Java_Unit_1

Object Oriented Concepts using Java
UNIT – 1
Introduction to JAVA
OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING (OOP) :-
The major motivating factor in the invention of object oriented is to remove some of the
flaws encountered in the procedural oriented approach. Object oriented programming
treats data as a critical element in the program development and does not allow it to flow
freely around the system. It ties data more closely to the functions that operate on it, and
protects it from accidental modifications from outside functions.
Object oriented programming allows a decomposition of a problem into a number
entity called objects and then builds data and functions around these objects. The data of an
object can be accessed only by the functions associated with that object. However, functions
of one object can access the functions of other objects.
Organization of data and functions in object oriented programming

The object oriented programming can be defined as an “approach that provides a
way of modularising programs by creating partitioned memory area for both data and
functions that can be used as templates for creating copies of such modules on demand ".
Thus, an object is considered to be a partitioned area of computer memory that stores data
and set of operations that can access that data. Since the memory partitions are independent,
the objects can be used in a variety of different programs without modifications.
Some characteristics of Object Oriented Programming are :-

1) Emphasis is on data rather than procedures or algorithms.
2) Programs are divided into what are known as objects.
3) Data structures are designed such that characterise the objects.
4) Functions that operate on the data are tied together in the data structure.
5) Data is hidden and cannot be accessed by external functions.
6) Objects may communicate with each other through functions.
7) New data and functions can be easily added whenever necessary.
8) Follows bottom-up approach in program design.
Advantages/Benefits of Object Oriented Programming over Procedure Oriented
Programming: -
1. Reusability: In OOP’s programs functions and modules that are written by a user can
be reused by other users without any modification.
2. Inheritance: Through this we can eliminate redundant code and extend the use of
existing classes.
3. Data Hiding: The programmer can hide the data and functions in a class from other
classes. It helps the programmer to build the secure programs.
4. Reduced complexity of a problem: The given problem can be viewed as a collection of
different objects. Each object is responsible for a specific task. The problem is solved by
interfacing the objects. This technique reduces the complexity of the program design.
5. Easy to maintain and Upgrade: OOP makes it easy to maintain and modify existing
code as new objects can be created with small differences to existing ones.
6. Message Passing: The technique of message communication between objects makes
the interface with external systems easier.
7. Modifiability: it is easy to make minor changes in the data representation or the
procedures in an OO program. Changes inside a class do not affect any other part of a
program, since the only public interface that the external world has to a class is through
the use of methods;
CONCEPTS OF OOP’S
The prime purpose of Java programming was to add object orientation to the C
programming language, which is in itself one of the most powerful programming
languages.
The core of the pure object-oriented programming is to create an object, in code, that
has certain properties and methods. While designing Java modules, we try to see whole
world in the form of objects. For example, a car is an object, which has certain properties
such as color, number of doors, and the like. It also has certain methods such as accelerate,
brake, and so on.
There are a few principle concepts that form the foundation of object-oriented
programming:
1. Object.
2. Classes.
3. Inheritance.
4. Data Abstraction.
5. Data Encapsulation.
6. Polymorphism.
7. Dynamic Binding.
8. Message Passing
Message
Dynamic Passing
Binding
OBJECT:
Any real world entity which can have some characteristics or which can perform
some work is called as Object. Object is the basic unit of object-oriented programming.
Objects are identified by its unique name. An object represents a particular instance of a
class. There can be more than one instance of a class. Each instance of a class can hold its
own relevant data.
An Object is a collection of data members and associated member functions also

known as methods.
Object is used for run the class or invokes the class. So many objects can create for a single
class. Objects are the basic run-time entities in an object oriented system. They may
represent a person, a place or any item that the program has to handle.
Example: Man, Table, Bank Account, Bird, Car etc..,
CLASS:
Classes are data types based on which objects are created. Objects with similar
properties and methods are grouped together to form a Class. Thus a Class represents a set
of individual objects. Characteristics of an object are represented in a class as Properties. The
actions that can be performed by objects become functions of the class and are referred to as
Methods.
For example consider we have a Class of Cars under which Santro Xing, Alto and Wagener
represents individual Objects. In this context each Car Object will have its own, Model, Year
of Manufacture, Color, Top Speed, Engine Power etc., which form Properties of the Car class
and the associated actions i.e., object functions like Start, Move, and Stop form the Methods
of Car Class.
No memory is allocated when a class is created. Memory is allocated only when an object is
created, i.e., when an instance of a class is created.
DATA ABSTRACTION:
Data abstraction refers to providing only essential information to the outside world
and hiding their background details, i.e., to represent the needed information in program
without presenting the details.
Data abstraction is a programming (and design) technique that relies on the
separation of interface and implementation.
Let's take one real life example of a TV, which you can turn on and off, change the
channel, adjust the volume, and add external components such as speakers, VCRs, and DVD
players, BUT you do not know its internal details, that is, you do not know how it receives
signals over the air or through a cable, how it translates them, and finally displays them on
the screen.
Thus, we can say a television clearly separates its internal implementation from its
external interface and you can play with its interfaces like the power button, channel
changer, and volume control without having zero knowledge of its internals.
DATA ENCAPSULATION OR DATA/INFORMATION HIDING OR SECURITY:

Encapsulation is an Object Oriented Programming concept. Encapsulation is a
process of binding or wrapping the data and the codes that operates on the data into a single
entity. This keeps the data safe from outside interface and misuse. One way to think about
encapsulation is as a protective wrapper that prevents code and data from being arbitrarily
accessed by other code defined outside the wrapper. Data encapsulation led to the
important OOP concept of data hiding.
Example:
TV operation
It is encapsulated with cover and we can operate with remote and no need to
open TV and change the channel.
Here everything is in private except remote so that anyone can access not to operate and change the
things in TV.
INHERITANCE OR REUSABILITY
The mechanism that allows us to extend the definition of a class without making any
physical changes to the existing class is inheritance.
Inheritance lets you create new classes from existing class. Any new class that you create
from an existing class is called derived class; existing class is called base class.
The inheritance relationship enables a derived class to inherit features from its base
class. Furthermore, the derived class can add new features of its own. Therefore, rather than
create completely new classes from scratch, you can take advantage of inheritance and
reduce software complexity.
TYPES OF INHERITANCE
Single Inheritance: It is the inheritance hierarchy wherein one derived class inherits from
one base class.
Multiple Inheritance: It is the inheritance hierarchy wherein one derived class inherits from
multiple base classes. But java does not support multiple inheritance.
Hierarchical Inheritance: It is the inheritance hierarchy wherein multiple subclasses inherit

