the market. It is the
study of how the product will reach the ultimate consumers
3 elements of marketing:
1. The people/customers
2. The product/services
3. The socio-economy

1. People/customers - are the children and adults, men and women staying in a geographical area
2. Products or services - those things that may satisfy the wants of an individual
3. Socio-economy- refers to the financial capacity and cultural ascendancy.
Market - refers into three identifications as the demography, geography, and demands of the product.
Demographically - refers to people , potential consumer of goods and services
Geographically - the place of convergence where people interact
Customers - those individual or a juridical person who buys the competing product brand
Products - tangible
Services - intangible
- Satisfies human wants and desires
Criteria:
1. Usefulness
2. Price
3. Quality
4. Sales promotion/advertising
Classification of goods:
1. Industrial goods - are products that is being used as raw materials to produce another types of
goods
2. Consumer goods - being produce for ultimately production
4 components of marking
1. Product
2. Price
3. Place
4. Promotions
Products - are goods being produced
Price - cost for the consumer
Place - location in which the product would be sold
Promotion - involves those activities that determine all avenues
Demand analysis through the Ws - (what, where, when,who and how)
- Pertains to the demographic identification including geographic
Feasibility study - research for the purpose of discovering whether an action plan or project can be
economically viable.
- Considered methodologically descriptive
Components of business feasibility study
1. Introduction - involves it's historical background citing some theoretical aspect
 2. Technical and production aspect - describe the details of the business and it's technical
requirements in the production
3. Management aspect - involves the presentation of the objectives of the business enterprise
A. Business visions, missions and goals including its location
B. Organizational perspective
C. Financial parameters, and
D. Marketing strategy - pertains to the target market and it's condition
4. Government regulatory laws - deals with the government regulatory laws that may affect the
organization of the proposed project
5. Social aspect - describe the impact of the project to the community and the government

Chapter 11
Business finance - internal management of the firm whose functions primarily indulge in looking for funds
and how to use this funds to advance company goals and objectives.
Finance - means to accept a claim against future payment
Funds - refers to money or cash that is use for payment
Capital - refers to all things that are being used in the business whether it's money, equipment, tools
2 sources:
1. Capital equity - capital resources that draws out the pocket of the owner
2. Capital loan - comes from financing institution such as banks
business loans categories:
1. Short - term
2. Medium -term
3. Long-term
Short -term loan - payable within 2 yrs
Medium -term loan - 3-5 years
Long-term loan - payable within 5 years or more
3 forms of loans
1. Mortgage loan - can be availed with corresponding collateral as an assurance to the recovery
2. Trade credits - not exactly the same to other loans because it's short term like goods
3. Credit instruments - being done through the issuance of notes and other negotiable instrument
Working capital - total current assets such as inventories, cash, account receivables and other liquid
capital.
Formula:
Working capital=current assets - current liabilities

1. Financial Reserves - are part of sound financial mama as a standby asset to accommodate credit
losses, debt, liquidation
Budget - planned estimate of cost to be incurred in the operation of business.
2 kinds of budget:
1. Static
2. Variable budget
Static budgets - fixed depending upon the ability to predict income
Variable budget - are flexible and it's constructed according to variation
Franciscan Monk - 1994 develop and art of bookkeeping
Father of the double-entry system
Accounting - an art of recording, classifying, and summarizing in a significant manner
Characteristics of accounting:
1. Service activity - it is a sector in any business organization that serves in terms of mental effort
 2. Quantitative information - record in written form events
3. Financial nature - records purely money transactions
phases of accounting:
1. Recording and measuring - business activities should be recorded like a history
2. Classifying and summarizing - the recorded information to be useful, the numerous transactions
is being sorted
3. Interpreting - matter of analyzing, and evaluating the liquidity
concept of accounting:
1. Entity - accounting is a section which stand apart from the rest
2. Periodicity - the entity is subdivided into equal time period for reporting purposes
3. Stability of money - means that in accounting, purchasing power of money is relatively stable
financial statements - the product of accounting process prepared and presented at least annually
Elements:
1. As of financial position
a. Assets - the resources controlled by the firm as a result of past events
b. Liability - present obligation of the firm
2. As of perfomance
A. Income - refers to the increase in the economic benefit during the accounting period.
B. Expenses - means decrease in economic benefits or outflow
C. Losses - decrease in economic benefits may or may not be in the course
3 elements of financial position formula:
Assets= liabilities+equity
Expanded equation:
Assets= liabilities + equity+ revenue -expenses

