DA_LabFile

Question 1) Explore WEKA Data Mining/Machine Learning Toolkit.
Solution:
Exploring WEKA Data Mining / Machine Learning Toolkit
WEKA (Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis) is a popular open-source software suite used for
data mining, machine learning, and statistical analysis. Developed at the University of Waikato in New
Zealand, WEKA provides a collection of machine learning algorithms for data mining tasks, along with
tools for data preprocessing, classification, regression, clustering, association rule mining, and
visualization.
Here’s an overview of the key features and components of WEKA:
1. User Interface
WEKA offers three main interfaces for users:
• Explorer: A graphical interface for interacting with datasets, preprocessing data, and applying
machine learning algorithms.
• Experimenter: A more advanced interface that allows for running and evaluating machine
learning experiments.
• KnowledgeFlow: A flow-based interface that allows users to build machine learning workflows
using a visual drag-and-drop interface.
2. Core Features of WEKA
a. Data Preprocessing
Data preprocessing is a critical step in the data mining process. WEKA provides a range of tools to handle
missing values, discretize attributes, normalize data, and perform transformations on the dataset. The
most commonly used preprocessing tasks in WEKA are:
• Remove/Filter Attributes: Remove irrelevant or redundant features.
• Normalize/Standardize Data: Normalize numerical data to fit a desired range or standardize

