Chapter 8: General Linear Transformations

Multiple Choice Questions

   
1. Consider the basis B = {v1 , v2 } for R2 , where v1 =  1, 1 and v2 = −1, 1
 . Let
2 2
T : R → R be the linear operator such that T (v1 ) = 3, 5 and T (v2 ) = −2, 3 . What is
the value of T (2, 1)?
 
(A) 2, 1
 
(B) 112
, 6
5 1
(C) 19 , 19
 
(D) 4, 13

2. Which of the following transformations T : R2 → R is a linear transformation?

(A) T (a, b) = 3
  
(B) T (a, b) = a, b · a, b
(C) T (a, b) = a2
(D) T (a, b) = 3a + 2b

3. Let T : V → W be a linear transformation, with dim(V ) = m and dim(W ) = n. For

which of the following conditions is T one-to-one?
(A) R(T ) = W and m = n
(B) m > n
(C) rank(T ) = m − 1 and n > m
(D) nullity(T ) = m

4. For which of the following linear transformations is nullity(T ) = 4?

(A) T : R3 → R8 , rank(T ) = 2
(B) T : P3 → P3 , rank(T ) = 3
(C) T : M23 → M33 , rank(T ) = 6
(D) T : R5 → R2 , rank(T ) = 1

5. Which of the following vector spaces is not isomorphic to R16 ?

(A) R16
(B) P16
(C) M44
(D) M82
Elementary Linear Algebra 12e –2– Anton/Rorres

6. Which of the following definitions of T : R2 → R2 is an isomorphism?

  T  
(A) x, y −−→ y, x + y
  T  
(B) x, y −−→ 0, xy
  T  
(C) x, y −−→ x + y, x + y
  T  
(D) x, y −−→ 2x, x

7. Let T : V → V be a one-to-one linear operator, and let B be a basis for V . Which of the
following matrices is a possible value of [T ]B ?
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
  1 0 −1 −1 0  
1
− 1 ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
(A) 12 2
(B) ⎢0 1⎥ (C) ⎢−1 0 −1 ⎥ (D) 1
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
2
− 12 0
0 0 0 −1 −1

8. Let T1 : U → V , T2 : V → W , and T3 : W → U . Let B, B  , and B  be bases for U , V ,

and W respectively. Which of the following expressions is not equivalent to [T3 ◦ T2 ◦ T1 ]B ?
(A) [T3 ]B,B  [T2 ◦ T1 ]B  ,B
(B) [T3 ◦ T2 ]B,B  [T1 ]B  ,B
(C) [T3 ]B  ,B [T2 ]B  ,B  [T1 ]B,B 
(D) [T3 ]B,B  [T2 ]B  ,B  [T1 ]B  ,B

9. If A and B are similar matrices, which of the following is not necessarily true?
(A) rank(A) = rank(B)
(B) tr (A) = tr (B)
(C) A−1 and B −1 exist and are similar.
(D) Av = λv if and only if Bv = λv.
 
5 −3
10. Let T : V → V be a linear operator and let B and B  be bases for V . If [T ]B = ,
2 −2
which of the following is a possible value for [T ]B  ?
       
3 1 4 0 2 −1 −3 0
(A) (B) (C) (D)
1 2 0 −1 −1 3 0 6

11. Which of the following operators does not have an inverse?

(A) T : R3 → R3 is the clockwise rotation about the negative y-axis through an angle θ.
(B) T : R2 → R2 is the contraction with factor k = 12 .
(C) T : R2 → R2 is the shear in the y-direction with factor k = − 13 .
(D) T : R3 → R3 is the orthogonal projection onto the xz-plane.

Chapter 8
Elementary Linear Algebra 12e –3– Anton/Rorres

Free Response Questions

 
a b
1. Let T : M22 → R be defined as T = a − d. Show that T is a linear transfor-
c d
mation and state its kernel.
 
2. Let the linear operator T : R2 → R2 be defined by T (x, y) = x − 2y, 2x + 3y .
(a) Find a basis for the range.
(b) Find a basis for the kernel.
(c) Find the rank and nullity.

3. Let T : V → W be a transformation. Prove that if T (cv1 + v2 ) = cT (v1 ) + T (v2 ) for

any vectors v1 and v2 in V and any scalar c, then T is a linear transformation.

4. Let T : V → W be a linear transformation.

(a) Prove that the kernel of T is a subspace of V .
(b) Prove that the range of T is a subspace of W .

5. Use
 the kernel
 to determine
 whether
 the transformation T : M22 → M23 defined as
a b a b 2 0 −1
T = is one-to-one.
c d c d 1 3 2

6. Let T : P3 → P3 be defined as T (p(x)) = p(x − 3). Show that T is one-to-one and find a
formula for T −1 (p(x)).

7. Let T : V → V be a one-to-one linear operator, and let dim(V ) = n be finite.

(a) Prove that T −1 exists.
(b) Prove that T −1 is one-to-one.
(c) Prove that (T −1 )−1 = T .

8. Prove that the identity operator is one-to-one and that its inverse is the identity operator.

9. Let TA : R3 → R3 be an isomorphism with

⎡ ⎤
0 1 k
⎢ ⎥
A=⎢ ⎣1 k 2⎥
⎦
k 2 0

where k is real. Find all possible values for k.

10. Show that P3 is isomorphic to M22 by finding an isomorphism T : P3 → M22 .

11. Let U and V be vector spaces.

Chapter 8
Elementary Linear Algebra 12e –4– Anton/Rorres

(a) Prove that U is isomorphic to itself.

(b) Prove that if U is isomorphic to V , then V is isomorphic to U .
12. Prove that if T1 : U → V and T2 : V → W are isomorphisms, then T2 ◦ T1 is also an
isomorphism.
13. Let T : P2 → P2 be defined by T (c0 + c1 x + c2 x2 ) = c1 x + 2c2 x2 . Find the matrix
[T ]B  ,B relative to the bases B = {1, x, x2 } and B  = {1 + x, 1 − x2 , x − x2 }.
14. Let T1 : U → V and T2 : V → U be linear transformations, and let B and B  be bases
for U and V respectively. Compute [T2 ◦ T1 ]B where
⎡ ⎤
1 0  
⎢ ⎥ 1 2 1
[T1 ]B  ,B = ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 1 2⎦ , [T2 ]B,B  = .
−2 2 1
−1 0
 
15. Let T : R2 → R2 be the linear operator defined by T (x, y) = 2x − y, 2x + y , and let
   
1 1
B= , be a basis for R2 .
1 2
(a) Find [T ]B .
(b) Use the result in part (a) to compute T (5, −3).
16. Let T : R2 → R3 be a linear transformation,
   B = {v
and let  1 , v2 } and

 B = {w1 , w2, w3 },
2 3
 for R and R , where v1 = 1, 2 , v2 = 1, 3 , w1 = 1, −1, 1 , w2 = 1, 0, 1 , and
be bases
w3 = 0, 1, −1 . Find a formula for T given that
⎡ ⎤
2 1
⎢ ⎥
[T ]B  ,B = ⎢
⎣ 1 3 ⎥.
⎦
3 0

17. Let T : V → V be a linear operator, and let B be any basis for V . If T is the identity
operator on V and V is n-dimensional, prove that [T ]B is always the n × n identity matrix.
18. Let T : R2 → R2 be the orthogonal projection onto the line y = x, and let B = {u1 , u2 }
       
1 1 1 0
and B  = {v1 , v2 } be bases for R2 where u1 = , u2 = , v1 = , v2 = .
1 −1 0 1
(a) Find [T ]B .
(b) Find [T ]B  using the equation [T ]B  = P −1 [T ]B P .
   
x 1 3x 1 + 4x 2
19. Let T : R2 → R2 be defined by T = .
x2 4x1 − 3x2

Chapter 8
Elementary Linear Algebra 12e –5– Anton/Rorres

(a) Find the eigenvalues of T .

(b) Find a basis for each eigenspace of T .

20. Prove that any square matrix is similar to itself.

21. Prove that if A and B are similar matrices, then AT is similar to B T .

22. Let T : V → V be a linear operator and let B and B  be bases for V . Let A = [T ]B ,
P = PB  →B , P −1 = PB→B  , and C = P −1 AP .
(a) Prove that det (A) = det (C).
(b) Prove that A and C have the same characteristic polynomial.
 
23. Find the shear in the y-direction of the vector −3, 1 by the factor k = 2 .

24. Find the standard matrix for the operator that rotates each vector clockwise about the
positive y-axis through an angle θ in R3 .

25. If the standard matrix A creates a shear in the x-direction by a factor k, what is the
effect of AT ?

26. Find the standard matrix in R3 for the composition of a counterclockwise rotation of 60◦
about the positive y-axis, followed by a projection onto the yz-plane, followed by a reflection
across the xy-plane.

27. Let T be defined by the equations

x1 + 2x2 + 2x3 = w1
2x1 + x2 + 2x3 = w2
2x1 + 2x2 + 3x3 = w3
 
Find the inverse operator T −1 w1 , w2 , w3 .

28. Prove that for any angle θ, the standard transformation T : R3 → R3 defined by
counterclockwise rotation about the positive x-axis through an angle θ is invertible.
√ √ 
2 2
−
29. Describe the effect of multiplication by the matrix √22 √
2
2
on the unit square.
2 2
 
−1 1
30. Express A = as a product of elementary matrices, and describe the effect of
0 12
multiplication by A in terms of shears, compressions, expansions and reflections.

Chapter 8
Elementary Linear Algebra 12e –6– Anton/Rorres

Answers

Multiple Choice Answers

1. (B)

2. (D)

3. (A)

4. (D)

5. (B)

6. (A)

7. (C)

8. (C)

9. (C)

10. (B)

11. (D)

Free Response Answers

1. Kernel consists of all matrices where a = d.
  
2. (a) B = 1, 0 , 0, 1
 
(b) ker(T ) = 0, 0

(c) rank(T ) = 2, nullity(T ) = 0

5. ker(T ) = 0, T is one-to-one

6. T −1 (p(x)) = p(x + 3)

9. All real k = 0, 2, −2.

 
a0 a1
10. Possible solution: T (a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 + a3 x3 ) =
a2 a3

Chapter 8
Elementary Linear Algebra 12e –7– Anton/Rorres
⎡ ⎤
1
0 2
1
⎢ ⎥
13. [T ]B  ,B = ⎢
⎣0 − 12 −1⎥
⎦
1
0 2
−1

 
2 4
14. [T2 ◦ T1 ]B =
−1 4
 
−1 −4
15. (a)
2 4
 
(b) 13, 7
 
16. T (x, y) = x + y, 5x − 2y, −8x + 4y
 
1 0
18. (a) [T ]B =
0 0
 
1 1
2 2
(b) [T ]B  = 1 1
2 2

19. (a) λ1 = 5, λ2 = −5
   
2 −1
(b) ,
1 2
 
23. −3, −5
⎡ ⎤
cos (θ) 0 −sin (θ)
⎢ ⎥
24. ⎢
⎣ 0 1 0⎥ ⎦
sin (θ) 0 cos (θ)

25. Shear in the y-direction by factor k.

⎡ ⎤
0 0 0
⎢ ⎥
26. ⎢
⎣ √0 1 0⎥
⎦
3
2
0 − 12

Chapter 8
Elementary Linear Algebra 12e –8– Anton/Rorres
 
27. w1 + 2w2 − 2w3 , 2w1 + w2 − 2w3 , −2w1 − 2w2 + 3w3

29. Counterclockwise rotation about the origin through an angle of 45◦ .

   
1 2 −1 0 1 0
30. A = 1
; Compression in the y-direction by a factor of 12 , then
0 1 0 1 0 2
reflection about the y-axis, then shear in the positive x-direction by a factor of 2.

Chapter 8