CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

Creativity and innovation are topics of discussion that are particularly relevant in research

work which are seen as important factors in the creation of competitive advantage. Innovation

has almost become a requirement in today’s global business environment, regardless of a

company’s market reach. Drawing on more than a decade of OECD Box, (2019) research,

this report provides a general overview of what we know about excellent policy approaches

for innovation. It also discusses recent developments in innovation processes and patterns,

outlines rising degrees of internationalization, and compiles early thought on the role of

innovation in addressing global environmental concerns. This is due to the new reality that

every company’s rivalry reaches well beyond its local market. Entrepreneurs and companies

that realize this early on bring innovation to the market. Innovation is the secret to

entrepreneurship and the productive development of the competitive edge. The foundation for

innovation is creativity.

However, while creativity is needed for innovation, it is not always sufficient. The

implantation of creative inspiration is innovation. For some industries, the capacity to

generate continuous innovation has not only become a key success factor, but also a

requirement for survival. Importance of Creativity and innovation aid in the development of

new ways to improve an existing product or service to maximize profits. This also

encourages entrepreneurs to think outside the box and look for answers that aren’t standard.

Through this opportunity, a new, intriguing, potentially lucrative, yet adaptable idea emerges.

Moreover, it helps in the sustainability and long-run performance of all kinds of companies

Baykal, (2018).

The economic and social consequences of today’s global challenges affect societies and the

entire world. Many governmental and philanthropic efforts are failing to achieve the social

1
change that communities around the world demand and key social sector institutions are

frequently considered inefficient in resolving social concerns Fields, (2016). Many

entrepreneurs regard creativity and innovation as critical elements, there continues to be a

lack of understanding of the factors that affect these elements, as well as the management of

relevant processes

Finkle, (2013). Recently, an economic transition has been established. The economy is

shifting away from knowledge-based activities and toward activities that require creativity,

innovation, entrepreneurship, and imagination Oke (2019); Fillis and Rentschler, (2010).

More business opportunities have arisen as a result of increased globalization and

technological effects, but the marketplace has also become more crowded, resulting in

increased competition Edralin (2019). Creativity also allows the entrepreneur to act on these

opportunities in ways that will give the company a competitive advantage. It can serve as a

foundation for creativity and business development, as well as have a positive effect on

society as a whole (Ballor & Claar, 2019). Entrepreneurship can be seen in all forms and

sizes of businesses, from small local businesses to multinational corporations.

Entrepreneurship, according to Clow (2018), is the process of mobilizing and sacrificing

resources (land, capital, and human resources) to use a business opportunity or execute an

idea in a way that meets society’s needs for products and services, creates employment, and

benefits the venture’s owner. Both new and established businesses are involved in this

process, but the focus is usually on new products or services and new businesses. Therefore,

for a country to prosper and enjoy continued economic growth, creativity and innovation

have to be injected into the entrepreneurship development agenda has to be pursued.

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1.2 Statement of Problem

The experiences of developed economies in relation to the roles played by entrepreneurship

buttress the fact that the importance of entrepreneurship cannot be overemphasized especially

in the developing countries Anyadike (2017). Nigeria has been plagued over the years by

constant internal and external pressures of low capacity production, massive unemployment,

conflicts and downsizing of staff in organizations. It is believed that the quest for a job for

life and its accompanying benefits seems to have eroded. Retrenchment and downsizing of

staff appear to be the trends in our organizations. This high rate of unemployment and its

attendant unpleasant impact on both the people and the nation indeed necessitate the need for

entrepreneurial development in Nigeria. Industrialization which is a sure panacea to

economic growth involves extensive technological based development of the manufacturing

sector of the economy. Entrepreneurship however cannot thrive or even grow without

creativity and Innovation which involve risk, mistakes and even failures

1.3 Research Questions

i. Does a creative practice influence the performance of small-scale businesses in Bida,

Niger State?

ii. Does external factors, influence the relationship between creativity and the

performance of small-scale businesses in Bida?

iii. How does the level of creativity influence the growth and performance of small-scale

businesses in Bida?

1.4 Objectives of the Study

The main objective of this study is to examine the impact of cretivity on small scale business

performance

i. To examine if creative practices influence the performance of small-scale businesses

in Bida, Niger State

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 ii. To examine the factors, that influence the relationship between creativity and the

performance of small-scale businesses in Bida

iii. To assess the current level of creativity within small-scale businesses in Bida.

1.5 Research Hypothesis

Ho1: There is no significant relationship between the level of creativity and the

performance of small-scale businesses in Bida.

Ho1: external factors, does not influence the relationship between creativity and the

performance of small-scale businesses in Bida.

Ho3: External factors have no substantial impact on the relationship between creativity and

the performance of small-scale businesses in Bida

1.6 Significance of The Study

The study on the impact of creativity on small-scale business performance is significant

because it helps to shed light on the role of creativity in the success of small businesses.

Small businesses are important drivers of economic growth and development in many

countries, but they often face numerous challenges such as limited resources, competition,

and changing market conditions.

Creativity can play a crucial role in helping small businesses to overcome these challenges

and achieve success. By fostering creativity within their organizations, small business owners

can develop innovative products and services, improve operational efficiency, enhance

customer experiences, and differentiate themselves from competitors.

The study can provide valuable insights into how creativity can be harnessed to drive small

business success. It can help small business owners to understand the importance of

creativity, identify the factors that contribute to creativity, and develop strategies for

promoting creativity within their organizations. Ultimately, this can lead to improved

business performance, increased profitability, and sustained growth for small businesses.

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1.7 Scope of The Study

The study covers the impact of creativity on small-scale business performance in Bida Niger

State The study covers a time from (2024).

1.8 Definition of Terms

Entrepreneurial skills may refer to the intrinsic characters of entrepreneurs who pro actively

utilize their profoundly basic human capital to generate that are essential for producing

entrepreneurial goods and services for example do:ng things in new ways, making things

happen and getting things done (Lowrey 2006).

Creativity

Creativity according to the study of (Ward, Finke & Smith 1995) is the development of right

and new solutions.

Financial management

Financial management is the planning, organizing, directing and controlling the financial

activities such as procurement and utilization enterprise. It means the applying of general

management principles to financial resources of the enterprise

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 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 PREAMBLE

This chapter focus on the reviewed literature gathered from secondary sources; articles,

journals, books, internet, etc. that were relevant to the study. The conceptual framework was

discussed to investigate the correlation between the dependent variable (and the independent

variable. The chapter also reviewed theoretical framework and empirical literature relevant to

the study.

2.2 Historical Background Of Selected Business

2.2.1 BidaPoly Table Water

Bidapoly water has been existing since 2003. It was establish to generate revenue to the entire

polytechnic through sale of sachet water to the entire polytechnic community on commercial

basis. This was as a result of continuing decrease in federal Government allocation to the

polytechnic and economy sector large. On the other hand the management aimed at giving

guarantee of hygiene water for the polytechnic community to drink.

Bidapoly water is a sub unit of Bidapoly Consult (Bpc) Nigeria Limited which was establish

in 1992 under Rector offices (Rectory) And was know as consultancy service unit. In the year

2000 it was realized that it is not too easy to match business activities together with official

bureaucracy and as a result the organization (CSU) was given an autonomous cooperate

entity registred with the name Bidapoly Consult Nigerial Limited Now it is a separate entity.

There was a team of management for Bidapoly Consult in the inception headed by Engr. V. A

Ajiboye as the pioneer Director. Bidapoly Consult company is located in Abuja area of the

polytechnic with eight (8) staff among which are two (2) HND graduate one (1) ND holder

and one has grade two certificate while the remaining four (4) are secondary certificate

6
holders The HND graduate is production manager and accountant respectively while the ND

holder is the cashier and grade 2 certificate holder is functioning as sa;es reps the 4 staff that

has secondary school certificate package the water for sales. At times they do ploy casual

staff if the need arise since the business ia seasonal. The number of casual to be engage

depend on the market demand. The plant capacity of the factory in the inception was 10,000

sachets daily.

2.2.2 Dal-Mark Industry Bida, Niger State

Dal-mark confessiorries was established in the year 2018 and was formally known as Sirat

sachet water. Dal-mark confessionaries was registered under the trade mark of alhamdulaiah

trading company. Dal-mark confessionaries started it’s NAFDAC registration in 2017 in

other to meet up with the basic requirement. The factory Was inspected by NAFDAC various

confessionaries have meet up with the basic requirement of producing bread, snacks, table

water, etc. an approval letter was issued to dal-mark concessionaires by NAFDAC to start

production and sales of dal-mark products.

In November 2018, dal-mark obtained its NAFDAC registration number. The factory started

with just fifteen staffs, the manager and accountant a cashiers two drivers, three security, four

cleaners and a maintenance manager size month after the production and sales of dal-mark

conffessionaries. The number of staff increased from fifteen to twenty five, ranging from the

production section sales units, cleaners and guard. Dal-mark confessionaries is managed and

directed by Alhaji Dalhatu A Makama. Dal-mark confessionaries is presently among the top

producer of bread snacks, table water etc. in Bida local government and Niger state as a

whole.

2.2.3 Gbate Pure Water Factory

Gbate pure water located at area 8 Bida Niger state. Was formerly in a small room which

only contain 2 to 5 worker and a single machine. which was established on 2nd of October

7
2010, but due to the humble beginning and hardworking of the owner, which was unable to

manage and contribute her knowledge. Now they have thirty staff and 3 car Gbate pure water

factory is presently among the top producer of pure water in Bida Niger State

2.2.1 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE CASE STUDY

i. Organizational Structure of Bida Table Water

General manager

Staff Staff Staff

i. Organizational Structure of Dal-Mark Concessionaries Industry Bida, Niger

State

Director

Exams Office Coordinator Deputy Director

Staff Facilator Staff

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 i. Organizational Structure of Gbate Pure Water Factory

General Manager

Supervisor
Accountant

Staff Staff

2.3 Conceptual Review

2.3.1 Concept of Creativity

According to Groborz and Nęcka (2013), the concept of creativity includes not only the

features of the intellect, but also motivational aspects and personality qualities. Author notes

that the concept of creative human capital (i.e. capable of generating new/original solutions,

also valuable in cognitive, aesthetic, pragmatic or ethical terms), both in the macro – and

micro-scale, refers primarily to employees and managers. Hys (2010) defines creativity as the

ability to think creatively and ability to come up with new ideas, concepts, or new

associations and links with the existing ideas or concepts. In the same vein, Morawski (2014)

defines creativity as the result of the interaction of intellectual competencies, creative talents,

personality traits, and the widely understood socio- -cultural and economic environment.

Creativity according to Pfieffer (2019) is a piece of work which is first to a significant extent

new, original, and unique and second shows a high degree of success in its field. Therefore,

creativity refers to the generation of novel, useful idea, and employees’ ability to create new

9
practical ideas. In line with the above definitions, Steiner and Weber (2013) attribute

creativity to; the ability to generate a large number of ideas in a short time, constant search

for new solutions, the ability to choose the optimal solution, perseverance in overcoming

difficulties, motivation as a problem and a challenge, tolerance and respect for different

opinions, avoiding taking a stance on a matter too early, openness to criticism, relativistic

view of reality and independence of judgments Nawrat, (2013).

2.3.1.1 Government Policies

Government policies refer to deliberate actions and frameworks established by governmental

authorities to address societal needs, regulate various sectors, promote economic growth, and

maintain social order (Anderson, 2021). These policies can be broadly categorized into

social, economic, fiscal, and environmental policies, each aimed at influencing specific areas

of public life. Social policies, for instance, focus on welfare, health, and education, targeting

social well-being and equality (Dye, 2023). Economic policies, on the other hand, are geared

toward stabilizing the economy, encouraging investment, and creating jobs through

mechanisms such as tax incentives, subsidies, and monetary regulations (Musgrave &

Musgrave, 2019).

Government policies are typically developed through a multi-step process that includes issue

identification, policy formulation, implementation, and evaluation (Howlett & Ramesh,

2019). During the formulation stage, stakeholders—including legislators, experts, and public

interest groups—contribute input to shape the policy. Successful implementation, however,

often requires cooperation among government agencies and private institutions, ensuring that

policy objectives align with practical capabilities (Dye, 2013). Monitoring and evaluation

further allow governments to assess the effectiveness of policies and make adjustments when

necessary, thereby promoting accountability and continuous improvement (Anderson, 2011).

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Economic policies often impact the private sector significantly, influencing business

operations and investment strategies. For example, tax policies can either encourage or

discourage certain business activities depending on the tax incentives or penalties involved

(Musgrave & Musgrave, 2019). Similarly, environmental policies are crucial for regulating

industries that affect the ecosystem, requiring companies to adhere to sustainable practices

through regulations such as emission standards and waste management laws (Howlett &

Ramesh, 2019).

Writing on the origin of policies, Micheal and Jones (2019) identified government as one

of the major sources of policy – formulation saying that: “ Policies may originate in response

to problem encountered in organizational operation or both with respect to various interest

groups associated with the firm sometimes referred to as the” claimants on the operation”.

Continuing

Micheal and Jones (2019) stated “That government at various levels is an important claimant

of, anti-trust and labour laws, product labeling requirements, taxation and various other kinds

of government regulations and control”. Ibekwe (2014) stressing the importance of policy

making at government level writes “the objectives of policies of a country as often stated are

increase of output, reduction of inflation, reduction of employment, diminution of economy

inequality and trade balance creation”. Ahiazu & Nwokoye (2014) stated that business

legislation (policies) made by government are aimed at including acceptable behaviour from

individuals, groups and corporate entities in a civilized society and at imposing sanctions on

deviant behaviours. Business legislation has a wide range of objective including:

i. Furthering national economic goals such as curbing inflation, stimulating the

economy or conserving foreign exchange.

ii. Enhancing competition among business entities by prohibiting monopolistic

tendencies and unfair method of competition by firms.

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 iii. Ensuring that contracts are entered into and executed with justice done to the parties

to the contracts.

To ensure feasibility and implementation of set objectives, government make sure

policies are on fiscal, monetary, agricultural and rural development, industrial etc.

2.3.1.2 Technology

Technological innovation is a vital factor in a firm’s competitiveness and it is inevitable for

firms which want to develop and maintain a competitive edge in gaining entry into new

markets Becheikh (2016). Technological innovation is said to have the potential or capability

to stimulate growth both at the micro and macro level. There for, technological innovation is

the heart of economic change and the ultimate source

of productivity and growth. It is the only proven path for economies to consistently getahea

Solow, (2017).According to Latin American Economic Outlook ECLAC, (2013), for firms to

generate and accumulate technological capacities to function and trade, SMEs

and technological innovation processes must be linked and be associated with knowledge

flows to greatly impact the results of innovation activities, which in turn impact the flows.

More importantly, training and knowledge accumulation are essential for a firm to develop its

skills and innovative abilities. A learning process of a firm or company can be influenced

from experiences and its interaction with other companies and other types of agents.

Technological innovation processes are attainable from complex and social interactions that

neither occur freely nor in isolation, but are the cause and consequence of knowledge flows

and interaction between National Innovation System (NIS) agents. Variances in technological

innovative behaviour also exist among SMEs. Those aiming international markets have a

countless capacity or edge to innovate and diversify, especially if they operate in sectors

dominated by dynamic efficiencies. Accessing international markets requires technologies

which motivates firms to boost their technology base and improve their organizational and

12
business specifications, paving way for them to innovate. Some SMEs are more likely to

innovate often as they have a greater capacity to accumulate knowledge Cimoli (2011). The

study also shows that financial support from Government towards innovation has positive

effects on businesses. In Latin American countries such as Chile and Colombia,

the enterprises that received financial support from Government usually invest 80% more in

technological development than others. Costa Rican firms benefit most, with those receiving

such fund investing twice as much as those that do not. In a country like Germany,.Many

SMEs across industries and economies have the unrealized innovation potential(Chaminade

& Van-Lauridsen, 2016). This is primarily as a result of their essential characteristics such as

flexibility, better adaptability and receptivity, effective internal communication, simple

organisational structure, quick decision making, etc. which aren't properly harmonized to

attain a desirable result or goal (Harrison and Watson, 2018)

2.3.1.3 Innovation

According to Letenyei (2015), the concept and practice of innovation became closely

associated with economic gain and competitive advantage in the 1930s. Author argues that

theory of economic development is based on five types of economic innovations: set up or

discovery of a new product, a new manufacturing process, a new market, source or new

organization. According to Bessant & Tidd (2015), introduction of innovation has become

one of the ways of searching new sources to ensure competitive advantage not only of large

companies, but also small and medium-sized enterprises. Gliddon (2016) defines innovation

as the successful implementation of a creation and this innovation seems to foster growth,

profits and success. According to Kuo & Wu (2018), an innovation is any good service or

idea that is perceived by someone as new. The Oxford Learner Dictionary defines it as the

introduction of new things, ideas, or ways of doing things/something, which is yet to be

carried out by anyone or that is unique Osaenwe, (2015). Innovation therefore, is the

13
successful implementation of novel ideas within an organization. Innovation can be viewed

as a novel idea that has been implemented and generally accepted which makes an

organization unique or produce a unique product or services Osaenwe, (2015).

Innovation is a critical driver of progress, propelling industries and societies toward increased

efficiency, adaptability, and value creation. Defined as the process of translating ideas into

goods, services, or processes that generate value, innovation enables organizations to respond

to changing market demands and fosters a competitive edge (Schumpeter, 1934). Modern

innovation spans incremental improvements, such as product enhancements, to radical

changes that reshape markets, as seen in technological advancements that redefine business

models (Tidd & Bessant, 2018).

The role of innovation extends beyond product development; it encompasses improvements

in organizational processes, customer engagement, and operational methods. Process

innovation, for instance, leads to cost reductions, increased productivity, and enhanced

customer satisfaction by streamlining workflows and leveraging technology (Dodgson et al.,

2018). Furthermore, innovations in organizational culture, such as fostering a collaborative

environment, are instrumental in sustaining long-term innovation and adaptability (O'Reilly

& Tushman, 2023).

In today’s digital age, technology has amplified the potential of innovation, especially

through digital transformation and artificial intelligence (AI). AI-driven innovations have

revolutionized industries like healthcare, finance, and manufacturing by enhancing decision-

making processes, optimizing logistics, and enabling predictive analytics (Brynjolfsson &

McAfee, 2014). As companies adopt innovative strategies, they contribute to the broader

ecosystem of knowledge, supporting economic growth and societal advancement (West &

Bogers, 2014).

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2.3.2 Concept of Small Scale Business

The SMEs remain an important sub-sector in a nation’s economy. The contributions of the

SMEs has been recognized as critical to the development of an economy as they possess great

potentials for employment generation, improvement of local technology, output

diversification, development of indigenous entrepreneurship and forward integration with

large scale industries. (Central Bank of Nigeria, 2018). The SME, as a concept, does not have

a universal definition. The definition of SMEs varies from country to country and even within

sectors in the country. However, the metrics commonly used in defining SMEs include the

number of employees, revenues, or fixed assets. According to Ikpor, Nnadu and Itumo

(2017), Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are different kind of firms that could be found

in different business activities across the country. They include artisans producing local

agricultural implements, the coffee shop owners, tailor shop owners, iron fabricators, road

side mechanics, small transport firm, the internet café, small engineering or software firm and

a medium-sized automotive parts manufacturer. Some of the SMEs produce for domestic

market or for foreign markets. They can be found in rural, urban, regional, national or

international level and the owners may be poor or rich.

There is no universally accepted classification of small and medium scale enterprises

(SMEs). The definition differs across countries. This is due to the difference in socio-

economic factors across the countries (as explained by Etuk, 2020 above). For instance,

Nigerian Small and Medium Industries Equity Investment Scheme (SMIEIS) of 1998

regarded SMES as enterprises that has a total capital outlay between ₦1.5million to ₦200

million. This includes the working capital but excluding cost of land. To Nigeria’s national

Council on Industry; SME is seen as an enterprise that employed at least 10 and a maximum

of 300 employees Udechukwu, (2018).

15
Ikpor et al (2019) also notes that the European Union defines SMEs as an enterprise that has

not more than two hundred and fifty employees and total turnover of not more than €50

million. It also maintained that the share of the enterprise in another enterprise(s) should not

be more than 25 percent. According to World Bank (2016), medium enterprise is an

enterprise which criteria: small scale enterprises are businesses with ten to forty-nine people

with an annual turnover of five to forty-nine million naira, while a medium scale enterprise

has fifty to one hundred and ninety-nine employees with annual turnover of fifty to four

hundred and ninety-nine million Naira.

2.4 Theoretical Review

The study was hinged on the psychological theory.

2.4.1 Psychological theory

This particular theory was brought about by David McClelland who was a psychologist and

an emeritus Professor from Harvard University and said that entrepreneurs have a quest for

achievement and this makes them to be involved in more entrepreneurial activities. David

McClelland’s aim was to spot out and to also examine the psychological factors which bring

about entrepreneurial personalities. McClelland put forward the fact that entrepreneurs will

have high N-Ach simply for the fact that they possess the same attributes. McClelland (2015)

was of the view that e supply of free enterprise hinges on person’s psychic requirements for

attainment instead of the longing for funds. This theory pays prompt interest to a person’s

behaviour, intents and encouragements of people, and brought closer in a way that

entrepreneurs posses a stronger requisite for achievement. Commitment is noted to be very

important to entrepreneurs and this effort makes entrepreneurs to participate in

entrepreneurial

16
2.4.2 Theory of innovation

Schumpter (2014) Schumpeter’s innovation theory characterizes an entrepreneur with these

two abilities innovative or creative and foresight. This argument denotes that

entrepreneurship takes place the production of a new product, find a~ ~xisdng or new market

for a product. The Schumpeter theory of entrepreneurship focus more on profit of innovators

and ignores the aspect of organizational skills or what it takes for entrepreneurs to carry out a

successful task ~Richter & Goldmark, (2019). By contrast to the view of Schumpeter, the

study of “Alfred Marshall” cited in Scudder (2011) argued that entrepreneurs are the driving