them to have a mean of 0 and standard deviation of 1.
• Discretize: Convert continuous numerical values into discrete categories.
• Select Attributes: Use feature selection techniques to reduce the dimensionality of the data.
b. Classification Algorithms
WEKA provides a variety of supervised learning algorithms for classification, such as:
• Decision Trees: J48 (a Java implementation of C4.5).
• Support Vector Machines (SVM).
• Naive Bayes.
• Logistic Regression.
• K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN).
• Random Forest.
• Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) (Neural Networks).
c. Clustering Algorithms
WEKA also supports a range of unsupervised learning algorithms for clustering:
• K-means.
• EM (Expectation-Maximization).
• DBSCAN (Density-Based Spatial Clustering).
• Hierarchical Clustering.
d. Association Rule Mining
Association rule mining is used to find interesting relationships between variables in large datasets.
WEKA provides an implementation of the Apriori algorithm for discovering association rules.
e. Regression Algorithms
For continuous prediction (regression), WEKA supports algorithms such as:
• Linear Regression.
• Multilayer Perceptron.
• SMOreg (Support Vector Machines for regression).
f. Evaluation and Validation
WEKA has tools to evaluate the performance of machine learning models:
• Cross-validation: Evaluates a model using different subsets of the data.
• Train/Test Split: Divides the dataset into training and testing sets.
• Confusion Matrix: Provides insight into model performance, such as accuracy, precision, recall,
etc.
g. Visualization
WEKA offers several visualization options, such as:
• Attribute Visualization: Visualize data distributions and relationships between attributes.
• Model Visualization: Visualize decision trees and the structure of machine learning models.
• Plotting: Display decision boundaries for classification algorithms or visualize the performance
metrics of algorithms.
3. Workflow Example in WEKA
Step-by-Step Example Using the Explorer Interface:
Let's walk through a basic example of using WEKA to apply a machine learning algorithm on a dataset:
1. Loading Data:
o Launch the WEKA Explorer interface.
o Click the "Open file" button to load your dataset (typically in .arff or .csv format).
2. Data Preprocessing:
o Go to the "Preprocess" tab.
o You can inspect the dataset and apply various preprocessing techniques like removing or
modifying attributes, normalizing, or discretizing attributes.
3. Choosing a Classifier:
o Switch to the "Classify" tab.
o Choose a classifier, such as J48 (decision tree).
o Click the "Start" button to train the classifier.
4. Model Evaluation:
o WEKA will output the results of the classification (e.g., accuracy, confusion matrix).
o You can perform cross-validation or train/test split to evaluate the model’s performance.
5. Visualizing Results:
o After running a model, you can visualize the classifier’s performance and the confusion
matrix from the "Result list".
o The "Visualize" option shows how well the classifier works on the given dataset.
6. Strengths of WEKA
• Ease of Use: The GUI makes it easy for beginners to use machine learning algorithms without
writing code.
• Versatility: WEKA supports a wide range of data mining tasks, including classification, clustering,
regression, and association rule mining.
• Extensibility: WEKA’s Java-based architecture makes it easy to extend and customize.
• Community Support: Being open-source and widely used, WEKA has an active community and a
large collection of tutorials and documentation.
Question 2) Perform data preprocessing tasks on
i. Add attribute
ii. Add expression
iii. Copy attribute
iv. Remove attribute
Solution:
Preprocessing Tasks:
Data preprocessing refers to the set of tasks performed on raw data before it can be used for analysis or
machine learning. Preprocessing is essential to clean, format, and organize the data in a way that makes
it suitable for analytical tasks. These tasks are especially important in Big Data environments because of
the large volume, variety, and velocity of the data, which can make direct analysis or modeling difficult
without proper preprocessing.
Example Data:
Let's assume we have the following sample data:
data <- data.frame(
Age = c(25, 35, 45, 60),
Income = c(50000, 60000, 80000, 120000)
i. Add Attribute
To add an attribute, we create a new column based on conditions or transformations from existing
columns. For example, let's add a new column Age_Group that classifies individuals as "Young" if their
age is less than 40, or "Old" if their age is 40 or older.
Code:
# Add a new attribute 'Age_Group'
data$Age_Group <- ifelse(data$Age < 40, "Young", "Old")
print(data)
Output:
ii. Add Expression
To add an expression, we create a new column based on a mathematical or logical expression derived
from other columns. For example, let's add a new column Income_per_Age, which is the ratio of Income
to Age.
Code:
# Add a new attribute 'Income_per_Age' as an expression (Income / Age)
data$Income_per_Age <- data$Income / data$Age
print(data)
Output:
iii. Copy Attribute
To copy an attribute, we can simply assign an existing column to a new column name. Let's copy the Income
column to a new column called Income_Copy.
Code:
# Copy the 'Income' attribute to a new column 'Income_Copy'
data$Income_Copy <- data$Income
print(data)
Output:
iv. Remove Attribute
To remove an attribute, we can use the subset() function or simply assign NULL to the column. Let’s remove
the Income_Copy column.
Code:
# Remove the 'Income_Copy' attribute
data$Income_Copy <- NULL
print(data)
Output:
Question 3) Demonstrate performing classification on data sets.
Solution:
# Load necessary packages
install.packages("caret")
install.packages("rpart")
library(caret)
library(rpart)
# Load the Iris dataset
data(iris)
# Split the dataset into training and testing sets
set.seed(123)
trainIndex <- createDataPartition(iris$Species, p = 0.8, list = FALSE)
trainData <- iris[trainIndex, ]
testData <- iris[-trainIndex, ]
# Train a Decision Tree classifier
model <- rpart(Species ~ ., data = trainData, method = "class")
# Evaluate the model using confusion matrix
predictions <- predict(model, testData, type = "class")
confMatrix <- confusionMatrix(predictions, testData$Species)
print(confMatrix)
# Make predictions on new data
new_data <- data.frame(Sepal.Length = 5.1, Sepal.Width = 3.5, Petal.Length = 1.4, Petal.Width = 0.2)
new_prediction <- predict(model, new_data, type = "class")
cat("Predicted species:", new_prediction, "\n")

Output:
Question 4) Demonstrate performing association rule mining on data sets.
Solution:
# Load the required libraries
library(arules)
library(arulesViz)
# Sample transaction data
transactions <- list(
c("Milk", "Bread"),
c("Milk", "Diaper", "Beer"),
c("Bread", "Butter"),
c("Milk", "Bread", "Diaper"),
c("Milk", "Bread", "Butter"),
c("Milk", "Diaper"),
c("Bread", "Butter", "Diaper")
# Convert the data into transactions format
trans <- as(transactions, "transactions")
# Apply Apriori to find frequent itemsets with minimum support of 50%
frequent_itemsets <- apriori(trans, parameter = list(supp = 0.5, target = "frequent itemsets"))
inspect(frequent_itemsets)
# Generate association rules with minimum confidence of 60%
rules <- apriori(trans, parameter = list(supp = 0.5, conf = 0.6, target = "rules"))
inspect(rules)
# Filter rules with lift > 1.0
strong_rules <- subset(rules, lift > 1.0)