from one base class.
Multilevel Inheritance: It is the inheritance hierarchy wherein subclass acts as a base class
for other classes.
Hybrid Inheritance: The inheritance hierarchy that reflects any legal combination of other
four types of inheritance.
POLYMORPHISM
"Poly" means "many" and "morph" means "form". Polymorphism is the ability of an
object (or reference) to assume (be replaced by) or become many different forms of object.
Example: function overloading, function overriding, virtual functions.
Example1:
A Teacher behaves to student.
A Teacher behaves to his/her seniors.
Here teacher is an object but attitude is different in different situation.
Example2:
Below is a simple example of the above concept of polymorphism:
6 + 10
The above refers to integer addition.
The same + operator can also be used for floating point addition:
7.15 + 3.78
TYPES OF POLYMORPHISM
There are two types of polymorphism one is compile time polymorphism and the
other is run time polymorphism. Compile time polymorphism is functions and operators
overloading. Runtime time polymorphism is done using inheritance and virtual functions.
Here are some ways how we implement polymorphism in Object Oriented programming
languages.
Compile time polymorphism -> Function Overloading
Run time polymorphism -> Interface and abstract methods, Virtual member functions.
Compile Time Polymorphism:

The compiler is able to select the appropriate function for a particular call at compile -
time itself. This is known as compile-time polymorphism. The compile-time polymorphism
is implemented with templates.
 Method/Function overloading 
METHOD/FUNCTION OVERLOADING
Using a single function name to perform different types of tasks is known as function
overloading. Using the concept of function overloading, design a family of functions with one
function name but with different argument lists. The function would perform different
operations depending on the argument list in the function call. The correct function to b e
invoked is determined by checking the number and type of the arguments but not on the
function type.
Run-time:
The appropriate member function could be selected while the programming is
running. This is known as run-time polymorphism. The run-time polymorphism is
implemented with inheritance.
 Method/Function overriding 
METHOD/FUNCTION OVERRIDING
 If subclass (child class) has the same method as declared in the parent class, it is
known as method overriding in java.
 In other words, if subclass provides the specific implementation of the method that
has been provided by one of its parent class, it is known as method overriding. 
DYNAMIC BINDING
Binding refers connecting the function call to a function definition/implementation.
Or It is a link between the function call and function definition.
Types of Binding
 Static Binding.
 Dynamic Binding.
STATIC BINDING:
By default, matching of function call with the correct function definition happens at
compile time. This is called static binding or early binding or compile-time binding. Static
binding is achieved using function overloading and operator overloading. Even though
there are two or more functions with same name, compiler uniquely identifies each function
depending on the parameters passed to those functions.
DYNAMIC BINDING:
Java provides facility to specify that the compiler should match function calls with
the correct definition at the run time; this is called dynamic binding or late binding or run-
time binding. Dynamic binding is achieved using virtual functions. Base class pointer points
to derived class object. And a function is declared virtual in base class, then the matching
function is identified at run-time using virtual table entry.
MESSAGE PASSING
Message passing nothing but sending and receiving of information by the objects
same as people exchange information. So this helps in building systems that simulate real
life. Following are the basic steps in message passing.
 Creating classes that define objects and its behaviour. 
 Creating objects from class definitions 
 Establishing communication among objects 
In OOPs, Message Passing involves specifying the name of objects, the name of the function,
and the information to be sent.
For example: student.mark (name). Here student is object, mark is message, and name is
information.
APPLICATIONS OF OOP:
Applications of OOP are beginning to gain importance in many areas. The most
important application is user interface design. Real business systems are more complex and
contain many attributes and methods, but OOP applications can simplify a complex
problem.
1. User interface design such as windows, menu.
2. Real Time Systems
3. Simulation and Modeling
4. Object oriented databases
5. AI and Expert System
6. Neural Networks and parallel programming
7. Decision support and office automation system
8. Computer animation
9. To design Compiler
10. To access relational data base
11. To develop administrative tools and system tools
12. To develop computer games
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ABSTRACTION AND ENCAPSULATION: -

ABSTRACTION ENCAPSULATION
1. Abstraction solves the problem in the 1. Encapsulation solves the problem in the
design level. implementation level.
2. Abstraction is used for hiding the 2. Encapsulation means hiding the code
unwanted data and giving relevant data. and data into a single unit to protect the
data from outside world.
3. Abstraction lets you focus on what the 3. Encapsulation means hiding the
object does instead of how it does it internal details or mechanics of how an
object does something.
4. Abstraction- Outer layout, used in 4. Encapsulation- Inner layout, used in

terms of design. terms of implementation.
For Example:- For Example:- Inner Implementation
Outer Look of a Mobile Phone, like it has detail of a Mobile Phone, how keypad
a display screen and keypad buttons to button and Display Screen are connect
dial a number. with each other using circuits.
Introduction to Java
Java is a programming language and a platform. Java is a high level, robust, object-oriented
and secure programming language.
History of Java
The history of Java is very interesting. Java was originally designed for interactive
television, but it was to advanced technology for the digital cable television industry at the
time.
1) James Gosling, Mike Sheridan, and Patrick Naughton initiated the Java language project
in June 1991. The small team of sun engineers called Green Team.
2) Initially it was designed for small, embedded systems in electronic appliances like set-top
boxes.
3) Firstly, it was called "Greentalk" by James Gosling, and the file extension was .gt.
4) After that, it was called Oak and was developed as a part of the Green project.
5) Why Oak? Oak is a symbol of strength and chosen as a national tree of many countries
like the U.S.A., France, Germany, Romania, etc.
6) In 1995, Oak was renamed as "Java" because it was already a trademark by Oak
Technologies.
7) Why had they chose the name Java for Java language? The team gathered to choose a new
name. The suggested words were "dynamic", "revolutionary", "Silk", "jolt", "DNA", etc. They
wanted something that reflected the essence of the technology: revolutionary, dynamic,
lively, cool, unique, and easy to spell, and fun to say.
According to James Gosling, "Java was one of the top choices along with Silk". Since Java
was so unique, most of the team members preferred Java than other names.
8) Java is an island in Indonesia where the first coffee was produced (called Java coffee). It
is a kind of espresso bean. Java name was chosen by James Gosling while having a cup of
coffee nearby his office.
9) Notice that Java is just a name, not an acronym.
10) Initially developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems (which is now a subsidiary
of Oracle Corporation) and released in 1995.
11) In 1995, Time magazine called Java one of the Ten Best Products of 1995.
12) JDK 1.0 was released on January 23, 1996. After the first release of Java, there have been
many additional features added to the language. Now Java is being used in Windows
applications, Web applications, enterprise applications, mobile applications, cards, etc. Each
new version adds new features in Java.
Java Version History
Many java versions have been released till now. The current stable release of Java is Java SE
18.
1. JDK Alpha and Beta (1995)
2. JDK 1.0 (23rd Jan 1996)
3. JDK 1.1 (19th Feb 1997)
4. J2SE 1.2 (8th Dec 1998)
5. J2SE 1.3 (8th May 2000)
6. J2SE 1.4 (6th Feb 2002)
7. J2SE 5.0 (30th Sep 2004)
8. Java SE 6 (11th Dec 2006)
9. Java SE 7 (28th July 2011)
10. Java SE 8 (18th Mar 2014)
11. Java SE 9 (21st Sep 2017)
12. Java SE 10 (20th Mar 2018)
13. Java SE 11 (September 2018)
14. Java SE 12 (March 2019)
16. Java SE 14 (Mar 2020)
18. Java SE 16 (Mar 2021)
20. Java SE 18 (22 April 2022)
Features of Java
1. Compiled and Interpreted
2. Platform Independent and Portable
3. Object-Oriented
4. Robust and Secured
5. Distributed
6. Simple, Small and Familiar
7. Multithreaded & Interactive
8. High Performance
9. Dynamic & Extensible
10. Scalability and Performance
Compiled and Interpreted

Java has both Compiled and Interpreter Feature Program of java is First Compiled
and Then it is must to Interpret it .First of all The Program of java is Compiled then after
Compilation it creates Bytes Codes rather than Machine Language.
Then After Bytes Codes are Converted into the Machine Language is Converted into the
Machine Language with the help of the Interpreter So For Executing the java Program First
of all it is necessary to Compile it then it must be Interpreter
Platform Independent & Portable

Unlike other programming languages such as C, C++ etc which are compiled into
platform specific machines. Java is guaranteed to be Write-Once, Run-Anywhere language
(WORA also known as Platform Independent) language.
On compilation Java program is compiled into bytecode. This bytecode is platform
independent and can be run on any machine, plus this bytecode format also provides
security. Any machine with Java Runtime Environment can run Java Programs.
Here the MyFirstProgram.class generated on any machine(OS) can be run on any other
machine having same or different OS. This is why we call java is a platform independent
language.
As we know, java code written on one machine can be run on another machine. The
platform-independent feature of java in which its platform-independent bytecode can be
taken to any platform for execution makes java portable.
Object Oriented
We Know that is purely OOP Language that is all the Code of the java Language is Written
into the classes and Objects So For This feature java is Most Popular Language because it
also Supports Code Reusability, Maintainability etc. Java is not pure object oriented
language because it supports primitive data types (byte, int, float etc) which are not objects.
Robust & Secured

 Robust simply means strong.
 Java uses strong memory management.
 There is lack of pointers that avoids security problem.
 There is automatic garbage collection in java.
 There is exception handling and type checking mechanism in java.
Java is secure because it has features like automatic memory management, no explicit
pointer, bytecode verifier etc that enhances the security of java programs. As java does not
have concept of pointer and provides the automatic memory management, it reduces the
chances of memory leak. Bytecode verifier ensures that .class files are not edited explicitly,
any external edit fails the program to run. Also java program runs in a separate java virtual
machine which enhances it's security. These features together makes java one of the most
secured language.
Distributed
Java is also called a distributed language. This means java programs running on one
machine can easily access the resources (files, java objects etc) of other machine on
internet/network. Java provides class libraries for high-level support of networking. We
can also say, same or different applications running on different JVM on different machines
can interact with each other for sharing data over the internet. RMI and EJB are mostly used
for distributed programming.
Simple, Small & Familiar

The Java program is easy to build and implement when compared to languages
like C and C++ because most of the concepts in these languages that people felt were difficult or
confusing have been eliminated in Java. Removed many confusing and/or rarely-used features
e.g., explicit pointers, operator overloading etc. Also, the concepts in C and C++ that
programmers have enjoyed are included in Java.
Multi-threaded & Interactive

 A thread is like a separate program, executing concurrently.
 We can write Java programs that deal with many tasks at once by defining multiple
threads.
 The main advantage of multi-threading is that it doesn't occupy memory for each
thread.
 It shares a common memory area.
 Threads are important for multi-media, Web applications etc.
 The java runtimes comes with tools that support multiprocess synchronization and
construct smoothly running interactive systems.
High Performance
Java architecture is defined in such a way that it reduces overhead during the
runtime and at some time java uses Just In Time (JIT) compiler where the compiler
compiles code on-demand basics where it only compiles those methods that are called
making applications to execute faster.
Dynamic & Extensible

Java being completely object-oriented gives us the flexibility to add classes, new
methods to existing classes and even create new classes through sub-classes. Java even
supports functions written in other languages such as C, C++ which are referred to as
native methods. This facility enables the programmers to use the efficient functions
available in these languages. Native methods are linked dynamically at runtime.
Scalability and Performance

J2SE 5.0 assures a significant increase in scalability and performance by improving
the startup time and reducing the amount of memory used in java 2 runtime environment.
C vs C++ vs Java
The languages are based on each other but still, they are different in design and
philosophy. The following table describes the major differences between C, C++, and Java.
It will help you to select which language you have to learn.
S.N. Basis C C++ Java
The Java
The C++ language
The C language is programming
1 Origin is based on the C
based on BCPL. language is based on
language.
both C and C++.
It is an object- It is a pure object-
Programming It is a procedural oriented oriented
2
Pattern language. programming programming
language. language.
It also uses the
It uses the top-down It uses the bottom-
3 Approach bottom-up
approach. up approach.
approach.
It is a static It is also a static It is a dynamic
Dynamic or
4 programming programming programming
Static
language. language. language.
Code The code is executed The code is The code is executed
5
Execution directly. executed directly. by the JVM.
It is platform-
Platform It is platform It is platform
6 independent because
Dependency dependent. dependent.
of byte code.
Java uses both
It also uses a
It uses a compiler compiler and
compiler only to
only to translate the interpreter and it is
7 Translator translate the code
code into machine also known as an
into machine
language. interpreted
language.
language.
File It generates the .exe, It generates .exe It generates .class
8
Generation and .bak, files. file. file.
There There There
Number of
9 are 32 keywords in are 60 keywords in are 52 keywords in
Keyword
the C language. the C++ language. the Java language.
Source File The source file has a The source file has The source file has a
10
Extension .c extension. a .cpp extension. .java extension.
Java does not
Pointer It also supports support the pointer
11 It supports pointer.
Concept pointer. concept because of
security.
It also supports
Union and It supports union It does not support
union and
12 Structure and structure data union and structure
structure data
Datatype types. data types.
types.
It uses pre-
It uses pre-processor
processor It does not use
Pre-processor directives such as
13 directives such as directives but uses
Directives #include, #define,
#include, #define, packages.
etc.
#header, etc.
It does not support It supports both
Constructor/ It supports
14 constructor and constructor and
Destructor constructors only.
destructor. destructor.
It supports
Exception It does not support It also supports
15 exception
Handling exception handling. exception handling.
handling.
It uses the calloc(),
It uses new and
malloc(), free(), and It uses a garbage
Memory delete operator to
16 realloc() methods to collector to manage
Management manage the
manage the the memory.
memory.
memory.
Method and
It does not support Only method
operator
17 Overloading the overloading overloading can be
overloading can be
concept. achieved.
achieved.
goto It supports the goto It also supports the It does not support
18
Statement statement. goto statement. the goto statements.
It is used to develop
It is widely used to It is widely used web applications,
19 Used for develop drivers and for system mobile applications,
operating systems. programming. and windows
applications.
An array can
be declared
An array should be
without
declared with size. An array should be
20 Array Size declaring the
For example, int declared with size.
size. For
num[10].
example, int
num[].
Is Java a pure object-oriented programming language?

Object oriented programming (OOP) language uses an object-oriented
programming technique that binds related data and functions into an object and encourages
reuse of these objects within the same and other programs. Many languages are Object
Oriented and there are seven qualities to be satisfied for a programming language to be
pure Object Oriented. They are:
 Encapsulation/Data Hiding
 Inheritance
 Polymorphism
 Abstraction
 All predefined types are objects
 All operations are performed by sending messages to objects
 All user-defined types are objects.
Java is pure object oriented or not?
There are lot of arguments around whether Java is purely object oriented or not. Java is not
a pure OOP language due to two reasons:
 The first reason is that the Object oriented programming language should only have
objects whereas java contains 8 primitive data types like char, boolean, byte, short,
int, long, float, double which are not objects. These primitive data types can be used
without the use of any object. (Eg. int x=10; System.out.print(x.toString());)
 The second reason related to the static keyword. In pure object oriented language,
we should access everything by message passing (through objects). But java contains
static variables and methods which can be accessed directly without using objects.
That means, when we declare a class as 'static' then it can be referenced without the
use of an object.
Java Virtual Machine

As we know that, all programming language compilers convert the source code to
machine code. Same job done by Java Compiler to run a Java program, but the difference is
that Java compiler convert the source code into Intermediate code is called as bytecode. This
machine is called the Java Virtual machine and it exits only inside the computer memory.
Following figure shows the process of compilation.
The Virtual machine code is not machine specific. The machine specific code is generated
by Java interpreter by acting as an intermediary between the virtual machine and real
machines as shown above diagram.
Java Object Framework act as the intermediary between the user programs and the virtual
machine which in turn act as the intermediary between the operating system and the Java
Object Framework.
Fig : Layers of Interaction for Java programs

Java Environment
Java environment includes a number of development tools, classes and methods. The
development tools are part of the system known as Java Development Kit (JDK) and the
classes and methods are part of the Java Standard Library (JSL), also known as the
Application Programming Interface (API).
Java Development kit (JDK) – The JDK comes with a set of tools that are used for
developing and running Java program. It includes:
1. Appletviewer ( It is used for viewing the applet)
2. javac (It is a Java Compiler)
3. java (It is a java interpreter)
4. javap (Java disassembler, which convert byte code into program description)
5. javah (It is for java C header files)
6. javadoc (It is for creating HTML document)
7. jdb (It is Java debugger)
For compiling and running the program, we have to use following commands:
a) javac (Java compiler) In java, we can use any text editor for writing program and
then save that program with “.java” extension. Java compiler is a platform independent. Java
compiler convert the source code or program in bytecode and interpreter convert “.java”
file in “.class” file. Syntax: C:\javac filename.java If my filename is “abc.java” then the
syntax will be
C:\javac abc.java
b) java (Java Interpreter) As the Java compiler compiles the source code into the Java
bytecode. In the same way, the Java interpreter converts or translates the bytecode into the
machine-understandable format i.e. machine code, after that the machine code interacts
with the operating system. Java interpreter is a platform dependent.
C:\java ab
Overview of Java
Java is a general purpose, object oriented programming language
Java programs are divided in to two parts

 Stand-alone program
 Web applets
Stand-alone program
 Stand-alone programs are simple programs
 They written in java to carry out certain tasks on a standalone local computer
Web Applications or Applets or Internet Applications

 Web applets small type of Java programs
 They developed for internet applications
 These programs are called Applet programs
 Applet programs can be executed through the use of Internet
 These applet programs contains an different file with an extension of HTML
 An applet can run within a web browser
Two ways of using Java
Where it is used?
According to Sun, 3 billion devices run java. There are many devices where java is
currently used. Some of them are as follows:
1. Desktop Applications such as acrobat reader, media player, antivirus etc.
2. Web Applications such as irctc.co.in, javatpoint.com etc.
3. Enterprise Applications such as banking applications.
4. Mobile
5. Embedded System
6. Smart Card
7. Robotics
8. Games etc.
Structure of Java Program
Documentation Section
It is used to improve the readability of the program. It consists of comments in Java
that include basic information such as the method’s usage or functionality to make it easier
for the programmer to understand it while reviewing or debugging the code. A Java
comment is not necessarily limited to a confined space, it can appear anywhere in the code.
The compiler ignores these comments during the time of execution and is solely meant for
improving the readability of the Java program.
There are three types of comments that Java supports
 Single line Comment
 Multi-line Comment
 Documentation Comment
Let us look at an example to understand how we can use the above-mentioned comments in
a Java program.
// a single line comment is declared like this
/* a multi-line comment is declared like this
and can have multiple lines as a comment */
/** a documentation comment starts with a delimiter and ends with */
Package Statement
There is a provision in Java that allows you to declare your classes in a collection called
package. There can be only one package statement in a Java program and it has to be at the
beginning of the code before any class or interface declaration. This statement is optional, for
example, take a look at the statement below.
package student;
This statement declares that all the classes and interfaces defined in this source file are a part
of the student package. Only one package can be declared in the source file.
Import Statement
Many predefined classes are stored in packages in Java, an import statement is used
to refer to the classes stored in other packages. An import statement is always written after
the package statement but it has to be before any class declaration.
We can import a specific class or classes in an import statement. Take a look at the example
to understand how to import statement works in Java.
import java.util.Date; //imports the date class

import java.applet.*; //imports all the classes from the java applet package
Interface Section
This section is used to specify an interface in Java. It is an optional section which is
mainly used to implement multiple inheritances in Java. An interface is a lot similar to a class
in Java but it contains only constants and method declarations.
An interface cannot be instantiated but it can be implemented by classes or extended by other
interfaces.
interface stack
{
void push(int item);
void pop();
}
Class Definition
A Java program may contain several class definitions, classes are an essential part of
any Java program. It defines the information about the user-defined classes in a program.
A class is a collection of variables and methods that operate on the fields. Every program in
Java will have at least one class with the main method.
Main Method Class

The main method is from where the execution actually starts and follows the order
specified for the following statements.
Let’s take a look at a sample program to understand how it is structured.
public class Example
{
//main method declaration
public static void main (String[] args)
{
System.out.println("hello world");
}}
Let’s analyse the above program line by line to understand how it works.
public class Example

This creates a class called Example. You should make sure that the class name starts
with a capital letter, and the public word means it is accessible from any other classes.
Comments
To improve the readability, we can use comments to define a specific note or
functionality of methods, etc for the programmer.
Braces
The curly brackets are used to group all the commands together. To make sure that
the commands belong to a class or a method.
public static void main

 When the main method is declared public, it means that it can be used outside of this
class as well.
 The word static means that we want to access a method without making its objects. As
we call the main method without creating any objects.
 The word void indicates that it does not return any value. The main is declared as void
because it does not return any value.
 Main is the method, which is an essential part of any Java program.
String[] args
It is an array where each element is a string, which is named as args. If you run the
Java code through a console, you can pass the input parameter. The main() takes it as an
input.
System.out.println();
The statement is used to print the output on the screen where the system is a
predefined class, out is an object of the PrintWriter class. The method println prints the text
on the screen with a new line. All Java statements end with a semicolon.
When we consider a Java program, it can be defined as a collection of objects that
communicate via invoking each other's methods. Let us now briefly look into what do class,
object, methods, and instance variables mean.
 Object − Objects have states and behaviors. Example: A dog has states - color, name,
breed as well as behavior such as wagging their tail, barking, eating. An object is an
instance of a class.
 Class − A class can be defined as a template/blueprint that describes the
behavior/state that the object of its type supports. 
 Methods − A method is basically a behavior. A class can contain many methods. It is
in methods where the logics are written, data is manipulated and all the actions are
executed. 
 Instance Variables − Each object has its unique set of instance variables. An object's
state is created by the values assigned to these instance variables. 
Implementing a Java program

Implementing involves three steps
1. Creating the program

2. Compiling the program
3. Running the program
Creating & Running the program

Step1: Java programs can be created by using any text editor or in notepad
Step2: The Java programs are store with the extension of mainclassname.java
Step3: After creating the programs has been compiled
Step4: For compiling programs always use javac filename.java in the command prompt
Step5: Then run the program java filename

For running programs use statement java program name
JAVA TOKENS:
 A token is the smallest element of a program that is meaningful to the compiler.
 These tokens define the structure of the Java language.
 While submit a Java program to the Java compiler, the compiler scans the text and
extracts individual tokens.
Java tokens can be broken into five categories:
1. Identifiers
2. Keywords
3. Literals
4. Operators
5. Separators
The Java compiler also recognizes and subsequently removes comments and whitespaces.
Example:
public class Hello
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
System.out.println(“Welcome in Java”); //print welcome in java
}
}
In above Example,
 The source code contains tokens such as public, class, Hello, {, public, static, void,
main, (, String, [], args, {, System, out, println(, “welcome in Java”, }, }.
 The resulting tokens· are compiled into Java bytecodes that is capable of being run
from within an interpreted java environment.
 Token are useful for compiler to detect errors.
 When tokens are not arranged in a particular sequence, the compiler generates an
error message.
Identifiers:
 Identifiers are tokens that represent names.
 These names can be assigned to variables, methods, and classes to uniquely identify
them to the compiler.
Identifiers are,
 Sequence of Uppercase letters(A to Z)
 Sequence of Lowercase letters (a to z)
 Numbers (0 to 9)
 Underscore (_)
 Dollar Symbol ($)
Rules of Identifiers or Variables

1. Should be single word. That is spaces are not allowed.
Example: mangoprice is valid but mango price is not valid.
2. Should start with a letter (alphabet) or underscore or $ symbol.
Example: price, _price and $price are valid identifiers.
3. Should not be a keyword of Java as keyword carries special meaning to the compiler.
Example: class or void etc.
4. Should not start with a digit but digit can be in the middle or at the end.
Example: 5mangoescost is not valid and mango5cost and mangocost5 are valid.
5. Length of an identifier in Java can be of 65,535 characters and all are significant.
6. Identifiers are case-sensitive. That is both mango and Mango are treated differently.
7. Can contain all uppercase letters or lowercase letters or a mixture.
Valid and invalid Java identifiers.
Valid Invalid
HelloWorld Hello World (uses a space)
Hi_JAVA Hi JAVA! (uses a space and punctuation mark)
value3 3value(begins with a number)
Tall short (this is a Java keyword)
$age #age (does not begin with any other symbol except _ $ )
Keywords or Reserved Words or Predefined words
Keywords are pre-defined, reserved words used in Java programming that have
special meanings to the compiler. In Java, we have 53 such reserved words, out of which 48
are in use and 2 are reserved but not in use and 3 are reserved literals.
For example:
int score;
Here, int is a keyword. It indicates that the variable score is of integer type (32-bit signed
two's complement integer).
You cannot use keywords like int, for, class, etc as variable name (or identifiers) as they are
part of the Java programming language syntax. Here is the complete list of all keywords in
Java programming.
Constants or Literals
Constants in java are fixed values those are not changed during the execution of
program java supports several types of Constants those are :
JAVA
CONSTANTS
Non-Numeric or
NUMERIC
CHARACTER
CONSTANTS CONSTANTS
SINGLE
INTEGER REAL/FLOAT STRING
CHARACTER
CONSTANTS CONSTANTS CONSTANTS CONSTANTS
Integer constants
 An integer constant refers to a sequence of digits. It includes,
1. Decimal integer
2. Octal integer
3. Hexadecimal integer
1. Decimal Integer
 It consists of a set of digits, 0 through 9, preceded by an optional minus sign.
 Valid examples of integer constants are, 123, -321, 0 ,654321
 Embedded spaces, commas & non-digit characters are not permitted b/w
digits.
For eg: 15 750, 20,00 , $1000

2. Octal integer
 It consists of any combination of digits from the set 0 through 7, with a leading
0.
eg: 037 , 0, 0435, 0551

3. Hexadecimal integer
 A sequence of digits preceded by 0x or 0X is considered as hexadecimal
integers.
 It may also include alphabets A through F or a through f.
 A letter A through F represents the numbers 10 through 15.
E.g. 0X2, 0X9F, 0xbcd 0x
Real constants
 Quantities are represented by numbers containing fractional part like 17.678.
 Such numbers are called real/floating point constants.
E.g. 0.0083, -0.75, 435.36

 It is possible that the number may not have digits before the decimal point or digit
after the decimal points.
E.g. 215.0, .95 , -.71

 A real numbers may also be expressed in exponential or scientific notation.
(E.g.) the value 215.65 may be written as 2.156e2 in exponential notation. e2 means
multiply by 10power2. The general form is,
Mantissa e exponent
Character constants
Single Character constants
 A single character constant or simply character constant contains a single character
enclosed within a pair of single quote marks.
 The characters may be alphabets, digits, special characters and blank spaces.
Eg: ‘x’ , ‘A’ , ‘5’, ‘;’, ‘ ‘

 The character constant ‘5’ is not the same as the number 5. The last constant is a blank
space.
String constants
 A string constant is a sequence of characters enclosed between double quotes. The
characters may be alphabets, digits, special characters and blank spaces.
Eg: “hello java” “2013” “welcome” “#$%....!” “3+2” “x"
EXAMPLE PROGRAM:
class Simple
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int a=10;
int b=10;
int c=a+b;
System.out.println(c);
}
}
Declaring constant in Java
In Java, to declare any variable as constant, we use static and final modifiers. It is also
known as non-access modifiers. According to the Java naming convention the identifier
name must be in capital letters.
Static and Final Modifiers

o The purpose to use the static modifier is to manage the memory.
o It also allows the variable to be available without loading any instance of the class in
which it is defined.
o The final modifier represents that the value of the variable cannot be changed. It also
makes the primitive data type immutable or unchangeable.
The syntax to declare a constant is as follows:

54.9M
884
Hello Java Program for Beginners
1. static final datatype identifier_name=value;
For example, price is a variable that we want to make constant.
2. static final double PRICE=432.78;
Where static and final are the non-access modifiers. The double is the data type and PRICE
is the identifier name in which the value 432.78 is assigned.
In the above statement, the static modifier causes the variable to be available without an
instance of its defining class being loaded and the final modifier makes the variable fixed.
Here a question arises that why we use both static and final modifiers to declare a
constant?
If we declare a variable as static, all the objects of the class (in which constant is defined)
will be able to access the variable and can be changed its value. To overcome this problem,
we use the final modifier with a static modifier.
When the variable defined as final, the multiple instances of the same constant value will
be created for every different object, which is not desirable.
When we use static and final modifiers together, the variable remains static and can be
initialized once. Therefore, to declare a variable as constant, we use both static and final
modifiers. It shares a common memory location for all objects of its containing class.
DATA TYPES:
 Every variable in java has a data type.
 Data types specify the size and type of values that can be stored.
 Java language is rich in its data types.
 Primitive types are also called as intrinsic or built-in types.
 Derived data types are also known as reference types.
 Based on the data type of a variable, the operating system allocates memory and
decides what can be stored in the reserved memory.
There are two data types available in Java −

 Primitive Data Types or Intrinsic or Built-in types. 
 Reference/Non-Primitive/User Defined Types
Primitive Data Types

 The primitive data types are the predefined data types of Java. They specify the size
and type of any standard values.
 There are eight primitive datatypes supported by Java.
 Primitive datatypes are predefined by the language and named by a keyword.
 Let us now look into the eight primitive data types in detail
.
byte
 Byte data type is an 8-bit signed two's complement integer 
 Minimum value is -128 (-2^7) 
 Maximum value is 127 (inclusive)(2^7 -1) 
 Default value is 0
 Byte data type is used to save space in large arrays, mainly in place of integers, since
a byte is four times smaller than an integer. 
 Example: byte a = 100, byte b = -50
short
 Short data type is a 16-bit signed two's complement integer
 Minimum value is -32,768 (-2^15) 
 Maximum value is 32,767 (inclusive) (2^15 -1)
 Short data type can also be used to save memory as byte data type. A short is 2 times
smaller than an integer
 Default value is 0.
 Example: short s = 10000, short r = -20000
int
 Int data type is a 32-bit signed two's complement integer.
 Minimum value is - 2,147,483,648 (-2^31)
 Maximum value is 2,147,483,647(inclusive) (2^31 -1)
 Integer is generally used as the default data type for integral values unless there is a
concern about memory.
 The default value is 0
 Example: int a = 100000, int b = -200000
Example Program:
class Simple
{
{
int a=10;
float f=a;
System.out.println(a);
System.out.println(f);
}
}
Output:
10
10.0
long
 Long data type is a 64-bit signed two's complement integer
 Minimum value is -9,223,372,036,854,775,808(-2^63) 
 Maximum value is 9,223,372,036,854,775,807 (inclusive)(2^63 -1) 
 This type is used when a wider range than int is needed
 Default value is 0L
 Example: long a = 100000L, long b = -200000L 
float
 Float data type is a single-precision 32-bit IEEE 754 floating point
 Float is mainly used to save memory in large arrays of floating point numbers 
 Default value is 0.0f
 Float data type is never used for precise values such as currency
 Example: float f1 = 234.5f
double
 double data type is a double-precision 64-bit IEEE 754 floating point 
 This data type is generally used as the default data type for decimal values, generally
the default choice 
 Double data type should never be used for precise values such as currency
 Default value is 0.0d
 Example: double d1 = 123.4
boolean
 boolean data type represents one bit of information 
 There are only two possible values: true and false 
 This data type is used for simple flags that track true/false conditions
 Default value is false 
 Example: boolean one = true 
char
 char data type is a single 16-bit Unicode character 
 Minimum value is '\u0000' (or 0) 
 Maximum value is '\uffff' (or 65,535 inclusive) 
 Char data type is used to store any character 
 Example: char letterA = 'A'
Data Size Default Description

Type (Bytes) Value
byte 1 0 Stores whole numbers from -128 to 127
short 2 0 Stores whole numbers from -32,768 to 32,767
int 4 0 Stores whole numbers from -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647
long 8 0 Stores whole numbers from -9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to
9,223,372,036,854,775,807
float 4 0.0f Stores fractional numbers. Sufficient for storing 6 to 7 decimal
digits
double 8 0.0f Stores fractional numbers. Sufficient for storing 15 decimal
digits
boolean 1 bit False Stores true or false values
char 2 null Stores a single character/letter or ASCII values
Reference Datatypesor Object data types or User defined data types

 These are also referred to as Non-primitive or Reference Data Type. They are so-
called because they refer to any particular objects. Unlike the primitive data types,
the non-primitive ones are created by the users in Java. Examples include arrays,
strings, classes, interfaces etc. When the reference variables will be stored, the variable
will be stored in the stack and the original object will be stored in the heap. 
 Reference variables are created using defined constructors of the classes. They are
used to access objects. These variables are declared to be of a specific type that
cannot be changed. For example, Employee, Puppy, etc.
 Class objects and various type of array variables come under reference datatype. 
 Default value of any reference variable is null. 
 A reference variable can be used to refer any object of the declared type or any
compatible type. 
 Example: Animal animal = new Animal("giraffe"); 
VARIABLE
Variable is a value, which changes during the execution of the program. Variable is
name of reserved area allocated in memory. In other words, it is a name of memory location.
It is a combination of "vary + able" that means its value can be changed.
Variables are nothing but reserved memory locations to store values. This means that
when you create a variable you reserve some space in the memory.
E.g. int data=50; //Here data is variable

Types of Variable
There are three types of variables in java:
o Local variable
o Instance variable
o Static variable
Local Variables
 Local variables are declared in methods, constructors, or blocks. 
 Local variables are created when the method, constructor or block is entered and the
variable will be destroyed once it exits the method, constructor, or block.
 Access modifiers cannot be used for local variables. 
 Local variables are visible only within the declared method, constructor, or block. 
 There is no default value for local variables, so local variables should be declared
and an initial value should be assigned before the first use. 
Example
class Functionoverloading
{
public void add(int x, int y)
{
int sum; //local variables
sum=x+y;
System.out.println(sum);
}
public void add(double a, double b)
{
double total; //local variables
total=a+b;
System.out.println(total);
}
}
class Mainfunover
{
{
Functionoverloading obj = new Functionoverloading();
obj.add(10,20);
obj.add(10.40,10.30);
}
}
Output:
Instance Variables
 Instance variables are declared in a class, but outside a method, constructor or any
block.
 When a space is allocated for an object in the heap, a slot for each instance variable
value is created.
 Instance variables are created when an object is created with the use of the keyword
'new' and destroyed when the object is destroyed.
 Instance variables can be accessed directly by calling the variable name inside the
class.
import java.io.*;
public class Employee
{
// this instance variable is visible for any child class.
public String name;
// salary variable is visible in Employee class only.
private double salary;
// the name variable is assigned in the constructor.

public Employee (String empName)
{
name = empName;
}
// The salary variable is assigned a value.
public void setSalary(double empSal)
{
salary = empSal;
}
// this method prints the employee details.
public void printEmp()
{
System.out.println("name : " + name );
System.out.println("salary :" + salary);
}