factor that brings labor, land, capital and organization together. Therefore, the characteristic

of an entrepreneur should include; foresight, understanding of the market, and ability to

identify opportunities. Similarly, the study of (Coric, Katavic, & Kopecki, 2011) review that

successful Small and Medium Enterprise gather information relaing to the business

environment than those who are less successful. This unique skill gives the entrepreneur an

overview of the business climate and helps to formulate a larger picture of the business

activities. Another study by Stevenson, (2013) argues that entrepreneur needs an innovative

skill which comprises of the cognitive skills like creative; behavioral skills like problem-

solving skills are the type of cognitive ability. The study further argues that the main reason

entrepreneurs are successful is their abilities to imagine, innovates and work around

challenges within their environment. Nevertheless, skills along are not largely effective as the

local government should be involved directly in providing funds for capital investment in

order to promote entrepreneurial Faizan & Haque, (2016).

2.5 Empirical Review

Prior studies on creativity among scholars presented varied perspective and findings.

(Vijayarani & Radjamogary 2016) carried out an empirical research on motivating employees

creativity through suggestion system. They found that both organizational factors and

17
individual factors have influence on creativity. They also found that there is positive

relationship between employee creativity and suggestion system. Vijayarani and

Ragjamanogory (2016) also found that survival in the IT-industry is based on the ability of

the company to explore different types of solutions to a given problem using creativity and

implement this through employee suggestion system

Nwadukwe and Court (2017) examined the influence of employees’ creativity on

organizational citizenship behavior in Nigerian Commercial banks. The researchers who used

analysis of variance (ANOVA) to analyse their data found that levels of individual creativity

significantly influence organizational citizenship behavior.

Wang & Tsai (2018) carried out an empirical study on managing innovation and creativity in

service industries. They found that resources, management practices and organizational

motivation have unique positive direct effects on innovation while expertise, creative skills,

and intrinsic motivation have unique positive direct effects on creativity.

Bosiak (2018) investigated the relationship between the two psychological constructs-

leadership styles and creativity. She found that there is a significant correlations between the

latent dimensions of the creativity construct and those of autocratic, democratic and liberal

leadership styles. She however found that Gender had no effect on expressing leadership

styles and creativity.

Uru and Yozgat (2019) examined the effect of leadership styles on employee creativity in

Turkey’s industrial enterprises. They found that transformational, transactional and Laissez

faire leadership styles have effect on employee creativity. According to the study, employee

creativity was higher under the transformational than transactional leadership conditions. The

authors observed that creative personality had a strong explanatory effect on employee

creativity while “challenge and enjoyment” partially mediated the relationship between

leadership styles and employee creativity.

18
According to Wenjing, Wei & Shuliang (2019) investigated the effect of job autonomy on the

creativity of knowledge workers. They aimed at discovering the crucial factors that affect

individual innovation performance and how job autonomy moderate the creative personality.

They found that creative personality and job autonomy have positive correlation with

individual innovation performance at significant level. The author concluded that the effect of

creative personality on creative performance depends on job autonomy such that a high

creative personality benefits more from a higher level of job autonomy than a low creative

personality. They however found that gender has no effect on knowledge workers innovative

performance while education and age has a positive correlation with knowledge workers

innovative performance.

2.6 Research Gap

Having experiment of the empirical study for various researcher it’s evidence that much have

not yet be done the area creativity in selected business in Bide Niger State hence the need to

explore this particular topic

2.7 Conceptual Model

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Government policy

Technology Performance of Small

Scale Businesses

Innovation

Adopted by Researcher (2024)

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 CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Preamble

This chapter is to identify and explain the procedures involved in sourcing and analysing data

relevant to this study. Other issues addressed in this chapter include the research instrument,

identification of research method, study population, sample size, research sample frame,

sampling procedures, and sources of data collection, validity, and reliability tests of research

instruments for this research study..

3.2 Research Design

For this research project, the cross sectional research design will be used. This design is such

that numerical data were generated from a number of questionnaires administered to several

respondents. Relevant data were collected at the same instance. The reason for using the cross

sectional design is to assess the respondents’ thoughts, opinions and feelings about the

subject matter.

3.3 Population Of The Study

That is, the main focus of the research. The research population here is the entire Staff of

Bida poly water, Dal-mark water factory, Gbate pure water. There for the population is Fifty

(50) as August (2024)

S/N Organization Population

1 Bida poly water 8
2 Dal-mark water factory 16
3 Gbate pure water 26
Total 50

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3.4 Sample Size

This is the numerical value of the portion of the sample to be employed for this research

work. For the purpose of this study, Since the population is small and manageable the sample

size is 50 employee.

3.5 Sampling Technique

Sampling techniques makes possible the conduct of otherwise impossible studies by selecting

representative units from the population, so results can be used to draw inferences about the

total population Osuala, (2022). For this study, the simple random sampling was adopted.

The reason for using the simple random sampling technique is to ensure that both male and

female employees have an equal chance of being represented for the study.

3.6 Instrument For Data Collection

Questionnaire was used for collecting responses from the subject selected for the study. The

questionnaire would consist of two component parts.

The first part consists of questions that make it possible for the bio-data to be collected. This

part of the questionnaire was intended to elicit information about the sex, age, management

level, department, and employment duration of the respondents. The other part of the

questionnaire contains the dependent variables which were designed to elicit responses from

respondents on familiarity dimension and to find out impact of creativity on small scale

business.

3.7 Validity and Reliability Of Instrument

Asika (2011) stated that validity can be defined as the extent to which a measuring instrument

measures what it is designed to measure. It can also be defined as the extent to which the

differences in scores taken with the measuring instrument reflect the true difference among

individuals. The instrument used for this research work is questionnaire and it valid because

it is designed in such a way to deduce information in the variables of the research problems.

21
The instrument also passes the following test of validity. Which is presented it to the

supervisor who will gave necessary corrections and made approval for its administration to

the respondents.

3.8 Method of Data Analysis

Data will be collected through the questionnaires administered to the targeted respondents

and presented on frequency distribution table for interpretations and analysis. Hypotheses

were tested using statistical package for social science (SPSS).

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 CHAPTER FOUR

DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

4.1 PREAMBLE

This Chapter presents and analyses data obtained from the questionnaire. Also, findings of the

research were discussed in this chapter.

4.1 Data Presentation,

Table 4.1; Questionnaire Response Rate

Response Respondents Percentage

Returned 50 100

Not-Returned - -

Total Distributed 50 100

Source; Questionnaire Administered (2024)

4.3 Data Analysis of Demographic information

Table 4.2

Gender

Valid Cumulative

Frequency Percent Percent Percent

Valid Male 40 80.0 80.0 80.0

Female 10 20.0 20.0 100.0

Total 50 50.0 50.0

Source: Questionnaire administered (2024)

Table 4.2 shows that 40 (80%) of the respondents are male, and 10 (20%) are female. It

implies that the majority of the respondents are male.

Table 4.3
Marital status
23
 Valid Cumulative
Frequency Percent Percent Percent

Valid Single 30 60.0 60.0 60.0

Married 20 40.0 40.0 100.0

Total 50 50.0 50.0

Source: Questionnaire administered (2024)

Table 4.3 shows that 30 (60%) are respondents are single, and 20 (60%) are married. It

implies that the majority of the respondents are single

Table 4.4

Age

Valid Cumulative
Frequency Percent Percent Percent

Valid 20-30 40 80.0 80.0 80.0

31-40 10 20.0 20.0 100.0

41 and above - - - -

Total 50 100.0 100.0

Source: Questionnaire administered (2024)

Table 4.4 shows that 40(80%) of the respondents are between 20-30years, 10 (20%) are

between 31-40years, and It implies that majority of the respondents are between 20-30 years.

Table 4.5
Educational Qualification

24
 Valid Cumulative
Frequency Percent Percent Percent

Valid SSCE 30 60.0 60.0 60.0

ND/NCE 15 30.0 30.0 70.0

HND/BSC 5 10.0 10.0 100.0

Total 50 100.0 100.0

Source: Questionnaire administered (2024)

Table 4.5 shows that 30 (60.0%) of the respondents had SSCE qualification, 15 (30.3%) had

OND/NCE holders, 15 (30.0%) had HND/BSC holders and 5 (10.0%) had Masters/PhD and

above. It implies that the majority of respondents had HND/BSC.

Section B

Table 4.6

Government policies or initiatives are currently in place to support small-scale business

Valid Cumulative
Frequency Percent Percent Percent
Valid Strongly Agree 30 60.0 60.0 60.0
Agree - - - -
Strongly
20 40.0 40.0 100.0
Disagree
Disagree - - - -
Undecided - - - -
Total 50 100.0 100.0
Source: Questionnaire administered (2024)

Result from table 6 indicates that about 60% of the respondents strongly agree Government

policies or initiatives are currently in place to support small-scale business while 40%

disagree. So it imply that Government policies or initiatives are currently in place to support

small-scale business

Table 4.7

25
Government policy support influence the growth and survival rate of small-scale
business
Valid Cumulative
Frequency Percent Percent Percent
Valid Strongly Agree 30 60.0 60.0 60.0
Agree 10 20.0 20.0 80.0
Strongly
20 40.0 40.0 100.0
Disagree
Disagree - - - -
Undecided - - - -
Total 50 100.0 100.0
Source: Questionnaire administered (2024)

Table 4.7 indicate that 60% of the respondents strongly agree that Government policy support

influence the growth and survival rate of small-scale business20% agree while 40% disagree

that Government policy support influence the growth and survival rate of small-scale

business

Table 4.8

26
Government funding or grants impact the financial performance and sustainability of

small-scale business

Valid Cumulative
Frequency Percent Percent Percent
Valid Strongly Agree 40 80.0 80.0 80.0
Agree - - - -
Strongly
10 20.0 20.0 100.0
Disagree
Disagree - - - -
Undecided - - - -
Total 50 100.0 100.0
Source: Questionnaire administered (2024)

Table 4.8 indicate that 80% of the respondents strongly agree Government funding or grants

impact the financial performance and sustainability of small-scale business while 20% of the

respondent strongly disagree

Table 4.9
Adoption of technological advancements impact the overall performance of small-scale
businesses

Valid Cumulative
Frequency Percent Percent Percent
Valid Strongly Agree 50 100.0 100.0 100.0
Agree - - - -
Strongly
- - - -
Disagree
Disagree - - - -
Undecided - - - -
Total 50 100.0 100.0
Source: Questionnaire administered (2024)

Table 4.9 indicate that all the respondents strongly agree that Adoption of technological

advancements impact the overall performance of small-scale businesses

27
Table 4.10
Impacts of technological advancements on the operational processes and work flow
within small-scale businesses

Valid Cumulative
Frequency Percent Percent Percent
Valid Strongly Agree 10.0 20.0 20.0 20.0
Agree 20.0 40.0 40.0 60.0
Strongly
10.0 20.0 20.0 80.0
Disagree
Disagree 5.0 10.0 10.0 90.0
Undecided 5.0 10.0 10.0 100.0
Total 50 100.0 100.0
Source: Questionnaire administered (2024)

Table 4.10 indicate that 20% of the respondents strongly agree that Impacts of technological

advancements on the operational processes and work flow within small-scale businesses 40%

of the respondent agree 20% strongly disagree, 10% of the respondents disagree while 10%

of the respondent undecided.

