Prepared by: Pst.

Dahiru Aliyu

LANGUAGES, OPERATING SYSTEM &

SOFTWARE PACKAGES
Introduction
 A computer can only do what a programmer asks it to do.

 To perform a particular task programmer writes a sequence, called the program.

 An instruction command given to the computer to perform a certain specified operation

on the given data.

 Now as we know only human languages and computer knows only machine language,

we need some media through which we can communicate with the computer.

 So we can complete our desired task. That media is Language.

 Languages are tools human can use to communicate with the hardware of a computer

system.

 Each language has a systematic method of using symbols of that language.

 In English, this method is given by the rules of grammar.

 Similarly, the symbols of particular one computer language must also be used as per set

of rules which are known as the “Syntax” of that language, the language which you are

using.

 Computer Languages can be classified into three broad categories:

LANGUAGES

MACHINE
LANGUAGES ASSEMBLY HIGH – LEVEL
LANGUAGES LANGUAGES
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1. WHAT IS MACHINE LANGUAGE?

 Computer programs are written using many different computer Languages but the

language which is understood by the computer without translating program is called

machine language.

 Machine language is normally written as string of binary 1s and 0s.

 A machine language instruction has two-part format.

OPCODE OPARAND
OPERATION CODE OPERATION ADDRESS

 The 1st part is the operation code which tells the computer what function to be

performed.

 The 2nd part is the operand which tells the computer where to find & store data to be

manipulated.

 So each instruction tells the computer what operation to perform & the length & location

of the data field which are involved in the operation.

ADVANTAGES

 Programs can be executed immediately upon completion because it doesn’t require any

translation.

 Now extra storage space is needed.

 Programmer has complete control over the performance of the hardware.

DISADVANTAGE

 Tedious to program

 Difficult to program

 Difficult to modify

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 Time consuming to code

 Error prone

 Operation codes have to be memorized

 Assignment of memory is done by programmer

 Time consuming for development

 Programs development are machine dependent

 Preparation of programs was slow and costly.

2. EXPLAIN ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE.

 Assembly language is a language which allows instruction & storage location to be

represented by letters & symbols, instead of number.

 A program written in an assembly language is called assembly language program or

symbolic program.

 Assembly language was introduced in 1952.

 Machine language was tedious to code and errors were expected to arise in bulk.

 To solve these problems mnemonic codes and symbolic addresses were developed.

 It allows using alphanumeric mnemonic codes instead of numeric code for the

instructions in instruction set. For example, using ADD instead of 1110 or 14 to add.

 The storage locations are to be represented in the form of alphanumeric addresses instead

of numeric address.

 Format of assembly language is similar to machine language:

MNEMONIC CODE SYMBOLIC ADDRESS

Example of Assembly language instruction:

 This instruction adds value of NUM1 to the AX (Accumulator Register).

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 The symbolic language made program writing so much easier for the Programmers but it

must be translated into machine code before being used for operation.

 The translation is actually done by a special translating program.

Assembler

 Assembler is a special program (translator) which translates symbolic operation codes

into machine codes, and symbolic address is addressed into an actual machine address.

ADVANTAGE

 Easier to use, code and understand.

 Easier to correct error.

 Easier to modify.

 No worry about addresses.

 Easily relocatable.

 Efficiency of machine language.

 Can use Macros (Macro is a bunch of instruction referred as a single name)

DISADVANTAGE

 Machine depended.

 Programs have to be translated before execution.

 Translation of programs takes up time.

 Knowledge of hardware is required.

 Additional storage area needed for the source programs and object code.

Examples of Assembly Language

 Microsoft Assembly Language (MASM), Turbo Assembler

3. WRITE A NOTE ON HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE.

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 The machine language & assembly language requires a good knowledge of internal

structure of computer.

 The both languages are machine dependent & it is difficult to solve error.

 To remove this limitation, the high level language is introduced.

 The high level languages machine independent so it can be easily ported & executed on

any computer.

 The high level language programs do not require any knowledge of internal structure of

computer so the programmer concentrate on the logic of problem rather than internal

structure of computer. It enables the programmer to write instructions using English

words & familiar mathematical symbols & expression so the program makes easier to

code & understand.