inspect(strong_rules)
Output:
inspect(frequent_itemsets)
inspect(rules)
Explanation:
• Rule 1: If a customer buys Milk, they are likely to buy Bread. This rule has a confidence of 66.7% and a
lift of 0.93.
• Rule 2: If a customer buys Bread, they are likely to buy Milk. This rule has a confidence of 80% and a
lift of 0.93.
inspect(strong_rules)
Q5) Download and install R-Programming environment and install basic packages
using install.packages()command in R ?
Solution:
Step 1: Install R Programming Environment
1. Download R:
a. Go to the official R project website: https://cran.r-project.org.
b. Select the version that matches your operating system (Windows, macOS, or Linux).
c. Follow the instructions for your operating system to install R.
2. Install RStudio (optional but recommended):
RStudio is a powerful and user-friendly IDE for R. To install RStudio:
a. Visit RStudio's download page.

b. Download the version appropriate for your operating system and follow the installation
instructions.
Step 2: Install Basic R Packages Using install.packages() Command
Once you have R (and optionally RStudio) installed, you can install R packages. The
install.packages() function is used to install packages from CRAN (the official R repository).
Example: Installing Basic R Packages
1. Start R or RStudio.
2. Open the console and use the following command to install common packages:
Step 3: Load Installed Packages
Once installed, you can load the packages using the library() function:
Question 6) Implement R-Loops with different examples.
Solution:
In R, loops are used to repeat a block of code multiple times. There are three primary types of loops in R:
1. for loop – Executes a block of code a specific number of times.

2. while loop – Executes a block of code as long as a condition is true.
3. repeat loop – Repeats a block of code indefinitely until a break statement is used to stop it.
1. For Loop
The for loop is used to iterate over a sequence of elements such as a vector or list.
Example: Basic for loop with a vector
2. While Loop
A while loop repeatedly executes a block of code as long as a condition is true.
Example: Basic while loop
3. Repeat Loop
The repeat loop executes indefinitely until a break statement is used to exit the loop.
Example: Basic repeat loop
Question 7) Implement data frames in R. Write a program to join columns and rows in
a data frame using c bind()and r bind() in R?
Solution:
In R, a data frame is a two-dimensional structure that holds data of different types (numeric, character,
etc.) in columns. You can join columns and rows in a data frame using the cbind() and rbind()
functions:
• cbind(): This function is used to combine columns. It binds data by column.

• rbind(): This function is used to combine rows. It binds data by row.
1. Creating Data Frames in R
Before using cbind() and rbind(), let's first create a basic data frame.
Example: Create a Simple Data Frame
2. Using cbind() to Combine Columns
The cbind() function combines data frame columns side-by-side, creating a new data frame.
Example: Combining Columns with cbind()
3. Using rbind() to Combine Rows
The rbind() function combines rows of data frames, stacking them vertically.
Example: Combining Rows with rbind()
Output:
Question 8) Create pie charts and bar charts using R.
Solution:
Pie Chart Using ggplot2

# Install ggplot2 if you don't have it
# install.packages("ggplot2")
# Load ggplot2 library
library(ggplot2)
# Sample data for the pie chart
sales <- c(25, 30, 20, 15, 10)
products <- c("Product A", "Product B", "Product C", "Product D", "Product E")
df <- data.frame(products, sales)
# Create pie chart using ggplot2
ggplot(df, aes(x = "", y = sales, fill = products)) +
geom_bar(stat = "identity", width = 1) +
coord_polar(theta = "y") +
labs(title = "Sales Distribution by Product") +
theme_void() # Remove axes and background grid
Output:
Bar Chart Using ggplot2
# Install ggplot2 if you don't have it
# install.packages("ggplot2")
# Load ggplot2 library
library(ggplot2)
# Sample data for the pie chart
sales <- c(25, 30, 20, 15, 10)
products <- c("Product A", "Product B", "Product C", "Product D", "Product E")
df <- data.frame(products, sales)
# Create bar chart using ggplot2
ggplot(df, aes(x = products, y = sales, fill = products)) +
geom_bar(stat = "identity") +
labs(title = "Sales by Product", x = "Product", y = "Sales") +
theme_minimal() # Clean theme
Output:
Question 9: Develop an application that uses GUI Components Fonts and
colors.
Designing layout for the Android Application

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:orientation="vertical"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent">
<TextView
android:id="@+id/textView"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_margin="30dp"
android:gravity="center"
android:text="Hello World!"
android:textSize="25sp"
android:textStyle="bold" />
<Button
android:id="@+id/button1"
android:text="Change font size"
android:textSize="25sp" />
<Button
android:text="Change color"
</LinearLayout>
Java Coding for the Android Application
package com.example.exno1;
import android.graphics.Color;
import android.support.v7.app.AppCompatActivity;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.view.View;
import android.widget.Button;
import android.widget.TextView;
public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity
int ch=1;
float font=30;
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState)
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
final TextView t= (TextView) findViewById(R.id.textView);

Button b1= (Button) findViewById(R.id.button1);
b1.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
t.setTextSize(font);
font = font + 5;
if (font == 50)
font = 30;
});
Button b2= (Button) findViewById(R.id.button2);
b2.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
switch (ch) {
case 1:
t.setTextColor(Color.RED);
break;
case 2:
t.setTextColor(Color.GREEN);
break;
case 3:
t.setTextColor(Color.BLUE);
break;
case 4:
t.setTextColor(Color.CYAN);
break;
case 5:
t.setTextColor(Color.YELLOW);
break;
case 6:
t.setTextColor(Color.MAGENTA);
break;
ch++;
if (ch == 7)
ch = 1;
});
}
OUTPUT:
Question 10: Develop an application that uses Layout Managers and Event
Listeners
<RelativeLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".MainActivity">
<LinearLayout
android:layout_height="100dp">
<TextView
android:id="@+id/textView"
android:text="Details Form"
android:gravity="center"/>
</LinearLayout>
<GridLayout
android:id="@+id/gridLayout"
android:layout_marginTop="100dp"
android:layout_marginBottom="200dp"
android:columnCount="2"
android:rowCount="3">
<TextView
android:id="@+id/textView1"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_row="0"
android:layout_column="0"
android:text="Name"
<EditText
android:id="@+id/editText"
android:ems="10"/>
<TextView
android:text="Reg.No"
<EditText
android:id="@+id/editText2"
android:inputType="number"
android:ems="10"/>
<TextView
android:text="Dept"
<Spinner
android:id="@+id/spinner"
android:spinnerMode="dropdown"/>
</GridLayout>
<Button
android:id="@+id/button"
android:layout_alignParentBottom="true"
android:layout_centerInParent="true"
android:layout_marginBottom="150dp"
android:text="Submit"/>
</RelativeLayout>
Designing Layout for Second Activity

xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
tools:context="com.example.devang.exno2.SecondActivity"
android:orientation="vertical"
android:gravity="center">
<TextView
android:text="New Text"
android:textSize="30sp"/>
<TextView
<TextView
</LinearLayout>

import android.content.Intent;
import android.widget.ArrayAdapter;
import android.widget.EditText;
import android.widget.Spinner;
public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {

//Defining the Views
EditText e1,e2;
Button bt;
Spinner s;
//Data for populating in Spinner
String [] dept_array={"CSE","ECE","IT","Mech","Civil"};
String name,reg,dept;
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
//Referring the Views
e1= (EditText) findViewById(R.id.editText);
e2= (EditText) findViewById(R.id.editText2);
bt= (Button) findViewById(R.id.button);
s= (Spinner) findViewById(R.id.spinner);
//Creating Adapter for Spinner for adapting the data from array to Spinner
ArrayAdapter adapter= new

ArrayAdapter(MainActivity.this,android.R.layout.simple_spinner_item,dept_array);
s.setAdapter(adapter);
//Creating Listener for Button
bt.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
//Getting the Values from Views(Edittext & Spinner)
name=e1.getText().toString();
reg=e2.getText().toString();
dept=s.getSelectedItem().toString();
//Intent For Navigating to Second Activity
Intent i = new Intent(MainActivity.this,SecondActivity.class);
//For Passing the Values to Second Activity
i.putExtra("name_key", name);
i.putExtra("reg_key",reg);
i.putExtra("dept_key", dept);
startActivity(i);
});
Java Coding for Second Activity

import android.widget.TextView;
public class SecondActivity extends AppCompatActivity {

TextView t1,t2,t3;
String name,reg,dept;
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
setContentView(R.layout.activity_second);
t1= (TextView) findViewById(R.id.textView1);
//Getting the Intent
Intent i = getIntent();
//Getting the Values from First Activity using the Intent received
name=i.getStringExtra("name_key");
reg=i.getStringExtra("reg_key");
dept=i.getStringExtra("dept_key");
//Setting the Values to Intent
t1.setText(name);
t2.setText(reg);
t3.setText(dept);
}
OUTPUT:
Question 11: Write an application that draws basic graphical primitives on the
screen
<RelativeLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
<ImageView
android:id="@+id/imageView" />
</RelativeLayout>

import android.app.Activity;
import android.graphics.Bitmap;
import android.graphics.Canvas;
import android.graphics.Color;
import android.graphics.Paint;
import android.graphics.drawable.BitmapDrawable;
import android.widget.ImageView;
public class MainActivity extends Activity

{
@Override
public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState)
{
//Creating a Bitmap
Bitmap bg = Bitmap.createBitmap(720, 1280, Bitmap.Config.ARGB_8888);
//Setting the Bitmap as background for the ImageView

ImageView i = (ImageView) findViewById(R.id.imageView);
i.setBackgroundDrawable(new BitmapDrawable(bg));
//Creating the Canvas Object

Canvas canvas = new Canvas(bg);
//Creating the Paint Object and set its color & TextSize
Paint paint = new Paint();
paint.setColor(Color.BLUE);
paint.setTextSize(50);
//To draw a Rectangle

canvas.drawText("Rectangle", 420, 150, paint);
canvas.drawRect(400, 200, 650, 700, paint);
//To draw a Circle

canvas.drawText("Circle", 120, 150, paint);
canvas.drawCircle(200, 350, 150, paint);
//To draw a Square

canvas.drawText("Square", 120, 800, paint);
canvas.drawRect(50, 850, 350, 1150, paint);
//To draw a Line

canvas.drawText("Line", 480, 800, paint);
canvas.drawLine(520, 850, 520, 1150, paint);
}
}
OUTPUT:
Question 12: Develop an application that makes use of database
<AbsoluteLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
<TextView
android:layout_x="50dp"
android:layout_y="20dp"
android:text="Student Details"
<TextView
android:text="Enter Rollno:"
<EditText
android:id="@+id/Rollno"
android:layout_width="150dp"
<TextView
android:text="Enter Name:"
<EditText
android:id="@+id/Name"
android:inputType="text"
<TextView
android:text="Enter Marks:"
<EditText
android:id="@+id/Marks"
<Button
android:id="@+id/Insert"
android:text="Insert"
android:textSize="30dp" />
<Button
android:id="@+id/Delete"
android:text="Delete"
<Button
android:id="@+id/Update"
android:text="Update"
<Button
android:id="@+id/View"
android:text="View"
<Button
android:id="@+id/ViewAll"
android:text="View All"
</AbsoluteLayout>
import android.app.Activity;
import android.app.AlertDialog.Builder;
import android.content.Context;
import android.database.Cursor;
import android.database.sqlite.SQLiteDatabase;
import android.view.View.OnClickListener;
public class MainActivity extends Activity implements OnClickListener

{
EditText Rollno,Name,Marks;
Button Insert,Delete,Update,View,ViewAll;
SQLiteDatabase db;
/** Called when the activity is first created. */
@Override
public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState)
{
Rollno=(EditText)findViewById(R.id.Rollno);
Name=(EditText)findViewById(R.id.Name);
Marks=(EditText)findViewById(R.id.Marks);
Insert=(Button)findViewById(R.id.Insert);
Delete=(Button)findViewById(R.id.Delete);
Update=(Button)findViewById(R.id.Update);
View=(Button)findViewById(R.id.View);
ViewAll=(Button)findViewById(R.id.ViewAll);
Insert.setOnClickListener(this);
Delete.setOnClickListener(this);
Update.setOnClickListener(this);
View.setOnClickListener(this);
ViewAll.setOnClickListener(this);
// Creating database and table

db=openOrCreateDatabase("StudentDB", Context.MODE_PRIVATE, null);
db.execSQL("CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS student(rollno VARCHAR,name
VARCHAR,marks VARCHAR);");
}
public void onClick(View view)
{
// Inserting a record to the Student table
if(view==Insert)
{
// Checking for empty fields
if(Rollno.getText().toString().trim().length()==0||
Name.getText().toString().trim().length()==0||
Marks.getText().toString().trim().length()==0)
{
showMessage("Error", "Please enter all values");
return;
}
db.execSQL("INSERT INTO student VALUES('"+Rollno.getText()+"','"+Name.getText()+
"','"+Marks.getText()+"');");
showMessage("Success", "Record added");
clearText();
}
// Deleting a record from the Student table
if(view==Delete)
{
// Checking for empty roll number
if(Rollno.getText().toString().trim().length()==0)
{
showMessage("Error", "Please enter Rollno");
return;
}
Cursor c=db.rawQuery("SELECT * FROM student WHERE
rollno='"+Rollno.getText()+"'", null);
if(c.moveToFirst())
{
db.execSQL("DELETE FROM student WHERE rollno='"+Rollno.getText()+"'");
showMessage("Success", "Record Deleted");
}
else
{
showMessage("Error", "Invalid Rollno");
}
clearText();
}
// Updating a record in the Student table
if(view==Update)
{
{
return;
}
if(c.moveToFirst()) {
db.execSQL("UPDATE student SET name='" + Name.getText() + "',marks='" +
Marks.getText() +
"' WHERE rollno='"+Rollno.getText()+"'");
showMessage("Success", "Record Modified");
}
else {
}
clearText();
}
// Display a record from the Student table
if(view==View)
{
{
return;
}
if(c.moveToFirst())
{
Name.setText(c.getString(1));
Marks.setText(c.getString(2));
}
else
{
clearText();
}
}
// Displaying all the records
if(view==ViewAll)
{
Cursor c=db.rawQuery("SELECT * FROM student", null);
if(c.getCount()==0)
{
showMessage("Error", "No records found");
return;
}
StringBuffer buffer=new StringBuffer();
while(c.moveToNext())
{
buffer.append("Rollno: "+c.getString(0)+"\n");
buffer.append("Name: "+c.getString(1)+"\n");
buffer.append("Marks: "+c.getString(2)+"\n\n");
}
showMessage("Student Details", buffer.toString());
}
}
public void showMessage(String title,String message)
{
Builder builder=new Builder(this);
builder.setCancelable(true);
builder.setTitle(title);
builder.setMessage(message);
builder.show();
}
public void clearText()
{
Rollno.setText("");
Name.setText("");
Marks.setText("");
Rollno.requestFocus();
}
}
OUTPUT:
Question 13: Implement an application that creates an alert upon receiving a
message.
Creating Second Activity for the Android Application
android:orientation="vertical">
<TextView
android:text="Message"
<EditText
android:id="@+id/editText"
android:singleLine="true"
<Button
android:layout_gravity="center"
android:text="Notify"
</LinearLayout>

import android.app.Notification;
import android.app.NotificationManager;
import android.app.PendingIntent;