Table 4.11
Level of employee skills and knowledge in utilizing technological advancements affect
small-scale business performance
Valid Cumulative
Frequency Percent Percent Percent
Valid Strongly Agree 50.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Agree - - - -
Strongly
- - - -
Disagree
Disagree - - -
Undecided - - - 100.0
Total 50 100.0 100.0
Source: Questionnaire administered (2024)

Table 10 show that all the respondents strongly agree Level of employee skills and

knowledge in utilizing technological advancements affect small-scale business performance

28
Table 4.12
Relationship between the level of creativity and innovation in small-scale businesses and
their overall performance
Valid Cumulative
Frequency Percent Percent Percent
Valid Strongly Agree 30.0 60.0 60.0 60.0
Agree 20.0 40.0 40.0 100.0
Strongly
- - - -
Disagree
Disagree - - -
Undecided - - - 100.0
Total 50 100.0 100.0
Source: Questionnaire administered (2024)

Table 4.12 show that 60% of the respondent strongly agree that Relationship between the

level of creativity and innovation in small-scale businesses and their overall performance

while 40% agree. It imply that the business depend on the nature of finance in the

organization.

Table 4.13

Creativity and innovation impact the financial performance of small-scale businesses

29
 Valid Cumulative
Frequency Percent Percent Percent
Valid Strongly Agree 50.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Agree - - - -
Strongly
- - - -
Disagree
Disagree - - -
Undecided - - - 100.0
Total 50 100.0 100.0
Source: Questionnaire administered (2024)

Table 4.13 show that all the respondents strongly agree that Creativity and innovation impact

the financial performance of small-scale businesses

Table 4.14
Financial resources impact the performance of small-scale businesses
Valid Cumulative
Frequency Percent Percent Percent
Valid Strongly Agree 10.0 20.0 20.0 20.0
Agree 20.0 40.0 40.0 60.0
Strongly
10.0 20.0 20.0 80.0
Disagree
Disagree 5.0 10.0 10.0 90.0
Undecided 5.0 10.0 10.0 100.0
Total 50 100.0 100.0
Source: Questionnaire administered (2024)

Table 4.14 indicate that 20% of the respondents strongly agree that Financial resources

impact the performance of small-scale businesses 40% of the respondent agree 20% strongly

disagree, 10% of the respondents disagree while 10% of the respondent undecided.

Table 4.15
Market conditions and competitive forces affect the performance of small-scale

businesses

30
 Valid Cumulative
Frequency Percent Percent Percent
Valid Strongly Agree 30 60.0 60.0 60.0
Agree 10 20.0 20.0 80.0
Strongly
20 40.0 40.0 100.0
Disagree
Disagree - - - -
Undecided - - - -
Total 50 100.0 100.0
Source: Questionnaire administered (2024)

Table 4.15 indicate that 60% of the respondents strongly agree Market conditions and

competitive forces affect the performance of small-scale businesses20% agree while 40%

disagree that Market conditions and competitive forces affect the performance of small-scale

businesses

4.3 Hypothesis Testing

Ho1: Government policy does not support the performance of small scale business
Chi-Square Test
Frequencies
Observed Expected
N N Residual
Strongly
30 93.3 -76.3
Agree
Agree 10 93.3 61.7
Strongly
20 93.3 14.7
Disagree
Total 50

Test Statistics

Chi-Square 105.467a

31
Df 2
Asymp.
Sig. .000

a. 0 cells (0.0%) have

expected frequencies
less than 5. The
minimum expected cell
frequency is 93.3.

Conclusion: Since p – value (0.000) < 0.05, we reject the null hypothesis and hence conclude
that Government policy support the performance of small scale business.
Hypothesis Two
Ho2Technological advancement does not influences the performance of small scale business.
Chi-Square Test

Frequencies

Observed Expected
N N Residual

Strongly Agree 40 55.0 -23.0

Strongly
10 55.0 20.0
Disagree

Total 50

Test Statistics

Chi-Square 200.614a

Df 4

Asymp. Sig. .000

32
Conclusion: Since p – value (0.000) < 0.05, we reject the null hypothesis and hence conclude

that Ho2Technological advancement does not influences the performance of small scale

business.

4.4 DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS

Result from table 6 indicates that about 60% of the respondents strongly agree Government

policies or initiatives are currently in place to support small-scale business while 40%

disagree. So it imply that Government policies or initiatives are currently in place to support

small-scale busines Table 4.7 indicate that 60% of the respondents strongly agree that

Government policy support influence the growth and survival rate of small-scale

business20% agree while 40% disagree that Government policy support influence the growth

and survival rate of small-scale business Table 4.8 indicate that 80% of the respondents

strongly agree Government funding or grants impact the financial performance and

sustainability of small-scale business while 20% of the respondent strongly disagree Table

4.9 indicate that all the respondents strongly agree that Adoption of technological

advancements impact the overall performance of small-scale businesses Table 4.10 indicate

that 20% of the respondents strongly agree that Impacts of technological advancements on

the operational processes and work flow within small-scale businesses 40% of the respondent

agree 20% strongly disagree, 10% of the respondents disagree while 10% of the respondent

undecided. Table 10 show that all the respondents strongly agree Level of employee skills

and knowledge in utilizing technological advancements affect small-scale business

performance Table 4.12 show that 60% of the respondent strongly agree that Relationship

between the level of creativity and innovation in small-scale businesses and their overall

performance while 40% agree. It imply that the business depend on the nature of finance in

the organization. Table 4.13 show that all the respondents strongly agree that Creativity and

innovation impact the financial performance of small-scale businesses Table 4.14 indicate

33
that 20% of the respondents strongly agree that Financial resources impact the performance

of small-scale businesses 40% of the respondent agree 20% strongly disagree, 10% of the

respondents disagree while 10% of the respondent undecided. Table 4.15 indicate that 60%

of the respondents strongly agree Market conditions and competitive forces affect the

performance of small-scale businesses20% agree while 40% disagree that Market conditions

and competitive forces affect the performance of small-scale businesses

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 PREAMBLE

This chapter summarizes the findings from the study, makes conclusions and suggests policy

recommendations. .

