### Python Concepts Interview Questions

#### 1. What is the difference between deep copy and shallow copy?

- **Shallow Copy**: Creates a new object but does not copy nested objects.

- **Deep Copy**: Creates a completely independent copy of the object.

#### 2. What is the difference between mutable and immutable objects?

- **Mutable**: Can be changed (e.g., `list`, `dict`).

- **Immutable**: Cannot be changed (e.g., `tuple`, `str`).

#### 3. What does the `id()` function do?

- Returns the memory address of an object.

#### 4. Can you tell me about `range()` with a real-time example?

- Generates a sequence of numbers.

#### 5. How does the membership operator (`in`) work?

- Checks if an element exists in a collection.

#### 6. What is list comprehension?

- A concise way to create a new list.

#### 7. What is a ternary operator?

- A one-line `if-else` statement.

#### 8. What is the `self` keyword in Python classes?

- Represents the current instance of the class.

#### 9. What is the purpose of the `__init__()` method in a class?

- Initializes an object when it is created.

#### 10. What is the `super()` keyword?

- Allows a child class to access methods and properties of its parent class.

#### 11. What is the difference between a list and a tuple?

- **List**: Mutable, uses `[]`.

- **Tuple**: Immutable, uses `()`.

#### 12. What are dictionaries, and how do you create an empty one?

- A collection of key-value pairs.

#### 13. How do you use the `zip()` function?

- Combines two or more iterables element-wise into tuples.

#### 14. Can you explain `max()` and `min()` with examples?

- `max()`: Returns the largest element.

- `min()`: Returns the smallest element.

#### 15. How do you create a reverse range?

- Use a negative step in `range()`.

#### 16. How do you use the `map()` function?

- Applies a function to every item in an iterable.

#### 17. What is the difference between `is` and `==` in Python?

- **`is`**: Checks if two objects have the same memory location (identity).

- **`==`**: Checks if two objects have the same value.

#### 18. How do you create an empty set in Python?

- You can create an empty set using `set()`.

#### 19. What are lambda functions in Python?

- A **lambda function** is an anonymous function defined using the `lambda` keyword.

#### 20. What is the purpose of the `filter()` function?

- The **`filter()`** function filters elements of an iterable based on a function that returns `True` or

`False`.

#### 21. How do you remove an element from a list in Python?

- You can use `remove()`, `pop()`, or `del` to remove elements.

#### 22. What is the `enumerate()` function and how is it used?

- The **`enumerate()`** function adds a counter to an iterable and returns it as an enumerate object.

#### 23. How do you merge two dictionaries in Python?

- You can use the `update()` method or the `**` unpacking operator.

#### 24. What are *args and **kwargs in Python?

- `*args` is used to pass a variable number of non-keyword arguments, and `**kwargs` is used to

pass keyword arguments.

#### 25. How do you handle exceptions in Python?

- You handle exceptions using `try`, `except`, and optionally `else` and `finally` blocks.

#### 26. What is the difference between `del` and `remove()` in Python?

- **`del`**: Deletes a variable or item from a collection by index.

- **`remove()`**: Removes the first occurrence of a value.

#### 27. What is a generator in Python, and how do you use it?

- A **generator** is a function that returns an iterable set of items, one at a time, using `yield`.

#### 28. What is the purpose of the `finally` block in exception handling?

- The **`finally`** block is used to execute code that must run regardless of whether an exception

occurred.

#### 29. What are Python decorators, and how do they work?

- **Decorators** are functions that modify the behavior of other functions or methods.

#### 30. What is the difference between a shallow copy and a deep copy of a list?

- **Shallow Copy**: Creates a new object, but nested objects are still references to the originals.

- **Deep Copy**: Creates a completely independent copy, including nested objects.

#### 31. How do you check if a key exists in a dictionary?

- You can use `in` or the `.get()` method.

#### 32. What is the difference between a list and a set in Python?

- **List**: Ordered, allows duplicates.

- **Set**: Unordered, does not allow duplicates.

#### 33. How do you sort a list in Python?

- You can use `sort()` for in-place sorting or `sorted()` for a new sorted list.

#### 34. What is the difference between a local variable and a global variable in Python?

- **Local variable**: Defined inside a function, accessible only within that function.

- **Global variable**: Defined outside any function, accessible throughout the program.

#### 35. What are some common built-in modules in Python?

- **`math`**, **`random`**, **`datetime`**, **`os`**, **`sys`**, **`collections`**.

#### 36. What is the difference between `is` and `==` in Python?

- **`is`**: Checks if two objects have the same memory location (identity).

- **`==`**: Checks if two objects have the same value.

#### 37. How do you create an empty set in Python?

- You can create an empty set using `set()`.

#### 38. What are lambda functions in Python?

- A **lambda function** is an anonymous function defined using the `lambda` keyword.

#### 39. What is the purpose of the `filter()` function?

- The **`filter()`** function filters elements of an iterable based on a function that returns `True` or

`False`.

#### 40. How do you remove an element from a list in Python?

- You can use `remove()`, `pop()`, or `del` to remove elements.

#### 41. What is the `enumerate()` function and how is it used?

- The **`enumerate()`** function adds a counter to an iterable and returns it as an enumerate object.

#### 42. How do you merge two dictionaries in Python?

- You can use the `update()` method or the `**` unpacking operator.

#### 43. What are *args and **kwargs in Python?

- `*args` is used to pass a variable number of non-keyword arguments, and `**kwargs` is used to

pass keyword arguments.

#### 44. How do you handle exceptions in Python?

- You handle exceptions using `try`, `except`, and optionally `else` and `finally` blocks.

#### 45. What is the difference between `del` and `remove()` in Python?

- **`del`**: Deletes a variable or item from a collection by index.

- **`remove()`**: Removes the first occurrence of a value.

#### 46. What is a generator in Python, and how do you use it?

- A **generator** is a function that returns an iterable set of items, one at a time, using `yield`.

#### 47. What is the purpose of the `finally` block in exception handling?

- The **`finally`** block is used to execute code that must run regardless of whether an exception

occurred.

#### 48. What are Python decorators, and how do they work?
- **Decorators** are functions that modify the behavior of other functions or methods.

#### 49. What is the difference between a shallow copy and a deep copy of a list?

- **Shallow Copy**: Creates a new object, but nested objects are still references to the originals.

- **Deep Copy**: Creates a completely independent copy, including nested objects.

#### 50. How do you check if a key exists in a dictionary?

- You can use `in` or the `.get()` method.