 It requires a translator program to convert high level program into machine language.

Compiler

 Compiler is a special program (translator) which translates high level programs into

machine codes.

ADVANTAGES:

 Machine independent.

 Easier to learn, use and understand.

 Easier to correct error.

 Easier to maintain.

 Less time & efforts.

 Easily relocatable.

 Program preparation cost is low.

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 Few errors.

DISADVANTAGES:

 Less flexible.

 Lower efficiency.

 Require more time & storage space.

4. SHORT NOTE: ASSEMBLER

 A computer can directly execute only machine language programs so the assembly

language program must be converted into its equivalent machine language program

before can be executed.

 This translation is done with the help of a translator program which is known as

assembler.

 Assembler is a special program (translator) which translates symbolic operation codes

into machine codes, and symbolic address is addressed into an actual machine address.

ASSEMBLY Input Output MACHINE

LANGUAGE ASSEMBLER LANGUAGE
PROGRAM PROGRAM

(Source Program) ONE TO ONE CORRESPONDENCE (Object Program)

 As shown in figure that the input to assembler is the assembly language program (source

program) and the output is the machine language program (object program).

 Assembler translates each assembly language instruction into equivalent machine

language instruction.

 There is one to one correspondence between the assembly language instructions of source

program & the machine language instruction of its equivalent object program.

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 In case of assembly language program the computer not only has to run the program but

also must first run assembler program to translate the original assembly language

program into machine language program.

 So the computer has to spend more time in getting desired answer.

5. WRITE A NOTE ON COMPILER

 A computer can directly execute only machine language programs.

 So the high level language program must be converted into its equivalent machine

language program before can be executed.

 This translation is done with the help of a translator program which is known as compiler.

 A compiler is a translator program which translates a high level language program into

equivalent machine language program.

 The process of translating is shown in below figure:

High level Language Input Output Machine Language

Program COMPILER Program

(Source Program) ONE TO MANY CORRESPONDENCE (Object Program)

 As shown in figure that the input to compiler is the high level language program (source

program) and the output is the machine language program (object program).

 High level language instructions are macro instructions.

 The compiler translates each high level language instruction into set of machine language

instructions rather than a single machine language instruction.

 There is one to many correspondence between high level language instructions of source

program into equivalent object program.

 During the translation the source program is only translates not executed.

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 A compiler can translates only those source programs which have written in the language

for which compiler is designed.

 A compiler can also detect & indicates the syntax errors during the compilation process

but cannot able to detect logical errors.

5. WRITE A NOTE ON INTERPRETER.

 An interpreter is another type of translator which is used for translating program

written using high level languages.

 It takes one statement of high level language, translates into machine language &

immediately executes the resulting machine language instructions.

 The main difference between compiler & interpreter is that compiler can translate the

entire code but not involve in execution.

High level Language Input INTERPRETER (Translate Output Result of Program

Program & Executes statement by Execution
statement)

 As shown in figure that the input to an interpreter is a source program & the output is

the result of an execution program.

 Interpreter translates & executes a high level language program statement-by statement.

 A program statement is reinterpreted every time it is encountered during program

execution.

 The main advantage of interpreter is that interpreter makes it easier & faster to correct

programs.

 The main disadvantage is that interpreter is slower than compilers when running

a finished program.

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WHAT IS OPERATING SYSTEM?

 An operating system is a software program that provides an interface between user & the

computer and manages thousands of applications.

 It’s a collection of system software that co-ordinates between the hardware, provides a

platform for software to run on.

 An operating system is an integrated set of programs that the resources (the CPU,

memory, I/O devices etc) of computer system & provides an interface to the user to run

the machine.

 The main two primary objective of operating system are:

o Making a computer system convenient to use

o Managing the resources of a computer system

FUNCTION OF OPERATING SYSTEM

1) PROCESS MANAGEMENT

 The process management of OS taking care about the creation & deletion of user &

system process, providing mechanism for process synchronization & process

communication.

2) MEMORY MANAGEMENT

 The memory management of OS taking care about the allocation & deallocation of

memory space to the various programs in need of this resource.

3) FILE MANAGEMENT

 The file management of OS is taking care about the file related activities such as

creation, storing, retrieving, naming, sharing & organization of files.

