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Lecture (1)_Chapter (1)_Introduction

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Lecture (1)_Chapter (1)_Introduction

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Chapter 1

DIGITAL IMAGE
PROCESSING
INTRODUCTION
Introduction
2

“One picture is worth more than ten

thousand words”
Anonymous
References
3
“Digital Image Processing”,
Rafael C. Gonzalez & Richard E. Woods,
Addison-Wesley, 2008
And

“Computer Vision and image processing :

A practical approach using cvip tools
Scott E umbaugh, Prentice hall 1998

http://www.mathworks.com/help/images/index.html
4

Fundamentals of Digital
Image Processing
A Practical Approach
with Examples in Matlab
 Chris Solomon
 2011 by John Wiley & Sons,
Ltd
5

Course Instructor: Dr. Heba Rashed

(Lecturer of Computer Science)

Course Marks: 100 Marks distributed as 60

Final Exam and 40 Course Work.

Practical Using MATLAB program.

Course Outlines
6
 Ch1 : Introduction
 Ch2 : Digital Image Fundamentals
 Ch3 : Intensity Transformation and Spatial
Filtering
 Ch4 : Filtering in The Frequency Domain
 Ch5 : Image Restoration and Reconstruction
 Ch8 : Image Compression
 Ch9 : Morphological Image Processing
 Ch10: Image Segmentation
Contents
7

This lecture will cover:

 What is a digital image?
 What is digital image processing?
 History of digital image processing
 State of the art examples of digital image processing
 Key stages in digital image processing
Computer imaging
8

 It’s defined as the acquisition and processing

of visual information by computer.
 The ultimate receiver of information is:
 Computer

 Human visual system

 So we have two categories:-

 Computer vision
 Image processing
Computer vision and image processing
9

In computer vision:

The processed output images
are for use by computer.
In Image processing:
The output images are for
human consumption
Computer vision
10

 One of the computer vision fields is image analysis.

 It involves the examination of image data to
facilitate solving a vision problem.
 Image analysis has 2 topics:
 Feature extraction: acquiring higher level image
information
 Pattern classification taking these higher level of
information and identifying objects within the image
11

 Image Processing
image in → image out
 Image Analysis
image in → measurements out
 Image Understanding
image in → high-level description out
What is a Digital Image?
12

A digital image is a representation of a two-

dimensional image as a finite set of digital values,
called picture elements or pixels
What is a Digital Image? (cont…)
13

 It is an approximation of a real scene.

 It is a representation of a two-dimensional image.
 It composed of a finite number of elements called pixels or
picture elements.
 Pixel values represent gray levels (intensity).
Remember digitization implies that a digital image is an approximation
of a real scene

1 pixel
What is a Digital Image? (cont…)
14

Common image formats include:

 1 sample per point (B&W or Grayscale)
 3 samples per point (Red, Green, and Blue)

For most of this course we will focus on grey-scale

images
RGB Coloring System
15
What is Digital Image Processing?
16

Digital image processing focuses on two major tasks

 Improvement of pictorial information for human
interpretation
 Processing of image data for storage, transmission and
representation for autonomous machine perception- ‫فهم‬
‫إدراك‬
Some argument about where image processing ends
and fields such as image analysis and computer
vision start
What is DIP? (cont…)
17

The continuum ‫استمرارية‬from image processing to

computer vision can be broken up into low-, mid- and
high-level processes

Low Level Process Mid Level Process High Level Process

Input: Image Input: Image Input: Attributes
Output: Image Output: Attributes Output: Understanding
Examples: Noise Examples: Object Examples: Scene
removal, image recognition, understanding,
sharpening segmentation autonomous navigation

In this course we will

stop here
History of Digital Image Processing
18

Early 1920s: One of the first applications of

digital imaging was in the news-
paper industry (5 levels)
 The Bartlane cable picture
transmission service Early digital image
 Images were transferred by submarine cable
between London and New York
 Pictures were coded for cable transfer and
reconstructed at the receiving end on a telegraph
printer
History of DIP (cont…)
19

Mid to late 1920s: Improvements to the

Bartlane system resulted in higher quality
images
 New reproduction
processes based
on photographic
techniques
 Increased number
of tones in Improved
reproduced images digital image Early 15 tone digital
image
History of DIP (cont…)
20

1960s: Improvements in computing technology and

the onset of the space race led to a surge of work in
digital image processing
 1964: Computers used to
improve the quality of
images of the moon taken
by the Ranger 7 probe
 Such techniques were used
in other space missions
including the Apollo landings
A picture of the moon taken
by the Ranger 7 probe
minutes before landing
History of DIP (cont…)
21

1970s: Digital image processing begins to be

used in medical applications
 1979: Sir Godfrey N.
Hounsfield & Prof. Allan M.
Cormack share the Nobel
Prize in medicine for the
invention of tomography‫رسم سطحى‬,
the technology behind
Computerised Axial Typical head slice CAT
image
Tomography (CAT) scans
 A computerized axial tomography scan is an x-ray procedure that
combines many x-ray images with the aid of a computer to generate cross-
sectional views and, if needed, three-dimensional images of the internal
organs and structures of the body.
History of DIP (cont…)
3
3

1980s - Today: The use of digital image processing

techniques has exploded and they are now used for
all kinds of tasks in all kinds of areas
 Image enhancement/restoration
 Artistic effects

 Medical visualisation

 Industrial inspection

 Law enforcement

 Human computer interfaces

Examples: Image Enhancement
23

One of the most common uses of DIP techniques:

improve quality, remove noise etc
Examples: The Hubble Telescope
24

Launched in 1990 the Hubble

telescope can take images of
very distant objects
However, an incorrect mirror
made many of Hubble’s
images useless
Image processing
techniques were
used to fix this
Examples: Artistic Effects
25
Artistic effects are used
to make images more
visually appealing, to
add special effects and
to make composite
images
Examples: Medicine
26

Take slice from MRI scan of canine heart, and find

boundaries between types of tissue
 Image with gray levels representing tissue density
 Use a suitable filter to highlight edges

Original MRI Image of a Dog Heart Edge Detection Image

Examples: GIS
27

Geographic Information Systems

 Digital image processing techniques are used extensively
to manipulate satellite imagery
 Terrain‫ تضاريس‬classification

 Meteorology ‫األرصاد الجوية‬

Examples: GIS (cont…)
28

Night-Time Lights of the

World data set
 Global inventory of human
settlement
 Not hard to imagine the
kind of analysis that might
be done using this data
Examples: Industrial Inspection
29

Human operators are

expensive, slow and
unreliable
Make machines do the
job instead
Industrial vision systems
are used in all kinds of
industries
Can we trust them?
Examples: PCB Inspection
30

Printed Circuit Board (PCB) inspection

 Machine inspection is used to determine that all components
are present and that all solder joints are acceptable
 Both conventional imaging and x-ray imaging are used
Examples: Law Enforcement
31
Image processing techniques
are used extensively by law
enforcers
 Number plate recognition for
speed cameras/automated toll
systems
 Fingerprint recognition
 Enhancement of CCTV images
Examples: HCI
32
Try to make human computer
interfaces more natural
 Face recognition
 Gesture ‫ايماءة‬recognition
Does anyone remember the
user interface from “Minority
Report”?
These tasks can be extremely
difficult
Key Stages in Digital Image Processing
33

Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement