Selfstudys Com File

SOLID STATE
CHAPTER – 1
SOLID STATE
Solids.
Solids are a form of matter in which atoms or molecules are trapped locally by chemical bonds or forces between molecules
called "intermolecular forces." Solid materials are generally strong, durable, and have a stable volume.
CHARACTERISTICS OF A SOLID STATE

Exact weight, volume and shape
Short intermolecular range.
Strong intermolecular forces
The fixed location of the existing particles and can only move about their central location.
Incompressible and durable
Amorphous and Crystalline Solids

In crystalline solids the particles are arranged in a 3-dimensional order. The particles have equal intermolecular forces. They
have sharp melting point and are anisotropic. They are called true solids. Example: Benzoic acid, Diamond.
Application of diamond:
It is widely used in making beautiful jewellery
Amorphous means shapeless. This word is derived from Greek. It has an irregular arrangement of solid particles. The
intermolecular forces are not equal. Also, the distance between particles varies. They have an undefined geometric shape. They
are also called supercooled liquids. They are isotropic. Example: Naphthalene, glass
Application of glass:
It is widely used in construction of building
It is also used for packaging cosmetics like cosmetics box and packing of food like food jar
PROPERTY CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS AMORPHOUS SOLIDS
Shape Definite shape Irregular shape
Melting Point Sharp melting point Gradually soften over a range of temperature
Cleavage property Crystalline solids tend to split into Amorphous solids give irregular shape that means they
two pieces with plane surfaces. break into two pieces with irregular shape.
Heat of fusion Have definite heat of fusion Do not have definite heat of fusion.
Anisotropy Anisotropic in nature Isotropic in nature
Nature True solids Pseudo solids
Order in arrangement of Long range order Short range order
constituent particles
Classification of crystalline solids:

Crystalline solids can be divided into four types on the basis of the natural intermolecular potential:
1. Ionic solid
2. A solid or solid network
3. Solid molecular weight
4. Solid metals
Crystal lattices and Unit Cells

The main components of crystalline solids are the normal state and the repetitive pattern of the composite particles.
Crystal Lattice
Crystals are made up of three-dimensional patterns. Thus, a crystal lattice is a set of endless, organized points related to each
other by temporary symmetry. Drawings of such patterns are called lattices. The lattice is made up of three interlocking planes.
Features of crystal lattice
Each point in the lattice is called a lattice point or lattice point.
Each point represents a single particle, such as an atom, a molecule, or an ion.
The lattice point is combined with straight lines to extract the geometry of the lattice.
Cell Unit
The smallest repeating unit of the crystal lattice is the unit cell, the building block of a crystal.
CELL UNIT TYPES
Primitive Unit Cell - Particles are present only in the corner of the cell unit.
Body-Centred Unit Cell - One part of the particle is located in the body surface and in eight corners
Face Centred Unit Cell - Particles are located in eight corners and are located in the center of the face.
End centred Unit Cell - Particles are in eight corners and two facing areas.
Number of Atoms in a Unit Cell
Primitive Unit Cell - The primitive cubic unit cell has atoms in its corner only. Each atom in the corner is divided between eight
unit units of four cell units in the same layer as the four unit units of the upper or lower layer. Thus, only 1/8 of the atoms
actually belong to the unit of a particular cell.
Body Centred Unit Cell

A cubic unit centred on the body has atom in each corner
and one atom in its center.
Number of atoms in a BCC cell:

(i) 8 x 1/8 corners atomic = = 1 atom
(ii) 1 physical atom = 1 atom
Total number of atoms per cell unit = 2 atoms
Face Centred Unit Cell
A surface-based cubic unit cell contains atoms in all corners
and in the center of each cube surface. The atom present in
the surface area is divided between 2 adjacent units and only
1/2 of each atom of each cell.
(i) 8 existing atoms x 1/8 existing atom = 1 atom 1
(ii) 6 faces - medium atom x ½ atoms per unit = 3 atoms
Atoms per unit = 4 atoms
End Centred Unit cell

The center of the cell in the middle is made up of atoms in each
corner and in the center of the two facing faces. The atom
present in the surface area is divided between 2 adjacent units
and only 1/2 of each atom of each cell.
Number of atoms in the cell of the central unit
(i) 8 existing atoms x 1/8 existing atom = 1 atom 1
(ii) 2 faces are focused on each other x ½ atoms per cell unit =
1 atom
Atoms of each unit = 2 atoms
Closed Packed Structures

In solid materials, composite particles are packed close together,
leaving a small empty space.
In packing close to one size, the spheres are arranged in a line so that
the adjacent atoms are joined together. The contact number is defined
as a number of nearby particles. In the case of a one-size-fits-all
package, the link number is equal to two.
(b) Close packing in two Dimensions
In close two-dimensional packaging, a line of closed spheres is stacked to obtain a two-dimensional pattern.
(c). Close packing in three dimension

Voids: Voids literally means spaces between partial particles. It defines a space as an empty space in a unit cell or an empty
space in a cell unit. Spaces in solid conditions mean the empty space between the particles that are part of a full structure nearby.
Types of voids
Tetrahedral voids
Octahedral voids
Tetrahedral Voids: In a tetrahedral space, an atom is surrounded by 4 atoms placed on the four corners of the tetrahedron.
Octahedral voids: In the octahedral void, the atom is surrounded by 6 atoms arranged in six octahedron chambers.
Packing Efficiency
The percentage of total particle-filled space is called the efficiency of the packaging or part of the total space filled.
Packing efficiency in hcp and ccp Structures:

Hexagonal close packing (hcp) and cubic close packing (ccp) have
similar packaging properties.
Packing Efficiency in Body-Centred Unit Cell Packing Efficiency in simple Cubic Lattice
In a cubic unit cell, one atom is found in the center of the body In a simple cubic unit cell, atoms are found in the corners of
outside the cube corners. the cube.
Calculation involving unit cell dimension
A cell unit can be defined as a three-dimensional structure consisting of one or more atoms. We can determine the volume of
this cell unit by knowing the size of the cell unit.
Weight of cell unit = number of atoms per cell unit × weight of each atom = z × m
There, z = the number of atoms in a cell unit, m = The weight of each atom
Bulk atoms can be supplied with the help of Avogadro number and molar mass such as:
M / NA
When M = molar weight
NA = Avogadro number
Volume of a cell unit, V = a3
=> Cell unit density = cell unit weight / unit cell capacity
=> Cell unit density = m / V = z × ma / a3 = z × M / a3 × NA
Imperfections in Solids
Although solid crystals have a short distance and a long line arrangement in the arrangement of the particles they form, yet the
crystals are not perfect. Crystalline solids are made up of a large number of small particles. These particles have a defect in them.
This happens when the crystalline process takes place at a very real level.
Defects: Defects in particle structure are known as defects.
Types of defects:
Point defect, line defect
Point defect: irregularities or deviation from the correct arrangement near a point or atom in a crystal object is known as a
point element.
Line defect: irregularities or deviations from good alignment across all lattice point lines.
STRUCTURE OF SOME CRYSTALS
S. No. Crystal C.N Z Structural arrangement E.g.
Cation Anion Total Formula Unit
Na+= at All
Na+= 4
1 NaCl 6 6 octahedral voids LiCl
Cl− = 4
𝐶𝑙 − → FCC
ZnS Znz+ = 6 Zn2+ = At ½ TV
2. 4 4 Ag I
(wurtizit) S 2− = 6 S 2− = HCP
ZnS Zn2+ = At 1/2 of TV CuCl, CuBr
3. 4 4 Znz+ = 4, S 2− = 4
(Blende) S22 FCC Cul, Cds
CaF2 BaF
4. 8 4 Ca = 4, F − = 8 Ca2+ = FCC, F − = All TV
(Fluorite) SrF
5. Na 2 O 4 8 Na+ = 8, O2− = 4 Na+ = All TV, O2− = FCC
Cr + = Body Center CsC, N