4) SECURITY

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 The security model of OS protects the resources & information of a computer system

against destruction & unauthorized access.

5) COMMAND INTERPRETATION

 This model taking care of interpreting user commands & directing the system resources

to handle the requests.

WHAT IS BATCH OPERATING SYSTEM?

o In Batch operating system, data is collected over a period of time and the processing of

the data is deferred to a later time.

o This approach was used very commonly in the past when punch cards served as data

storage media and is used as input into the computer system for processing.

o In batch processing, the data have first to be captured, normally as a form of source

documents, like time cards, or alternatively, by RJE (Remote Job Entry) where data is

gathered through remote terminals.

o The data will then be transmitted to the computer or the source document will be

physically transported to the data centre where transcription (conversion of source

document data into machine readable form) is performed.

o The data is processed by the computer and the resulting output is given to the users.

o Batch processing is suitable in application where there are large amounts of data and

when the turnaround times are not critical.

o As data are transcribed into machine readable form before submitting for processing, the

speed of processing is therefore determined by the computer and not by the operator.

o Payroll processing is suitable for batch processing as it is only performed on a regular

basis. (for example every month)

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ADVANTAGES:

o Less complicated.

o After input process is over, while processing is going on, user can attend other

o jobs.

DISADVANTAGES:

o Long turnaround time.

o Access to one is not possible.

o Difficult to provide priority scheduling.

o Not convenient for program development.

EXPLAIN REALTIME OPERATIN SYSTEM.

o Real-Time systems are always on-line but on-line systems need not be real-time systems.

o However, further constraints are placed in terms of response time and availability of the

system.

o By definition, a real time system receives data and process it quickly enough to produce

output which can be used to control or affect the outcome of an ongoing activity of

process.

o In general, real-time systems handle small volumes of data at any one time and the

turnaround time is critical.

o Feedback is essential in real-time systems so that processing can keep pace with external

factors.

o Most real-time systems are used in mission critical application like process control and

therefore, reliability and availability is of paramount importance.

o Missile guidance systems are examples of real-time systems.

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o Control signals are sent to the fins of the missile to correct any deviations.

ADVANTAGES

o Error messages are immediate

o Source documents are available at the time the error occurs.

o Faster than on-line systems.

DISADVANTAGES

o Direct access devices have to be used.

o Elaborate controls and backup procedures to guard against unwarranted access to the

system.

o Control checks are difficult since updating occurs at the time of processing.

EXPLAIN TIME SHARING OPERATING SYSTEM

 Time-sharing is a mechanism that allows the many users to use a computer system in

such a way that each user is given the impression that they use their own system.

 It has many user terminals simultaneously connected to the same computer.

 Using these terminals multiple users can simultaneously work on the system.

 The multiprogramming feature allows multiple programs to simultaneously reside in the

memory.

 The special scheduling algorithm used in a time-sharing system.

 In this very short period of CPU time allocates to each user process.

 When the CPU is allocated to user process, the process will use CPU until the allocate

time slice is expires or the execution process is over during this time period.

Features:

 The processing time is divided among various programs in time slices.

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 Each program is given control of CPU only for time slice turn by turn.

Advantages:

 Reduce CPU idle time

 Provides advantages of quick response time.

 Offers good computing facility to small users.

EXPLAIN: MULTIPROGRAMMING OPERATING SYSTEM

 Multiprogramming is the name given to the interleaved execution of two or more

different & independent programs by the same computer.

 In this more than one program in main memory at a same time.

 In multiprogramming operating system two or more programs are resides in the

main memory and it execute them concurrently.

 In this operating system the CPU can allocate time to several programs instead of

remaining idle when one program is busy with I/O operations the another program

is ready to utilize the CPU.

ADVANTAGES:

 Many programs can run simultaneously.

 Time is not wasted.

 Maximum use of resources.

DISADVANTAGES:

 Required large memory.

 Required memory protection.

 Job of resources management & memory management increases.

EXPLAIN: MULTIPROCESSING OPERATING SYSTEM

 It is the type of operating system that makes the use of more than one CPU.

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 The term multiprocessing describe interconnected two or more CPUs that have an ability

to execute several programs simultaneously.