34
5.2 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS:

This study examine the impact of creativity on the performance of small scale Business

in Bida the following are the summary.

i. It was show that Government policy support the performance of small scale business

in Bida Niger State

ii. It was also agree that Technological advancement will influences the performance of

small scale business.

iii. It was show that Creativity and innovation will influences the performance of small

scale business

5.3 CONCLUSION:

The findings suggest that there is a general agreement among respondents about the positive

impact of government policies, funding, and technological advancements on small-scale

businesses. Additionally, the significance of creativity, innovation, financial resources, and

market conditions is acknowledged for business performance. The high agreement levels

emphasize the critical role of these factors in shaping the success of small-scale businesses.

5.4 RECOMMENDATIONS:

Based on the findings, the following recommendations are proposed:

1. Government Support: Strengthen and expand government policies, initiatives, and

funding that support small-scale businesses to further enhance growth and survival

rates.

2. Technological Adoption: Encourage continuous adoption of technological

advancements, ensuring employees have the necessary skills and knowledge for

optimal implementation.

3. Creativity and Innovation: Foster an environment that promotes creativity and

innovation within small-scale businesses to boost overall performance.

35
 4. Financial Resources: Provide accessible financial resources and support mechanisms

to alleviate the impact of resource constraints on business performance.

5. Market Understanding: Small-scale businesses should thoroughly understand market

conditions and competitive forces to make informed decisions and remain resilient.

5.5 STUDY LIMITATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH

The research work of this nature cannot be conducted without being confronted with one

problem or the other. This forms the basis of my limitations.

i. Financial constraint is the foremost difficulties encountered by the researcher. Limited

finance made it difficult for the researcher to visit many libraries in order to source for

enough materials and data. Also, there is no enough money to travel to other

institutions to gather for information about the effect of workforce diversity on the

performance of an organization.

ii. Time is another problem. This research work would have covered more areas but due

to time factor which is too short considering preparation for lectures, tests and exams.

Another limitation is lack of responses from respondents. The inability of the

respondents to give adequate information required for this research work hindered the

researcher from gathering information about the organization under study.

Respondents decided to hold back some vital information as secret and confidential.

Also, inaccessibility of some research materials due to the price tag placed on it or the

confidential nature of the documents. However further research is highly suggested on

gender balancing in work place.

36
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APPENDIX I

Business Administration Department,

School of Business and Management,

Federal Polytechnic Bida,

P.M.B 55,

Niger state.

Dear Sir/Madam,

40
I am a final year student of the above name institution and currently carryout a research on

the “Impact of creativity on the performance of small scale businesses in bida a case study of

small and medium enterprise

I will be very grateful, if you can provide adequate answer to the questionnaires listed to

enable me build up some information needed for my research work.

All answer given should be treated with the strictest confidentially.

Yours faithfully,

APPENDIX II

QUESTIONNAIRE
IMPACT OF CREATIVITY ON THE PERFORMANCE OF SMALL SCALE

BUSINESSES IN BIDA A CASE STUDY OF SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISE

INSTRUCTION: In section A: Thick (√) where necessary while in section B, thick the
number that represent how you feel about the statement by using the following scoring
system.
Strongly agree 5

41
Agree 4

Undecided 3

Disagree 2

Strongly disagree 1
SECTION ‘A’ RESPONDENT PERSONAL DATA
1. Gender?
a. Male [ ]
b. Female [ ]
2. Marital status?
a. Single [ ]
b. Married [ ]
3. Age?
a. 20-30 [ ]
b. 31-40 [ ]
c. 41 and above

4. Education qualification?
a. SSCE [ ]
b. ND/NCE [ ]
c. HND/B.SC [ ]
d. MASTERS/PHD [ ]
6. Number of Employee
a. 10-20
b. 21-30
c. 31-40
d. 41 above
SECTION B
S/N Government Policy 5 4 3 2 1

1 Government policies or initiatives are currently in place to

support small-scale business

2 Government policy support influence the growth and

survival rate of small-scale business

42
3 Government funding or grants impact the financial
performance and sustainability of small-scale business

Technological Advancement
4 Adoption of technological advancements impact the overall
performance of small-scale businesses

5 Impacts of technological advancements on the operational

processes and work flow within small-scale businesses

6 Level of employee skills and knowledge in utilizing

technological advancements affect small-scale business
performance

Creativity and innovation

7 Relationship between the level of creativity and innovation

in small-scale businesses and their overall performance

8 Creativity and innovation impact the financial performance

of small-scale businesses

9 Restive and innovative practices are small-scale businesses

implementing to improve their performance

10 barriers and challenges faced by small-scale businesses in

implementing and sustaining creativity and innovation,
Small Scale Business

11 Financial resources impact the performance of small-scale

businesses

12 Market conditions and competitive forces affect the

performance of small-scale businesses

13 Utilization of technology and digital tools impact the

performance of small-scale businesses

43
44