6. CsCl 8 8 Cs + = 1, Cl− = 1
Cl− = At corners CsI, Cas
Types of point defect:
1. Stoichiometric defect: Stoichiometric defect is an internal defect in which the ratio of cations to anions remains exactly the
same as represented by the molecular formula. They are also called intrinsic or thermodynamic defect. There are two types
of stoichiometric defects: Space and interstitial deformity.
➔ Vacancy defect - a gap in space where the atom is not in its lattice areas which causes that lattice area to be empty and
creates a space problem.
➔ Interstitial defect - When certain particles (atoms or molecules) replace interstitial, the crystal is said to have
interstitial defects.
Space and interstitial defects as described above can be shown by strong non-ionic substances.
There are two types of stoichiometric feature: schottky and frenkel defect (indicated by ionic solids)
➔ Schottky Defects: Schottky defects occur when equal numbers of cations and anions are not in the lattice. But for ionic
computers, we need to measure the electrical neutrality of the compound so that an equal amount of anions and cations
are not present in the compound. Reduce object congestion. In this case, the size of the cations and anions is almost the
same.
➔ Frenkel defect - Frenkel defect occurs when the ion is not in its actual lattice position and takes up any interstitial
position.
2. Impurity defect: These problems arise when foreign atoms are present in the lattice space instead of the handle atom. Or
it exists on an unoccupied interstitial site for example n - semiconductor type, p - semiconductor type. Example - If the
molten NaCl containing a small amount of SrCl2 is crystalline, other Na + ion sites are used by Sr2 +. Each Sr2 + replaces two
Na + ions. It stays in one ion zone and the other site remains empty. The cationic gaps produced are equal in value to Sr2 +
ions
Cation vacancy in NaCl