Accounting system - dual entry represented by debit on the left side and credit on the right side
Account - device used to summarize accounting
T-Account- simplest form of account
3 parts:
1. Title
2. Debit
3. Credit
Two types of account:
1. Real accounts - assets, liabilities
2. Nominal accounts - income and the expense account
assets - things of value or resources owned by the firm
Group:
1. Current assets - representing those that are normally converted into cash
2. Fixed assets - long lived assets , normally used by the firm to produce goods
Tangible assets - can be seen in physical appearance
Intangible assets - those that have no physical existence
Liability - obligation of the firm
Classified:
1. Current liabilities - obligations to pay within the accounting period
2. Long-term liabilities - obligations that need to be settled beyond one year
capital - value of resources or amount laid down
Capital account - varies depending of the form of business organization
Revenue - income arising from services or sales
Asset accounts- commonly have the following title accounts.
 1. Cash
2. Account receivables
3. Note receivables
4. Building
5. Tools and equipment
6. Furniture and fixtures
7. Inventories
8. Prepaid insurance
Under the liability accounts:
1. Account payables
2. Note payables
Equity account - represented by the capital, which is the amount of investment
Expense account includes the following account title
1. Rent expense
2. Salary and wages expense
3. Traveling expense
4. Light and water expense
5. Telephone expense
6. Supplies expense
7. Miscellaneous expense
8. Insurance expense
9. Interest expense
10. Taxes and license expense
11. Bad -debts -the uncollectible account expense
Book of accounts:
1. Journal - book where the daily transactions are being recorded
Content of journal:
1. Date
2. Account titles and explanation
3. Posting reference (P.R)
4. Debit, and credit column
2. Ledger - grouping of the entity's account
- Referred to as reference book
Two groups:
● Permanent accounts - those account under assets, liabilities and owner's equity
● Temporary accounts - under income expense and title accounts
3. Financial statement
Worksheet - summary of all the transactions made in a span of time
Financial statements are composed of the following:
1. Balance sheet - statements that shows the financial position of the firm
2. Income statement - formal presentation of performance of a company for a given period of time
3. Cash flow statement
profit- excess of revenue over total cost and expenses
Profit = sales - total cost and expenses
Cost - amount of resources given up in exchange for some goods
Cost behavior - the way cost change with respect to a change in activity level
3 types of cost:
1. Fixed costs - cost that does not change with the changing levels
2. Variable costs - change directly and proportionately
 3. Mixed costs - cost that possess both fixed and variable
break-even sales - point of activity level where total revenues equal total cost
Break-even sales= fixed costs
Contribution margin %
Contribution margin (units sold) = fixed costs
Unit contribution margin
Unit contribution margin = Unit Selling Price (USP) - Unit variable costs (UVC)
Analysis - manner of dissecting the different parts
Of the business transaction
Rate of return on sales= net income
Net sales
Rate of return on total asset = net income
ave. Total asset

Rate of return in owner's equity = net income

Ave. Owners equity
Gross profit ratio = Gross profit

COMMUNICATION
PREJUDICE
MISCONCEPTION
GRAPEVINE
CLUSTER CHAIN
GOSSIP CHAIN
CONTROL
TOLERANCE
PREJUDICE
HALO EFFECT
COUNSELING
SOCIALIZATION
STROKING
MARASMUS
DISCIPLINE
JOB
MARKET
FUNDS
CAPITAL
BUDGET
ACCOUNTING
ACCOUNT
LIABILITY
JOURNAL
REVENUE
ENUMERATION;
BARRIERS:
INDIVIDUAL BARRIERS
ORGANIZATIONA BARRIERS
THE ABSENCE OF FORMAL CHANNELS

APPROACHES OF :
DIRECTIVE APPROACH
NON-DIRECTIVE APPROACH
NON-COERCIVE APPROACH

FACTORS TO CONSIDER:
PERSONAL FACTOR
POSITIVE RESULT OF STUDY MADE FOR SUCH PURPOSE
THE RIGHT SIZE OF BUSINESS
MARKETING PERSPECTIVE

ELEMENTS OF MARKETING:
THE PEOPLE/CUSTOMERS
THE PRDUCT/SERVICES
THE SOCIO-ECONOMY

COMPONENTS:
INTRODUCTION
TECHNICAL AND PRODUCTION ASPECT
MANAGEMENT ASPECT
GOVERNMENT REGULATORY LAWS
SOCIAL ASPECT

PHASES OF ACCOUNTING
RECORDING AND MEASURING
CLASSIFYING AND SUMMARIZING
INTERPRETING

COMPOSITION OF FINANCIAL
BALANCE SHEET
INCOME STATEMENT
CASH FLOW STATEMENT

CHARACTERISTICS OF PATENTIBLE:
NOVELTY
USEFULNESS
NON-OBVIOUSNESS

ASPECT OF VALUE YIELDS

UNDERSTANDING CUSTOMER BEHAVIOR
DYNAMIC PRICING
INVENTORY CONTROL
DATA-DRIVEN APPROACH
FLEXIBILTY

Presentation:

Montesclaros:
Introduction
Objectives of the study
Statement of the problem
Definition of terms inserting the nutrients

(Name)
Prior arts
Material
Method

(Name)
Definition of hog
Proximate composition
Production costs

Name
Comparative analysis
Rivision
Summary

Name
Conclusion
Recommendations
Curriculum vitae