 In such system, instruction from different independent programs can be processed at

same instant of time by different CPU.

ADVANTAGES:

 It improves the performance of computer.

 Less turnaround time.

 In case of failure of one CPU other can take over without any loss.

DISADVANTAGES:

Large main memory required.

Expensive

Design of the system makes time consuming process.

EXPLAIN TYPES OF SOFTWARE PACKAGES

 The software is set of programs, procedure and associated documents which describe the

programs and how they are used.

 On the base of task performed by software it can be divided in following tasks.

 WORD PROCESSING SOFTWARE :

It enables you to make use of computer system for creating, editing, and viewing, formatting,

storing, retrieving & printing documents.

 SPREAD SHEET SOFTWARE:

 Spreadsheet software is a numeric data analysis tool, which allows us to create kinds of

computerised ledger.

 Provides a predefined sheet which contains rows and columns.

 DATABASE SOFTWARE

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 A database is a collection of related data stored & treated as a unit for information

retrieval purpose.

 Database software is a set of one or more programs which enables us to create a database,

maintain it, and organize it.

 GRAPHICS SOFTWARE:

Graphic software enables you to use a computer system for creating, editing, viewing, storing,

retrieving and printing designs, drawings, pictures, graphs.

 PERSONAL ASSITANCE SOFTWARE:

It allows you to use personal computers for storing & retrieving your personal information &

planning & managing schedules, contacts, inventory & important items.

 PRESENTATION SOFTWARE:

It allows you to provide the tools which help you to develop a presentation on specific subject.

 ANIMATION/VIDEO/SOUND PACKAGE:

Provides the different kinds of application that allows you to generate animation, watching or

creating videos, playing or producing sound data.

EXPLAIN: ONLINE OPERATING SYSTEM

 In an On-Line system, the terminal used by the operator is connected to the main

computer so that the operator can interact with the computer in aconversational mode.

 It is used in applications requiring fast response from the computer.

 There are some benefits by allowing users to communicate with the computer on-line.

 Error checking can be performed by the computer when data entry is carried out.

 The operator can be informed of the error so that immediate correction can be made.

 On-Line queries can be performed to allow immediate retrieval of information.

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 The nature of on-line systems allows centralization of information, fast data retrieval

immediate file updates and improved customer services.

 Limited validation checks at the terminal increases the accuracy of input.

 However, the cost of implementation such a system is much more than the batch system.

 Furthermore, as the terminals may be located remotely from the main computer site,

security aspects of implementation must receive special considerations.

 Aspects which should be incorporated are

o Security of access to facilities

o Security of data files

o Audit trial – maintaining a record of all actions that have been carried out

to any data.

TECHNOLOGIES AND VIRUS

Introduction
 Emerging technologies are contemporary advances and innovation in various fields of

technology.

 Various converging technologies have emerged in the technological convergence of different

systems evolving towards similar goals.

 Convergence can refer to previously separate technologies such as voice (and telephony

features), data (and productivity applications) and video that now share resources and interact

with each other, creating new efficiencies.

 Emerging technologies are those technical innovations which represent progressive

developments within a field for competitive advantage.

1. SHORT NOTE: GIS

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a. A GIS (Geographic Information System) is a tool that uses for the answer of the

geographic question

b. A GIS integrates hardware, software, and data for capturing, managing, analyzing, and

displaying all forms of geographically referenced information.

c. GIS allows us to view, understand, question, interpret, and visualize data in many ways

that reveal relationships, patterns, and trends in the form of maps, globes, reports, and

charts.

d. A GIS helps you answer questions and solve problems by looking at your data in a way

that is quickly understood and easily shared.

e. GIS technology can be integrated into any enterprise information system framework.

f. By using GIS tool, user can arrange and display the data about places on the earth in

variety of ways including maps, charts and tables.

g. We can store, analyze and manage the data about places on the earth with the help of GIS

tool.

h. User can zoom in and out of maps, charts and tables freely and study in details.

i. By using GIS tool, we can create maps, charts and tables and also we can solve the

complicated problems and develop the effective solutions.

j. GIS allows automatic determination of the relationships between maps & can create a

new map of those relationships.

k. GIS allows the relating of multiple data bases using common geographic locations and

allows powerful analyses of widely disparate data.