3. Non-Stoichiometric defect: Nonstoichiometric defects are defects in crystal structures that interfere with crystal
stoichiometry. Effect on Stoichiometry. They do not affect compound stoichiometry. They changed the stoichiometry of the
compound.
These problems are of two types: excess iron and a lack of iron.
➔ Excess iron deficiency - It is a severe ion damage when deviation from the normal structure occurs due to the absence
of iron ions in the two lattice zones. Let's take an example: When Nacl crystal is heated in sodium vapor! It changes color
to yellow.
➔ Metal defect defect - a) In the event of a metal deficiency, the cation is not in its lattice position. To maintain electrical
neutrality, one of the adjacent metal ions receives additional direct charge.
(b) This type of feature occurs on computers when the instrument shows a variable valency e.g. Transition metal complexes
such as NiO, FeO, FeS, etc.
Electrical Properties
Solids can be divided into three categories on the basis of their flow. These are:
Conductor - conductivities ranging from between 104 to 107 ohm-1 m-1
Insulator - Conductivity ranging from 10 * –20 to 10 * –10 ohm * –1 m * –1.
Semiconductor - conductivities in the range from 10 * –6 to 10 * 4 ohm * –1 m
Magnetic Properties
To study the magnetic field of the Magnetic field, materials are often placed in the same magnetic field and the magnetic field
varies. There are five major types of magnetic behaviour:
(i) Diamagnetic Materials - Diamagnetic objects are slightly driven by the magnetic field and do not retain the magnetic
field when the outer field is removed.
Example - bismuth, cooper, antimony.
(ii) Pararamagnetic Materials - Pararamagnetic Appliances are less attracted to the magnetic field and do not retain the
magnetic properties when removing the outer field.
For example - aluminum, gold, copper.
(iii) Ferromagnetic Materials - Ferromagnetic materials are those devices that show the automatic magnetism of the net at
the atomic level, even without the outer magnetic field. When placed on the surface of a magnetic field, ferromagnetic
elements pull harder toward the field.
Iron, nickel, and cobalt are examples of ferromagnetic substances
(iv) Antiferromagnetic materials - Materials that reflect antiferromagnetism are known as antiferromagnetic material.
When these objects are stored in front of a strong magnetic field, they weaken the magnetic field toward the magnetic
field. This is known as antiferromagnetism. Examples include hematite, metals such as chromium, alloys such as iron
manganese (FeMn), and oxides such as nickel oxide (NiO).
(v) Ferrimagnetic Materials - A ferrimagnetic material is a substance with atomic numbers with opposing magnetic
moments, as in antiferromagnetism. As for ferrimagnetic materials, these times are not equal in size and therefore the
automatic magnetization remains. Ferrimagnetism is often confused with ferromagnetism. An excellent example of a
ferrimagnetic mineral is magnetite (Fe3O4). Two irons are trivalent, while one is divalent. Two trivalent ions are inversely
proportional to each other and cancel out the other, so the net moment comes from the split metal ion.
Solids have definite shame, definite volume and mass. This is because of fixed position of their constituent particles, short
distances and strong interaction between them. In amorphous solids, the arrangement of constituent particles has only short
range order and consequently they behave like super cooled liquids, do not have high melting points and are isotropic in
nature. In crystalline solids there is long range order in the arrangement of their constituent particles. They have high melting
points, are anisotropic in nature and their particles have characteristic shapes. Properties of crystalline solids depend upon
the nature of interaction between their constituent particles. On the basis, they can be divided into four categories, namely:
molecular, ionic, metallic and covalent solids. They differ widely in their properties.
The constituent particles in crystalline solids are arranged in a regular pattern which extends throughout the crystal. This
arrangement is often depicted in the form of a three dimensional array of points which is called crystal lattice. Each lattice
point gives the location of one particle in space. In all, fourteen different types of lattices are possible which are called Bravais
lattices. Each lattice can be generated by repeating it’s small characteristics portion called unit cell. A unit cell is characterized
by its edge lengths and three angles between these edges. Unit cells can be either primitive which have particles only at their
body position or centred. The centre unit cells have additional particles at their body center, at the centre of each face or at
the centre of two opposite faces. There are seven types of primitive unit cells. Taking centred unit cell also into account, there
are fourteen types of unit cells in all, which result in fourteen Bravais lattices.
Close-packing of particles result in two highly efficient lattice, hexagonal close-packed and cubic packed. The latter is also
called face-centred cubic lattice. In both of these packing 74% space is filled. The remaining space is present in the form of
two types of voids-octahedral voids and tetrahedral voids. Other types of packing are not close-packings and have less
efficient packing of particles. While in body-centred cubic lattice 68% space is filled, in simple cubic lattice only 52.5% space
is filled.
Solids are not perfect in structure. There are different types of imperfections or defects in them. Point defects and line defects
are common types of defects. Point defects are of three types – stoichiometry defects, impurity defects and non-
stoichiometric defects. Vacancy defects and interstitial defects are the two basic types of stoichiometry point defects. In ionic
solids, these defects are present as Frenkel and Schottky defects. Impurity defects are caused by the presence of an impurity
in the crystal. In ionic solids, when the ionic impurity has a different valence than the main compound, some vacancies are
created. Non-stoichiometric defects are of metal excess type and metal deficient type. Sometimes calculated amounts of
impurities are introduced by doping in semiconductor that changes their electrical properties. Such materials are widely
used in electronics industry. Solids show many types of magnetic properties like Para magnetism, diamagnetism,
ferromagnetism, antiferromagnetism and ferromagnetism. These properties are used in audio, video and other recording
devices. All these properties can be correlated with their electronic configuration or structures.
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. Glass is a (d) Solids oscillate about their mean positions.
(a) Liquid
12. Most crystals show good cleavage because their atoms,
(b) Solid
ions or molecules are
(c) Supercooled liquid
(a) Weakly bonded together
(d) Transparent organic polymer
(b) Strongly bonded together
2. Cation and anion combines in a crystal to form (c) Spherically symmetrical
following type of compound (d) Arranged in planes
(a) Ionic (b) Metallic
13. Which of the following is not a crystalline solid?
(c) Covalent (d) Dipole-dipole
(a) KCl (b) CsCl
3. The ability of a substance to assume two or more (c) Glass (d) Rhombic S
crystalline structures is called
14. “Crystalline solids are anisotropic in nature.What is the
(a) Isomerism (b) Polymorphism
meaning of anisotropic in the given statement?
(c) Isomorphism (d) Amorphism
(a) A regular pattern of arrangement of particles which
4 The number of carbon atoms per unit cell of diamond repeats itself periodically over the entire crystal.
unit cell is (b) Different values of some of physical properties are
(a) 6 (b) 1 shown when measured along different directions in
(c) 4 (d) 8 the same crystals.
(c) An irregular arrangement of particles over the entire
5. The fcc crystal contains how many atoms in each unit
crystal.
cell?
(d) Same values of some of physical properties are
(a) 6 (b) 8
shown when measured along different directions in
(c) 4 (d) 5
the same crystals.
6. A solid compound XY has NaCl structure. If the radius
15. A crystalline solid
of the cation is 100pm, the radius of the anion (Y-) will
(a) Changes abruptly from solid to liquid when heated
be
(b) Has no definite melting point
(a) 275.1 pm (b) 322.5 pm
(c) Undergoes deformation of its geometry easily
(c) 241.5 pm (d) 165.7 pm
(d) Has an irregular 3-dimensional arrangements
7. In the fluorine structure, the corrdination number of
16. In Zinc blende structure
Ca2+ ion is
(a) Zinc ions occupy half of the tetrahedral sites
(a) 4 (b) 6
(b) Each Zn2- ion is surrounded by six sulphide ions
(c) 8 (d) 3
(c) Each S2- ion is surrounded by six Zn2+ ions
8. The vacant space in bcc lattice unit cell is (d) It has fee structure
(a) 48% (b) 923%
17. Alkali halides do not show Frenkel defect because
(c) 1032% (d) 1126%
(a) Cations and anions have almost equal size
9. Which of the following statement is correct (b) There is a large difference in size of cations and
(a) The number of carbon atoms in a unit cell of anions
diamond is 8 (c) Cations and anions have low coordination number
(b) The number of Bravais lattice in which a crystal can (d) Anions cannot be accommodated in voids
be categorised is 14
18. The fraction of the total volume occupied by the atoms
(c) The fraction of the total volume occupied by the
present in a simple cube is
atoms in a primitive cell is 0.48
(a) π/4 (b) π/6
(d) Molecular solids are generally volatile
(c) π/3√2 (d) π/4√2
10. The appearance of colour in solid alkali metal halides
is generally due to 19. p-type semiconductors are formed When Si or Ge are
(a) Interstitial position (b) F-centres doped with
(c) Schottky defect (d) Frenkel defect (a) Group 14 elements (b) Group 15 elements
(c) Group 13 elements (d) Group 18 elements
11. Which of the following is not a characteristic property
of solids? 20. Which of the following conditions favours the existence
(a) Intermolecular distances are short. of a substance in the solid state?
(b) Intermolecular forces are weak. (a) High temperature (b) Low temperature
(c) Constituent particles have fixed positions. (c) High thermal energy (d) Weak cohesive forces
21. How many lithium atoms are present in a unit cell with (b) Anti-ferroelectricity
edge length 3.5 Å and density 0.53 g cm-3? (Atomic (c) Pyroelectricity
mass of Li = 6.94): (d) Piezoelectricity
(a) 2 (b) 1
31. Volume occupied by atoms in fcc is
(c) 4 (d) 6
(a) 74% (b) 68%
22. Fe3O4 (magnetite) is an example of (c) 52.4% (d) 75%
(a) Normal spinel structure
(b) Inverse spinel structure 32. Na and Mg crystallize in crystals of bcc and fcc form
(c) Fluoride structure respectively and then the amount of Na and Mg atoms
(d) Anti fluorite structure present in their respective crystal unit cells is:
(a) 4 and 2 (b) 9 and 14
23. Which of the following crystals does not exhibit (c) 14 and 9 (d) 2 and 4
Frenkel defect?
(a) AgBr (b) AgCl 33. Ferrous oxide has a cubic structure and each unit cell
(c) KBr (d) ZnS edge is 5.0Ao.Assuming the oxide density is 4.0g / cm3,
24. NaCl type crystal (with coordination no.6 : 6) can be the amount of Fe2+ and O2- ions in each unit cell will
converted into CsCl type crystal (with coordination then be
no.8 : 8) by applying (a) Four Fe2+ and four O2-
(a) High temperature (b) Two Fe2+ and four O2-
(b) High pressure (c) Four Fe2+ and two O2-
(c) High temperature and high pressure (d) Three Fe2+ and three O2-
(d) Low temperature and low pressure
34. Schottky defect in a crystal is observed when
25. In NaCl structure (a) The ion leaves its normal position and occupies an
(a) All octahedral and tetrahedral sites are occupied interstitial location
(b) Only octahedral sites are occupied (b) The unequal number of cation and anions are
(c) Only tetrahedral sites are occupied missing from the lattice
(d) Neither octahedral nor tetrahedral sites are (c) The density of the crystal increases.
occupied (d) An equal number of cations and anions are missing
from the lattice.
26. What is the effect of Frenkel defect on the density of
ionic solids? 35. For the orthorhombic system, axial ratios are a ≠ b ≠ c
(a) The density of the crystal increases and the axial angles are:
(b) The density of the crystal decreases (a) α = β = γ ≠ 900 (b) α ≠ β ≠ γ ≠ 900
(c) The density of the crystal remains unchanged (c) α = β = γ = 900 (d) α ≠ β ≠ γ = 900
(d) There is no relationship between density of a
crystal and defect present in it 36. Which of the following transition metal oxides is
paramagnetic?
27. To get n-type of semiconductor, germanium should be (a) TiO (b) VO
doped with (c) Cu2O (d) Mn2O3
(a) Gallium (b) Arsenic
(c) Aluminium (d) Boron 37. Which of the following transition metal oxides is not an
insulator?
28. Which of the following is not the characteristic of ionic (a) MnO (b) NiO
solids? (c) VO (d) Mn2O3
(a) Very low value of electrical conductivity in the
molten state. 38. Coordination number in ccp and hcp arrangements of
(b) Brittle nature. metal atoms are respectively.
(c) Very strong forces of interactions. (a) 6, 6 (b) 12, 6
(d) Anisotropic nature. (c) 8, 6 (d) 12, 12
29. In a trigonal crystal 39. Fe3O4 is ferrimagnetic at room temperature but at 850
(a) a = b = c, α = ß = γ ≠ 90° K it becomes
(b) a = b ≠ c, α = ß = γ = 90° (a) Diamagnetic (b) Ferromagnetic
(c) a ≠ b ≠ c, α = ß = γ = 90° (c) Non-magnetic (d) Paramagnetic
(d) a = b ≠ c, α = ß = 90°, γ = 120° 40. For tetrahedral coordination, the radius ration (r+/r )
should be
30. Polar crystals when heated produce small electrical
(a) 0.155-0.225 (b) 0.225-0.414
current. The phenomenon is called
(a) Ferroelectricity (c) 0.414-0.732 (d) 0.732-1
41. A compound formed by elements A and B crystallises (c) If the Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
in the cubic structure where A atoms are at comers of (d) If both the Assertion and Reason are incorrect.
a cube and B atoms are at face centres.The formula of
2. Assertion: Stability of a crystal is reflected in the
the compound is
magnitude of its melting.
(a) AB3 (b) A2B
Reason: The stability of a crystal depends upon the
(c) AB2 (d) A2B3
strength of the interparticle attractive force.
42. How many space lattices are possible in a crystal? (a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and the
(a) 23 (b) 7 Reason is a correct explanation of the Assertion.
(c) 230 (d) 14 (b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason
is not a correct explanation of the Assertion.
43. Metallic lustre is explained by
(c) If the Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
(a) Diffusion of metal ions
(d) If both the Assertion and Reason are incorrect.
(b) Oscillation of loose electrons
(c) Excitation of free protons 3. Assertion: Due to Frenkel defect, there is no effect on
(d) Existence of bcc lattice. the density of the crystalline solid.
Reason: In Frenkel defect, no cation or anion leaves
44. The hardest substance among the following is
the crystal.
(a) Be2C (b) Graphite
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and the
(c) Titanium (d) SiC
Reason is a correct explanation of the Assertion.
(e) B4C
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason
45. How many unit cells are present in a cube-shaped ideal is not a correct explanation of the Assertion.
crystal of NaCl of mass 1.00 g? (Atomic mass of Na = (c) If the Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
213, Cl = 35.5) (d) If both the Assertion and Reason are incorrect.
(a) 5.14 × 10*21 (b) 1.28 × 10*21
4. Assertion: On heating ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic
(c) 1.71 × 10*21 (d) 2.57 × 10*21
substances, they become paramagnetic.
46. If Z is the number of atoms in the unit cell that Reason: The electrons change their spin on heating.
represents the closest packing sequence….ABC (a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and the
ABC….the number of tetrahedral voids in the unit cell Reason is a correct explanation of the Assertion.
is equal to (b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason
(a) Z (b) 2Z is not a correct explanation of the Assertion.
(c) Z/2 (d) Z/4 (c) If the Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
47. Which has no rotation of symmetry?
(a) Hexagonal (b) Orthorhombic 5. Assertion: In close packing of spheres, a tetrahedral
(c) Cubic (d) Triclinic void is surrounded by four spheres whereas an
octahedral void is surrounded by six spheres.
48. The interionic distance for cesium chloride crystal will
Reason: A tetrahedral void has a tetrahedral shape
be
whereas an octahedral void has an octahedral shape.
(a) a (b) a/2
(c) √3 a/2 (d) 2a/√3
49. Which of the following metal oxides is
antiferromagnetic in nature?
(a) MnO2 (b) TiO2
(c) VO2 (d) CrO2
50. The liquified metal expanding on solidification is
(a) Ga (b) Al TRUE AND FALSE
(c) Zn (d) Cu
1. Amorphous solids are isotropic in nature.
ASSERTION AND REASON (a) True
(b) False
1. Assertion: No compound has both Schottky and
2. A primitive unit cell contains constituent particles only
Frenkel defects.
at corners.
Reason: Both defects change the density of the solid.
(a) True
(b) False
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason 3. Cubic systems possess only primitive unit cell.
is not a correct explanation of the Assertion. (a) True (b) False.
PRACTICE QUESTIONS (MCQ)
1. Titanium metal has a density of 4.54 g/cm3 and an edge ions at the centre of unit cell, is 7 Å and the radius of
length of 412.6 pm.In what cubic unit cell does titanium Cs+ ion is 1.69 Å, what is the radius of Cl– ion ?
crystallise? (Ti = 48) (a) 1.9 A0 (b) 1.7 A0
(a) Fcc (b) Bcc (c) 1.8 A 0 (d) 2.0 A0
(c) Simple cubic (d) None of these
10. Chromium metal crystallizes with a body centred cubic
2. MgO has a structure of NaCl and TiCl has the structure lattice.The length of the unit cell edge is found to be 287
of CsCl. What are the coordination numbers of ions in pm.Calculate the atomic radius.What would be the
each (MgO and TiCl). density of chromium in g/cm3 ?
(a) 6, 6 (b) 7, 7 (a) 124.3 pm (b) 134.4 pm
(c) 8, 8 (d) 4, 4 (c) 232.0 pm (d) 342.3 pm
3. A solid AB has the NaCl structure, If radius of cation A+ 11. A solid X melts slightly above 273K and is a poor
is 120 pm, calculate the maximum possible value of the conductor of heat and electricity. To which of the
radius of the anion B–. following categories does it belong :
(a) 280 pm (b) 290 pm (a) Ionic solid (b) Covalent solid
(c) 310 pm (d) 350 pm
(c) Metallic (d) Molecular
4. The C.N.of the barium ion Ba2+, in BaF2 is 8.What must
12. In a crystal, the atoms are located at the position of :
be the C.N.of F– ion ?
(a) Zero P.E. (b) Infinite P.E.
(a) 2 (b) 4
(c) Minimum P.E. (d) Maximum P.E.
(c) 6 (d) 8
13. Amorphous solids :
5. Sodium metal crystallises in body centred cubic lattice
(a) Possess sharp melting points
with cell edge = 4.29 Å.What is radius of sodium atom?
(b) Undergo clean cleavage when cut with knife
(a) 1.86 A0 (b) 2.76 A0
(c) Do not undergo clean cleavage when cut with knife
(c) 1.08 A0 (d) 2.90 A0
(d) Possess orderly arrangement over long distances
6. Calculate the edge length of the unit cell of sodium 14. A compound formed by elements A and B has a cubic
chloride given density of NaCI is 2.17 × 103 kg m–3 and structure in which A atoms are at the corners of the
molecular weight 58.5 × 10–3 kg mol–1. cube and B atoms are at the face centres. Derive the
(a) 524 pm (b) 564 pm formula of the compound.
(c) 565 pm (d) 545 pm (a) AB (b) AB2
(c) AB3 (d) AB4
7. The effective radius of an iron atom is 1.42 Å.It has a
rock-salt structure. Calculate its density 15. A cubic solid is made up of two elements X and Y.Atoms
(Fe = 56). Y are present at the corners of the cube and atoms X at
(a) 5.74 g/cm3 body centre.What is the formula of the compound ?
(b) 645 g/cm3 (a) XY (b) XY2
(c) X2Y (d) XY3
(c) 3.54 g/cm3
(d) 4.56 g/cm3 16. At room temperature, polonium crystallises in
8. In a CPS (close packed structure) of mixed oxides, it is primitive cubic unit cell. If a = 3.36 A, calculate the
found that lattice has O2– (oxide ions), and one-half of theoretical density of polonium.Molar mass M of
octahedral voids are occupied by trivalent cations (A3+) polonium = 209 g/mol.
and one-eighth of tetrahedral voids are occupied by (a) 9.15 × 103 kg/m3 (b) 8.12 × 103 kg/ m3
divalent cations (B2+).Derive formula of the mixed (c) 3.14 × 103 kg/ m3 (d) 7.16 × 103 kg/ m3
oxide. 17. An organic compound crystallises in an
(a) A2BO4 (b) AB2O4 orthorhombical cell in the ratio of 2:1.The dimensions
(c) A3B4O (d) None of these of cell are 12.05, 15.05 and 2.69 A and density is 1.419
g/cm^3, find molar desity of the compound
9. If the length of body diagonal for CsCl, which crystallise (a) 207 g/mol (b) 209 g/mol
into a cubic structure with Cl– ions at the corner and Cs+ (c) 308 g/mol (d) 317 g/mol
18. Lithium forms body-centred cubic structure.The (b) london forces
length of the side of its unit cell is 351 pm.Atomic (c) ionic bond
radius of the lithium will be (d) metallic bond
(a) 75 pm (b) 300 pm
(c) 240 pm (d) 152 pm Q28. The radius ratio in CsCl is 0.93.the expected lattice
structure is
19. Which among the following compounds can show the (a) Tetrahedral
properties of a Ferroelectric substance? (b) Square planar
(a) CrO2 (b) BaTiO3 (c) Octahedral
(c) PbZrO3 (d) MnO2 (d) Body centred cubic
20. Which of the following is not a crystal system?
29. The cubic unit cell of Al has an edge length of 405
(a) Hexaclinic (b) Cubic
pm.Its density is 2.7 g/cm^3.The cubic unit cell is
(c) Trigonal (d) Triclinic
(a) Face centred
21. Which type of crystalline solid is also called as giant (b) Body centred
molecules? (c) Primitive
(a) Metallic solids (b) Ionic solids (d) Edge centred
(c) Covalent solids (d) Polar molecular solids (e) Simple
22. Silicon is found in nature in the forms of 30. The radius of Na^+ and Cl^- ions are 95 pm and 181 pm
(a) body-centered cubic structure respectively.The edge length of NaCl unit cell is
(b) hexagonal-closed packed structure (a) 276 pm
(c) network solid
(b) 138 pm
(d) face-centered cubic structure
(c) 552 pm
23. Copper crystallises in fcc lattice with a unit cell edge of (d) 415 pm
361 pm.The radius of copper atom is
(a) 181 pm (b) 108 pm ASSERTION AND REASON
(c) 128 pm (d) 157 pm
24. The edge length of a face centred cubic cell of an ionic 1. Assertion: The total number of atoms present in a
substance is 508 pm.If the radius of the cation is 110 simple cubic unit cell is one.
pm, the radius of anion is Reason: Simple cubic unit cell has atoms at its corners,
(a) 288 pm (b) 398 pm each of which is shared between eight adjacent unit
(c) 618 pm (d) 144 pm cells.
25. Which of the following are responsible for high
electrical and thermal conductivity of a metal?
(a) Ions
(b) Covalent bonds
(c) Free H+ ions
(d) Free and mobile electrons
26. Which type of solids are formed by three-dimensional 2. Assertion: Graphite is a good conductor of electricity
arrangement of cations and anions bound by strong however diamond belongs to the category of
electrostatic force? insulators.
(a) Polar molecular solids Reason: Graphite is soft in nature on the other hand
(b) Ionic solids diamond is very hard and brittle.
(c) Covalent solids (a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and the
(d) Metallic solids Reason is a correct explanation of the Assertion.
27. The molecules in polar molecular solid are held
together by
(a) dipole-dipole interaction
3. Assertion: Total number of octahedral voids present (b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason
in unit cell of cubic close packing including the one that is not a correct explanation of the Assertion.
is present at the body center, is four.
Reason: Besides the body center there is one
octahedral void present at the center of each of the six TRUE AND FALSE
faces of the unit cell and each of which is shared
between two adjacent unit cells. 1. A particle present at the body centre is not shared by
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and the any other unit cell.
Reason is a correct explanation of the Assertion. (a) True (b) False
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason 2. The unit cell of a face-centred cubic system contains 2
is not a correct explanation of the Assertion. atoms.
(c) If the Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect. (a) True (b) False
(d) If both the Assertion and Reason are incorrect. 3. The percentage of the occupied space in a face-centred
unit cell is 74 %
4. Assertion: The packing efficiency is maximum for the
(a) True
fcc structure.
Reason: The coordination number is 12 in fcc (b) False
structures. 4. In hcp, the arrangement is of the type A B C A B C...
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and the (a) True
Reason is a correct explanation of the Assertion. (b) False
SOLUTIONS MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. (c) supercooled liquid In NaCl coordination number of each type of ion in
Glass is an example of amorphous solid. It is also solid is 6 and radius ratio is r+/r-=0.414.
known as supercooled liquid. Glass have short Given the radius of cation r+=100 pm.
range order of constituents. So, radius of anion r−= 100/0.414=241.5pm.
2. (a) Ionic 7. (c) 8
Cation is a positively charged species and anion is In fluorite structure each Ca2+ ion is surrounded
a negatively charged species. We know that by eight F" ions. Thus, the coordination number of
opposite charges always attract each other and
Ca2+ is eight. In fluorite structure each FX− ion is
this force of attraction is called the electrostatic
surrounded by four CaX++ ions whereas each
force of attraction. It leads to the formation of ionic
CaX++ is surrounded by eight FX− ions, giving a
compounds. An example of an ionic compound is
sodium chloride (NaCl). body centred cubic arrangement. Thus the
coordination number of CaX++=FX− are 8 and 4.
3. (b) Polymorphism
The phenomenon of occurrence of a substance in 8. (c) 32%
two or more crystalline structures is called Packing fraction of BCC unit cell is 68%. Therefore,
polymorphism. the vacant space in BCC unit cell is 32%.
4. (d) 8 9. (c) The fraction of the total volume occupied by the
In the diamond cubic unit cell, there are eight atoms in a primitive cell is 0.48
corner atoms, six face centered atoms and four
more atoms inside the structure. 10. (b) F-centres
∴ Number of atoms present in a diamond cubic unit 11. (b) Intermolecular forces are strong in solids.
cell
=1+3+4=8 atoms 12. (d) Crystals show good cleavage because their
constituent particles are arranged in planes.
5. (c) 4
The face-centred cubic (FCC) has a coordination 13. (c) Glass is amorphous solid.
number of 12 and contains 4 atoms per unit cell.
14. (b) Crystalline solids are anisotropic in nature that is
The atoms in the corner are shared by 8 unit cells
some of their physical properties like electrical
and contribute to 1/8 of themselves to the crystal
lattice. resistance or refractive index show different
values when measured along different directions
6. (c) 241.5 pm in the same crystals.
15. (a) In crystalline solid there is perfect arrangement of
the constituent particles only at 0 K. As the
temperature increases the chance that a lattice site
may be unoccupied by an ion increases. As the
number of defects increases with temperature
solid changes into liquid.
16. (a) ZnS has a ccp structure. S2− ions are present at the
corners of the cube and centre of each face. Zn2+
ions occupy half of the tetrahedral sites. Each Zn2+
ion is surrounded by four S2- ions and each S2− ion
is surrounded by four Zn2+ ions. 20. (b) At low temperature substance exists in solid state
17. (a) due to decrease in molecular motion which leads
Frenkel defect is not shown by alkali metals to strong cohesive forces i.e., forces which hold the
because cations and anions have almost same size constituent particles together.
𝑧×𝑚
and cations cannot be accommodated in 21. (a) d = 3
𝑁𝐴 ×𝑎
interstitial sites. 𝑑×𝑁𝐴 ×𝑎3
18. (b) Let the edge length of the cube be a and the radius Z=
𝑚
3
of the atom be r. =
053×6.023×1023 ×(3.5×10−8 )
Now, in simple cube, number of atoms present = 6.94
=2
1/8×8=1
So, volume occupied by atoms =1× 4/3πr3 22. (b) Fe3O4 is an example of inverse spinel. In Fe3O4,
Now, in simple cube atoms at corners will be oxide ions constitute fcc lattice and dipositive ions
touching each other. are present in octahedral holes and tripositive ions
are equally distributed between tetrachedral and
octahedral holes. A unit cell of Fe3O4 contain
4O2−,2Fe3+ and 1Fe2+ ions.
23. (c) Condition for Frankel defects in an ionic crystal is-
The size difference between the ions should be
large.
Smaller ion (cation) move to interstitial site.
Frenkel defect generally appears in ZnS, AgBr, AgI,
AgCl etc.
⇒a = 2r ⇒ r = 2a Alkali metal shows Schottky defect. Here KBr
Volume of cube = a3 exhibits Schottky defect. However, it does not
So, fraction of total volume occupied = Volume of show Frankel defect. ZnS has a large size difference
atoms/Volume of unit cell between the ions.
So, fraction of total volume occupied (Atomic
Packing fraction) = 4/3πr3/a3 24. (b) The coordination number of a crystal can be
increased by applying pressure on it.
So, NaCl type crystal can be converted into CsCl
type crystal by applying pressure on it.
25. (b) In NaCl, Cl− occupies all corner and face-centered
sites and Na+ occupies all octahedral sites.
26. (c) In Frenkel defect, an ion is displaced from its
lattice place to an interstitial place. So, there is no
loss or gain of ions in lattice structure.
It involves only the migration of the ions within the
19. (c) For Si or Ge to be a p−type semiconductor, they crystal, thus preserving both volume and mass.
have to be doped with trivalent elements. This will Therefore, there is no any change in density of the
lead to electron scarcity, which is called as hole. crystal.
For this reason, the elements should be of Group
13.
27. (b) For germanium to be a N- type semiconductor, it Volume of the unit cell = ( 5 ×10-8)3 = 1.25 × 10-22
should be doped with group 15 elements. This will cm3
lead to excess of electrons. Density of FeO = 4g cm-3
In the given options, only element which belongs 𝜌= 3
𝑧×𝑀
to group 15 is Arsenic. 𝑎 ×𝑁𝐴

𝑧×72
4 = (5×10−8)×6.02×1023
4×12.25×10−22 ×6.02×1023
Z= = 4.18 ≅ 4
72
Each unit cell has four units of FeO. So it has four
Fe2+ and four O2- ions.
34. (d) The equal number of cation and anions are missing
from the lattice
Schottky defect is observed when equal number of
cations and anions are missing from the lattice.
This defect changes the density as a pair of ions are
missing from the lattice.
28. (a) 35. (c) α = β = γ = 90o
29. (a) a = b = c, α = ß = γ ≠ 90° 36. (b) VO
30. (c) Piezoelectric effect Certain crystal produce electric 37. (c) VO
signals on application of pressure. This
phenomenon is called piezoelectricity or 38. (d) 12, 12
piezoelectric effect. It can be seen from the figure that the coordination
number of hcp or ccp is 12.
Ferroelectric effect In some crystals the dipoles
are permanently aligned up even in the absence of
electric field and the direction of polarisation can
be changed by applying an electric field. This
phenomenon is known as ferroelectricity or
ferroelectric effect.
Anti-ferroelectric effect In some crystals there is
no net dipole moment inspite of the presence of
small dipoles and therefore, they do not exhibit
ferroelectric character. This phenomenon is
known as anti-ferroelectricity or anti-ferroelectric
effect.
Pyroelectric effect Some of the polar crystals when
heated produce electric current. This phenomenon
is called pyroelectricity or pyroelectric effect. 39. (d) Paramagnetic
31. (a) 74% Fe3O4 is ferrimagnetic at room temperature
[HINT]: packing fraction = 4πr^3/a^3 because in its crystals magnetic numbers of Fe (II)
and Fe (III) ions are unequal in
32. (d) 2 and 4 magnitude and aligned in antiparallel direction.
The bcc cell consists of 8 atoms at the corners and But when heated at 850 K the arrangement
one atom at center. randomized and substance becomes
1
∴ Number of atoms (n) = (8 × ) + 1 = 2. paramagnetic.
8
The fcc cell consists of 8 atoms at the eight corners 40. (b) 0.225-0.414
and one atom at each of the six faces. This atom at
the face is shared by two unit cells. 41. (a) AB3
1 1 A atoms are at the corners of the cube. There are 8
∴ Number of atoms (n) = 8 × + (6 × ) = 4. corners and each contributes one eight to the unit
8 2
33. (a) Four Fe2+ and four O2- cell. Total number of A atoms =8×1/8 =1.
We have given B atoms are at the face centres of the cube. There
Density, are 6 face centres and each contributes one half to
the unit cell. Total number of B atoms =6×1/2 =3.
defects change the density of solids because anions
The formula of the compound is AB3
or cations are missing and Frenkel defects have no
42. (d) 14 change in density because they have same number
There are 14 kinds of space lattices are possible for of cations or anions, only change the position of
crystals these are called as Bravais lattice. ions.
43. (b) Oscillation of loose electrons 2. (a) The stability of a crystal depends upon the
The metallic lustre of a metal is due to the strength of the interparticle attractive force.
oscillation of loosely bound electrons.
The melting point of a solid depends on the
When light falls upon the electrons, they absorb strength of the attractive force acting between the
energy and are set into oscillation, and they emit constituent particles.
radiations which are responsible for the metallic
Therefore, the stability of a crystal gets reflected in
lustre.
magnitude of its melting point.
44. (e) B4C
Boron Carbide is one of the hardest known Hence, both Assertion and Reason are correct and
materials, behind cubic boron nitride and Reason is the correct explanation for Assertion.
diamond. Boron carbide, (B.C). crystalline 3. (a) In a Frenkel defect an ion leaves its position in the
compound of boron and carbon. It is an extremely lattice and occupies normally vacant interstitial
hard synthetically produced material that is used position.
in abrasive and wear. Resistant products, in
4. (a) All magnetically ordered solids (ferromagnetic
lightweight composite materials, in tank arm and
and antiferromagnetic solids) transform to the
in, bulletproof vests. It is synthetically made in the
paramagnetic state at high temperature due to the
manner to be hardest.
randomisation of spins.
45. (d) 2.57 × 10*21
5. (c) Tetrahedral void is so called because it is
surrounded by four spheres tetrahedrally while
octahedral void is so called because it is
surrounded by six spheres octahedrally.
TRUE AND FALSE