{
Button notify;
EditText e;
@Override
{
notify= (Button) findViewById(R.id.button);

e= (EditText) findViewById(R.id.editText);
notify.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener()
{
@Override
public void onClick(View v)
{
Intent intent = new Intent(MainActivity.this, SecondActivity.class);
PendingIntent pending = PendingIntent.getActivity(MainActivity.this, 0, intent, 0);
Notification noti = new Notification.Builder(MainActivity.this).setContentTitle("New
Message").setContentText(e.getText().toString()).setSmallIcon(R.mipmap.ic_launcher).setCo
ntentIntent(pending).build();
NotificationManager manager = (NotificationManager)
getSystemService(NOTIFICATION_SERVICE);
noti.flags |= Notification.FLAG_AUTO_CANCEL;
manager.notify(0, noti);
}
});
}
}
OUTPUT:
Question 14: Implement an application that implements multi-threading.
android:orientation="vertical" >
<ImageView
android:id="@+id/imageView"
android:layout_height="250dp"
android:layout_gravity="center" />
<Button
android:text="Load Image 1" />
<Button
android:text="Load image 2" />
</LinearLayout>

import android.widget.ImageView;
{
ImageView img;
Button bt1,bt2;
@Override
{
bt1 = (Button)findViewById(R.id.button);
bt2= (Button) findViewById(R.id.button2);
img = (ImageView)findViewById(R.id.imageView);
bt1.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener()
{
@Override
{
new Thread(new Runnable()
{
@Override
public void run()
{
img.post(new Runnable()
{
@Override
public void run()
{
img.setImageResource(R.drawable.india1);
}
});
}
}).start();
}
});
bt2.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener()
{
@Override
{
new Thread(new Runnable()
{
@Override
public void run()
{
img.post(new Runnable()
{
@Override
public void run()
{
img.setImageResource(R.drawable.india2);
}
});
}
}).start();
}
});
}
}
OUTPUT:
Question 15: Write a mobile application that creates alarm clock.
android:orientation="vertical">
<TimePicker
android:id="@+id/timePicker"
android:layout_gravity="center" />
<ToggleButton
android:id="@+id/toggleButton"
android:checked="false"
android:onClick="OnToggleClicked" />
</LinearLayout>
Changes in Manifest for the Android Application
<manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
package="com.example.exno11" >
<application
android:allowBackup="true"
android:icon="@mipmap/ic_launcher"
android:label="@string/app_name"
android:supportsRtl="true"
android:theme="@style/AppTheme" >
<activity android:name=".MainActivity" >
<intent-filter>
<action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" />
<category android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER" />

</intent-filter>
</activity>
<receiver android:name=".AlarmReceiver" >
</receiver>
</application>
</manifest>
import android.app.AlarmManager;
import android.app.PendingIntent;
import android.widget.TimePicker;
import android.widget.Toast;
import android.widget.ToggleButton;
import java.util.Calendar;

{
TimePicker alarmTimePicker;
PendingIntent pendingIntent;
AlarmManager alarmManager;
@Override
{
alarmTimePicker = (TimePicker) findViewById(R.id.timePicker);
alarmManager = (AlarmManager) getSystemService(ALARM_SERVICE);
}
public void OnToggleClicked(View view)
{
long time;
if (((ToggleButton) view).isChecked())
{
Toast.makeText(MainActivity.this, "ALARM ON", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
Calendar calendar = Calendar.getInstance();
calendar.set(Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY, alarmTimePicker.getCurrentHour());
calendar.set(Calendar.MINUTE, alarmTimePicker.getCurrentMinute());
Intent intent = new Intent(this, AlarmReceiver.class);
pendingIntent = PendingIntent.getBroadcast(this, 0, intent, 0);
time=(calendar.getTimeInMillis()-(calendar.getTimeInMillis()%60000));
if(System.currentTimeMillis()>time)
{
if (calendar.AM_PM == 0)
time = time + (1000*60*60*12);
else
time = time + (1000*60*60*24);
}
alarmManager.setRepeating(AlarmManager.RTC_WAKEUP, time, 10000,
pendingIntent);
}
else
{
alarmManager.cancel(pendingIntent);
Toast.makeText(MainActivity.this, "ALARM OFF", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
}
}
}
Java Coding for Alarm Receiver
import android.content.BroadcastReceiver;
import android.content.Context;
import android.media.Ringtone;
import android.media.RingtoneManager;
import android.net.Uri;
import android.widget.Toast;
public class AlarmReceiver extends BroadcastReceiver

{
@Override
public void onReceive(Context context, Intent intent)
{
Toast.makeText(context, "Alarm! Wake up! Wake up!", Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
Uri alarmUri = RingtoneManager.getDefaultUri(RingtoneManager.TYPE_ALARM);
if (alarmUri == null)
{
alarmUri = RingtoneManager.getDefaultUri(RingtoneManager.TYPE_NOTIFICATION);
}
Ringtone ringtone = RingtoneManager.getRingtone(context, alarmUri);
ringtone.play();
}
}
OUTPUT:

DA_LabFile

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DA_LabFile

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Question 1) Explore WEKA Data Mining/Machine Learning Toolkit.