COMPONENTS OF GIS

There are 5 types components of a GIS like

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o Hardware

o Software

o Data

o People

o Method

GIS IS USED FOR

o Allows to find the geographical locations

o Maintain an up-to-date planning & environmental inventory.

o Create a library of regional & community infrastructure resources.

o Plan major facilities and services

o Facilities management.

o Define natural resource areas.

GIS used in:

o In Agriculture

o In Business

o In Electric-Gas

o In Environment

o In Forestry

o In Military

o In Land Planning

o In Site Planning

o In Water Industry

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2. SHORT NOTE: GPS

 GPS means Global Positioning System and it is a satellite based navigation

system.

 GIS is a system that can provide a position at any point on the Earth’s surface to a

very high degree of accuracy.

 GPS provides the position information of the earth.

 GPS is a system that measures the distances from the satellites that are in path

around the Earth.

 By knowing the distance from the satellites, it is possible to calculate the position

on the Earth’s surface.

 The satellite sends all the timing and position information to the receiver so the

receiver knows when the message was sent and also the receiver is able

 To calculate the distance from the satellite about their position.

 The satellite contains an atomic clock so that the satellite sends the timing

 information to the receiver that is very accurate.

 The satellite uses their own power through their solar panels and these extend to

about 17 feet and it provides 700 watts’ power.

 Each satellite is in circular orbit around the earth and it sends the data on two

frequencies like L1 (1600 MHz) and L2 (1300 MHz).

 A GPS (Global Positioning System) is the satellite-based system that provides

accurate information about position, speed and time of the earth.

 There are 24 satellites in GPS that orbits the earth at a height of about 12000

miles.

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 Each of this satellite are constantly moving and making two complete orbits in

less than 24 hours.

 The speed of satellite is 7000 miles per hour.

 A GPS contains 3 types of segments like User, Control and Space.

 User segment changes according to the requirements of application but

 Control and Space segments do not change for all applications.

GPS APPLICATIONS:

o Navigation

o Agriculture

o Space Shuttle

o Tourism

o Air Traffic Control

o Surveying and mapping

o Remote sensing

o Military

WHAT IS COMPUTE VIRUS

♥ A computer virus is a program that can copy itself & infect a computer without

permission or knowledge of the user.

♥ It’s a small piece of software that damages the real programs.

♥ A virus can only spread from one computer to another when it host is taken to the

uninfected computer by internet or removable medium such as CD or USB.

♥ In computers virus is a program that replicates to another program, computer boot sector

or document.

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♥ Virus can be transmitted as attachments to an e-mail or downloaded file or be present on

CD.

TYPES OF VIRUS
The virus is classified in main five types.

1. FILE INFECTORS

o It infects program files.

o Normally infect executable files such as .COM or. EXT files.

o Some virus can infect any program when the program is requested for

execution such as .SYS,. OVL,. PRG and .MNU files.

o Many of this virus are memory resident.

2. BOOT SECTOR VIRUS

o This virus infects executable code found in certain system areas on a disk.

o They attached to the DOS boot sector or the master boot record on hard disks.

o Boot sector virus attaches themselves to the boot record information and

activate when user attempt to start up form disk.

o This virus are always memory resident.

3. MULTI-PARTITE VIRUSES:

o Known as polypartite.

o They infect both boot records and program files.

o This virus is difficult to repair.

o If the boot area is cleaned, but the files are not than boot area infected again.

4. MACRO VIRUSES:

o These are the most common virus and they tend to do the least damage.

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o These types of virus infect data files such as it can infect your word document

and insert unwanted words or phrases.

o Ex. W97M, Melissa

PROTECTION FROM VIRUS.

You can protect system against virus with a few simple steps.

 Write protected your floppy when suing them on the other computer.

 Remove floppy while booting.

 Install software from original write- protected disks.

 Use secure operating system like UNIX

 Do not install pirated software.

 Scans files downloaded from the internet.

 Scan your system regularly if you continue using internet.

 Use good antivirus program to scan removable devices as well as system.

 Do not open attachments who contains an executable files.

 Do not open spam or junk mails

 Prepare a reuse disk with critical system files. Probably it should bootable.

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