1. (b)
In crystalline solids, particles are arranged in a
regular manner. In crystalline solid the
arrangement is orderly. So when we go in any
46. (b) 2Z direction, the arrangement will be different.
Number of tetrahedral voids in the unit cell Therefore, physical properties like electrical
= 2 ´ number of atoms = 2Z. conductance are different in different directions.
47. (d) Triclinic 2. (a) In a primitive unit cell the constituent particles,
48. (c) √3 a/2 whether atoms, molecules, or ions, are only located
As CsCl is body centred cubic, at the corners of the unit cell. Any particle at the
So, r = √ 3/ 4a corner of a unit cell contributes one-eighth of itself
to one unit cell. Now in a cube, there are a total of
49. (a) MnO2 eight corners.
50. (a) Ga 3. (b) All three angles intersect at right angles and are of
Liquified Ga expand on solidification. Ga is less equal length. Crystal shapes of a cubic system
electropositive in nature. It has the weak metallic based on inner structure (square) include
bond so, it expand on solidification. octahedron, cube, and Hexaherdron. Example:
Silver, Garnet, Gold, and Diamond For cubic unit
ASSERTION AND REASON cells, primitive, body-centered, and face-centered
arrangements are possible.
1. (d) Certain ionic solids (for example, AgBr ) have both
Schottky and Frenkel defects. Only Schottky
PRACTICE SOLUTIONS
1. (a) 7. (a) Due to rock-salt (fcc) structure, number of atoms
in a unit cell (z) = 4.
Density d =
d = 4.54 g/cm3 , M = 48g mol–1 , Z = ? N0 Thus, d (density) = a
= 6.023 × 1023 mol–1
=2 r=2 × 1.42 × 10–8 cm
If value of z is known, structure can be decided
z
3
=
𝑑𝑁0 𝑎3
=
4.54×6.023×1023 (412.6×1010) ∴ d = = 5.743
𝑀 48 g/cm3
=4
Thus, titanium has face-centred cubic structure. 8. (a) Number of octahedral voids per ion in lattice = 1
Hence,
2. (c) C.N. of Na+ in NaCl = 6 number (aof trivalent cations (A3+) = 1 ×
C.N. of Cl– in NaCl = 6
Hence C.N. of Mg2+ is also = 6 and that of O– – or
O2– = 6 in MgO
We know in CsCl number of tetrahedral voids per ion in lattice = 2
C.N. of Cs+ = 8 Hence,
C.N. of Cl– = 8
3. (b) We know for the NaCl structure, for maximum of number of divalent cations (B2+) = 2 ×
radius of B–, the ratio r+ / r– should be minimum for Thus, formula is A1/2 B1/4O or A2BO4.
octahedral void i.e. 0.414.
radius of cation/radius of anion = 0.414 9. (c) For CsCl structure, body diagonal = 2r+ + 2r–
7 Å = 2 × 1.69 Å + 2r–
3.5 Å = 1.69 Å + r–
= 0.414 r– = 3.5 Å – 1.69 Å = 1.81 Å
10. (a) Mass of the unit cell = = 1.73 × 10–22 g
= = = 290 pm. Volume of the unit cell = (287 × 10–10)3 cm3
= 2.364 × 10–23 cm3
4. (b) C.N.of barium ion tells us that it is surrounded by Density = = = 7.32 g/cm3
eight fluoride ions (charge 8 × (–1) = – 8). In In BCC structure body diagonal is 4 times the
order to balance out the eight negative charges, we atomic radius.
need four barium ion (charge 4 × (+2) = +8). • Atomic radius = = 124.3 pm
Hence, the C.N. of F– ions must be 4. 11. (d)
5. (a) 12. (c)
In ‘BCC’ structure.
body diagonal = 4 × rNa =√3 x a 13. (c)
∴ 4 × rNa = √3 x 4.29 14. (c) As A atoms are present at the 8 corners of the cube,
rNa = 1.86 Å therefore numbers of atoms of A in the unit cell
6. (b) NaCI is face-centred cubic lattice so that number of
NaCI molecules in a unit cell (z) = 4. = ×8=1
We know density d = 3
𝑧𝑀
As B atoms are present at the face centres of the 6
𝑎 𝑁0
faces of the cube, therefore, numbers of atoms of
where a = length of the unit cell
atoms of B in the unit cell = × 6 = 3
∴ Ratio of atoms A : B = 1 : 3
Volume = a3 = Hence, the formula of the compound is AB3
15. (a) As atoms Y are present at the 8 corners of the cube,
= = 1.79 × 10–28 m3 therefore, numbers of atoms of Y in the unit cell =
a = 5.64 × 10–10 m 1/8 × 8 = 1
a = 5.64 Å = 564 pm As atoms X are present at the body centre.
therefore, numbers of atoms of X in the unit cell =
1
∴ ratio of atoms X : Y = 1 : 1 ⇒r =√2𝑎/ 4 = a/2√2 = 361/2√2 pm=128 pm
Hence, the formula of the compound is XY
24. (d) for fcc,
16. (a) a primitive cubic unit cell contains atoms only at 2r+ + 2r− = a2 (110) + 2r− = 508r− = 144pm
the 8 corners with each corner contributing 1/8th
of an atom. Hence, n = 8 x (1/8) = 1 25. (d) Each atom of a metal gives one or more electrons
Volume, V = a^3 = (3.36 x 10-10m)3 towards the sea of mobile electrons it is
Density = nM/NAV = 9.15 x 10^3 kg/m^3 surrounded by which ultimately contributes to the
electrical and thermal conductivity of the metal.
17. (b) Density, ρ=a3×NAZ×M 26. (b) Ionic solids are made up of three dimensional
Given, arrangement of cations and anions bound by
Orthorhombic system has different edge length, width strong electrostatic force
and height 27. (a) The force responsible for holding together the
∴a = 12.05 Ao = 12.05 × 10-8 cm molecules of polar molecular solids is dipole-
B = 15.05 Ao = 15.05 × 10-8 cm dipole force of attraction. Polar molecular solids
C = 2.69 Ao = 2.69 × 10-8 cm are non-conductors of electricity.
∵ System has 2 molecules per unit cell,
∴Z=2 28. (d) The ratio of the radius of the cation to the radius of the
and NA = 6.023 × 1023 anion is called radius ratio. From this ratio the structrue
Now, molecular mass will be of lattice can be determined by using the following table
M= (ρ × a × b × c × NA)/Z
M=1.419 × 12.05 × 10−8 × 15.05 × 10−8 × 2.69 ×
10−8 × 6.023 × 1023/2
M = 2084.6 × 10^−1 = 209 gmol−1.
18. (d) For BCC structure √3𝑎 − 4𝑟
√3 √3
r = 𝑎 = × 351 = 152 𝑝𝑚.
4 4
19. (b) At the Curie temperature (around 120 ºC)
paraelectric BaTiO3 transforms into a ferroelectric
structure. Ferroelectricity is the characteristic of
certain substances that possess a spontaneous 𝑛𝑀
electric field which can be reversed by applying an 29. (a) Theoretical density of crystal, 𝜌 = 𝑔/𝑐𝑚3
𝑁0 𝑎3
external electric field. Given, 𝜌, = 2.70 g/cm3, a = 405 × 10-10 cm, M = 26
𝜌𝑁 ×𝑎3 2.70×6.022×1023 ×(405)3 ×10−30
20. (a) Hexaclinic is not a crystal system. Their crystal ⇒n= 0 =
𝑀 26
system are cubic, tetragonal, rhombohedral or ⇒ n=4
trigonal, orthorhombic or rhombic, monoclinic, So, it is a face centered cubic cell.
triclinic and hexagonal.
30. (c) For NaCl type crystal structure,
21. (b) Covalent solids consists of a long chain of covalent A = 2r Na+ + 2rCl− a = 2 × 95 + 2 × 181 a = 552pm.
bonds between the adjacent molecules throughout
the crystal. Hence, they are called giant molecules.
They are hard and brittle in nature. ASSERTION AND REASON
22. (c) Silicon due to its catenation property form
network solid. Catenation is the ability of an atom 1. (a) In simple cubic unit cell, total no. of atoms
to form bonds with other atoms of the same =8×1/8=1
element. The compounds of silicon are reactive
and not stable. 2. (b) Graphite can conduct electricity because of the
delocalised (free) electrons in its structure. These
23. (c) As given that copper crystallizes is FCC lattice (Face arise because each carbon atom is only bonded to
centred cubic). In FCC atoms are present on the corners 3 other carbon atoms. However, in diamond, all 4
of the cubic, unit cell as well as on the face centres of outer electrons on each carbon atom are used in
each face. covalent bonding, so there are no delocalised
The atoms on the face diagonal will be touching each electrons. Hence both assertion and reason are
other. Let, the radius of the atom be r and edge length of correct but reason does not explains assertion.
the cube be a. 3. (c) "Besides the body centre there is one octahedral
Face diagonal of cube =√2a void at the centre of each 12 edges which is shared
⇒r + 2r + r = √2a between four adjacent unit cells."
contributes one-half to the unit cell. Total
Thus, Octahedral voids present at the body centre
contribution = 6×1/2 = 3
of the cube =1
The total number of atoms in one fcc unit cell
12 ocahedral voids located at each edge and shared
=1+3=4.
between four unit cells =(12×1/4)=3
Total number of octahedral voids =4 The number of atoms contained in one face-
centered cubic unit cell of monoatomic substance
4. (b)
is 4.
3. (a)
TRUE AND FALSE
4. (b) When the tetrahedral voids of the second layer are
1. (a) covered by the spheres of the third layer. So that
A BCC unit cell has atoms at each corner of the cube the spheres of the third layer are exactly aligned
and an atom at the centre of the structure. The with those of the first layer, We get a pattern of
diagram shown below is an open structure. spheres that are repeated in alternate layers. This
According to this structure, the atom at the body pattern can be written in the form of ABAB .......
centre wholly belongs to the unit cell in which it is pattern. This structure is called a hexagonal close-
present. packed (hcp) structure. Magnesium and zinc
• In BCC unit cell every corner has atoms. metals have this pattern.
• There is one atom present at the centre of the
structure.
• Below diagram is an open structure.
• According to this structure atom at the body
centres wholly belongs to the unit cell in which
it is present
2. (b) 8 atoms are present at 8 corners of an fcc unit cell.

Each atom contributes one eighth to the unit cell.
Total contribution = 8×1/8 = 16 atoms are present
at 6 corners of an fcc unit cell. Each atom

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SOLID STATE

CHARACTERISTICS OF A SOLID STATE

Amorphous and Crystalline Solids

Classification of crystalline solids:

Crystal lattices and Unit Cells

Body Centred Unit Cell

Number of atoms in a BCC cell:

End Centred Unit cell

Closed Packed Structures

(c). Close packing in three dimension

Packing efficiency in hcp and ccp Structures:

5. Na 2 O 4 8 Na+ = 8, O2− = 4 Na+ = All TV, O2− = FCC

Cr + = Body Center CsC, N

Cation vacancy in NaCl

SOLUTIONS MULTIPLE CHOICE

to group 15 is Arsenic. 𝑎 ×𝑁𝐴

TRUE AND FALSE

2. (b) 8 atoms are present at 8 corners of an fcc unit cell.

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