Here’s an overview of the key features and components of WEKA:

WEKA offers three main interfaces for users:

2. Core Features of WEKA

• Remove/Filter Attributes: Remove irrelevant or redundant features.

• Normalize/Standardize Data: Normalize numerical data to fit a desired range or standardize

• Discretize: Convert continuous numerical values into discrete categories.

• Decision Trees: J48 (a Java implementation of C4.5).

• Support Vector Machines (SVM).

• K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN).

• Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) (Neural Networks).

WEKA also supports a range of unsupervised learning algorithms for clustering:

• DBSCAN (Density-Based Spatial Clustering).

d. Association Rule Mining

For continuous prediction (regression), WEKA supports algorithms such as:

• SMOreg (Support Vector Machines for regression).

f. Evaluation and Validation

WEKA has tools to evaluate the performance of machine learning models:

• Cross-validation: Evaluates a model using different subsets of the data.

WEKA offers several visualization options, such as:

• Attribute Visualization: Visualize data distributions and relationships between attributes.

Step-by-Step Example Using the Explorer Interface:

o Launch the WEKA Explorer interface.

o Go to the "Preprocess" tab.

o Switch to the "Classify" tab.

o Choose a classifier, such as J48 (decision tree).

o Click the "Start" button to train the classifier.

• Extensibility: WEKA’s Java-based architecture makes it easy to extend and customize.

Let's assume we have the following sample data:

data <- data.frame(

Age = c(25, 35, 45, 60),

Income = c(50000, 60000, 80000, 120000)

# Add a new attribute 'Age_Group'

data$Age_Group <- ifelse(data$Age < 40, "Young", "Old")

# Add a new attribute 'Income_per_Age' as an expression (Income / Age)

data$Income_per_Age <- data$Income / data$Age

iii. Copy Attribute

# Copy the 'Income' attribute to a new column 'Income_Copy'

data$Income_Copy <- data$Income

# Remove the 'Income_Copy' attribute

data$Income_Copy <- NULL

# Load the Iris dataset

# Split the dataset into training and testing sets

trainIndex <- createDataPartition(iris$Species, p = 0.8, list = FALSE)

trainData <- iris[trainIndex, ]

testData <- iris[-trainIndex, ]

# Train a Decision Tree classifier

model <- rpart(Species ~ ., data = trainData, method = "class")

# Evaluate the model using confusion matrix

predictions <- predict(model, testData, type = "class")

confMatrix <- confusionMatrix(predictions, testData$Species)

# Make predictions on new data

new_prediction <- predict(model, new_data, type = "class")

cat("Predicted species:", new_prediction, "\n")

# Sample transaction data

transactions <- list(

c("Milk", "Diaper", "Beer"),

c("Milk", "Bread", "Diaper"),

c("Milk", "Bread", "Butter"),

c("Bread", "Butter", "Diaper")

# Convert the data into transactions format

trans <- as(transactions, "transactions")

# Apply Apriori to find frequent itemsets with minimum support of 50%

frequent_itemsets <- apriori(trans, parameter = list(supp = 0.5, target = "frequent itemsets"))

# Generate association rules with minimum confidence of 60%

# Filter rules with lift > 1.0

strong_rules <- subset(rules, lift > 1.0)

Step 1: Install R Programming Environment

RStudio is a powerful and user-friendly IDE for R. To install RStudio:

a. Visit RStudio's download page.

Step 2: Install Basic R Packages Using install.packages() Command

Example: Installing Basic R Packages

Step 3: Load Installed Packages

1. for loop – Executes a block of code a specific number of times.

Example: Basic for loop with a vector

A while loop repeatedly executes a block of code as long as a condition is true.