{
Employee empOne = new Employee("Hansika");
empOne.setSalary(1000);
empOne.printEmp();
}
}
This will produce the following result −
Output
name : Hansika
salary :1000.0
Class/Static Variables
 Class variables also known as static variables are declared with the static keyword
in a class, but outside a method, constructor or a block.
 There would only be one copy of each class variable per class, regardless of how
many objects are created from it.
 Static variables are created when the program starts and destroyed when the
program stops.
 Visibility is similar to instance variables. However, most static variables are declared
public since they must be available for users of the class.
 Static variables can be accessed by calling with the class
name ClassName.VariableName.
Example
/* Program with class variable that is available for all instances of a class. Use static
variable declaration. Observe the changes that occur in the object’s member variable
values.*/
class StaticDemo
{
static int count=0; //static variable declaration
public void increment()
{
count++;
}
{
StaticDemo obj1=new StaticDemo ();
StaticDemo obj2=new StaticDemo ();
obj1.increment();
obj2.increment();
System.out.println("Obj1: count is="+obj1.count);
System.out.println("Obj2: count is="+obj2.count);
}
}
Output:
Operators
An operator is a special symbol that tells the compiler to perform a specific
mathematical or logical operation on one or more operands where an operand can be an
expression. An operation is an action(s) performed on one or more operands that evaluates
mathematical expressions or change the data.
There are many types of operators in java, which are given below:
Unary Operator
Unary operators are the types that need only one operand to perform any operation
like increment, decrement, negation, etc.
Operator Description Example
++ Increment var a=10; a++; Now a = 11
-- Decrement var a=10; a--; Now a = 9
Arithmetic Operators:
Arithmetic operators are used to perform arithmetic operations on the operands. The
following operators are known as Java arithmetic operators.
+ Addition 10+20 = 30
- Subtraction 20-10 = 10
* Multiplication 10*20 = 200
/ Division 20/10 = 2
% Modulus (Remainder) 20%10 = 0
Example:
class OperatorExample
{
{
System.out.println(10*10/5+3-1*4/2);
}
}
Output: 21
Relational Operators are a bunch of binary operators used to check for relations between
two operands, including equality, greater than, less than, etc. They return a boolean result
after the comparison and are extensively used in looping statements as well as conditional if-
else statements and so on.
== Is equal to 10==20 = false
=== Identical (equal and of same type) 10==20 = false
!= Not equal to 10!=20 = true
!== Not Identical 20!==20 = false
> Greater than 20>10 = true
>= Greater than or equal to 20>=10 = true
< Less than 20<10 = false
<= Less than or equal to 20<=10 = false
Example
public class Test
{
{
int a = 10,b = 20;
System.out.println("a == b = " + (a == b) );
System.out.println("a != b = " + (a != b) );
System.out.println("a > b = " + (a > b) );
System.out.println("a < b = " + (a < b) );
System.out.println("b >= a = " + (b >= a) );
}
}
Output
a == b = false
a != b = true
a > b = false
a < b = true
b >= a = true
Logical Operators:
These operators are used to perform logical “AND”, “OR” and “NOT” operation,
i.e. the function similar to AND gate and OR gate in digital electronics. They are used to
combine two or more conditions/constraints or to complement the evaluation of the
original condition under particular consideration.
&& Logical AND (10==20 && 20==33) = false
|| Logical OR (10==20 || 20==33) = false
! Logical Not !(10==20) = true
Bitwise Operators:
Bitwise operators are used to performing the manipulation of individual bits of a
number. They can be used with any integral type (char, short, int, etc.).
& Bitwise AND (10==20 & 20==33) = false
| Bitwise OR (10==20 | 20==33) = false
^ Bitwise XOR (10==20 ^ 20==33) = false
~ Bitwise NOT (~10) = -10
<< Bitwise Left Shift (10<<2) = 40
>> Bitwise Right Shift (10>>2) = 2
>>> Bitwise Right Shift with Zero (10>>>2) = 2

Assignment Operators:
These operators are used to assign values to a variable. The left side operand of the
assignment operator is a variable, and the right side operand of the assignment operator
is a value. The value on the right side must be of the same data type of the operand on the
left side.
= Assign 10+10 = 20
+= Add and assign var a=10; a+=20; Now a = 30
-= Subtract and assign var a=20; a-=10; Now a = 10
*= Multiply and assign var a=10; a*=20; Now a = 200
/= Divide and assign var a=10; a/=2; Now a = 5
%= Modulus and assign var a=10; a%=2; Now a = 0
Java Ternary Operator

Java ternary operator is the only conditional operator that takes three operands. It is
a one-liner replacement for the if-then-else statement and is used a lot in Java programming.
We can use the ternary operator in place of if-else conditions or even switch conditions using
nested ternary operators. The ternary operator (conditional operator) is shorthand for the if -
then-else statement.
Syntax:
variable = Expression ? expression1 : expression2
Here's how it works.

If the Expression is true, expression1 is assigned to the variable.
If the Expression is false, expression2 is assigned to the variable.
Let's see an example of a ternary operator.
class Java
{
{
int februaryDays = 29;
String result;
// ternary operator
result = (februaryDays == 28) ? "Not a leap year" : "Leap year";
System.out.println(result);
}
}
Output
Leap year
In the above example, we have used the ternary operator to check if the year is a leap year
or not.
Other operators
Besides these operators, there are other additional operators in Java.
Java instanceof Operator

The instanceof operator checks whether an object is an instanceof a particular class.
For example,
class Main
{
{
String str = "Programiz";
boolean result;
// checks if str is an instance of

// the String class
result = str instanceof String;
System.out.println("Is str an object of String? " + result);
}
}
Output
Is str an object of String? true
Here, str is an instance of the String class. Hence, the instanceof operator returns true.
Special Operators
The following operators are known as Java special operators.
Operator Description
, Comma Operator allows multiple expressions to be evaluated as single

statement.
instanceof checks if the object is an instance of given type
New creates an instance (object)
Yield Checks what is returned in a generator by the generator's iterator.
Expressions
 Expressions are a combination of variables, constants & operators arranged as per
the syntax of the language.
 Java can handle any complex mathematical expressions.
Algebraic expression Java expression

Ab-c A*b-c
(m+n)(x+y) (m+n)*(x+y)
Ab/c A*b/c
3x2+2x+1 3*x*x+2*x+1
Evaluation of expression:
 Expressions are evaluated using an assignment statement of the form
Variable=expression;
 Variable is any valid java variable name.
 When the statement is encountered, the expression is evaluated first & the result then
replaces the previous value of the variable on the left-hand side.
Ex:
X=a*b-c;
Y=b/c*a;
Z=a-b/c + d;
 The blank spaces around an operator are optional & it is added only to improve
readability.
 The variables a, b, c, d must be defined before they are used in the expression.
Operator Precedence
Example:
class OperatorExample
{
{
System.out.println(10*10/5+3-1*4/2); //expression
}
}
Output:
21
Java Control Statement

Java compiler executes the code from top to bottom. The statements in the code are
executed according to the order in which they appear. However, Java provides statements
that can be used to control the flow of Java code. Such statements are called control flow
statements. It is one of the fundamental features of Java, which provides a smooth flow of
program.
Control Statements can be divided into three categories, namely

 Selection statements or Branching or Decision Making 
 Iteration statements or Looing or Iterative 
 Jump statements
Selection statements or Branching or Decision Making

 Selection statement is also called as Decision-making statements because it provides
the decision-making capabilities to the statements.
 In selection statement, there are two types:
1. if statement
2. Switch statement.
Java if statement
The Java if statement is used to test the condition. It checks Boolean
condition: true or false. There are various types of if statement in java.
o if statement
o if-else statement
o Nested if-else statement
o if-else-if ladder
if Statement or One way Branching

The Java if statement tests the condition. It
executes the if block if condition is true.
Syntax:
if(condition)
{
//code to be executed
}
Example:
public class IfExample
{
public static void main(String[] arg)
{
int age=20;
if(age>18)
{
System.out.print("Age is greater than 18");
}
}}
Output:
Age is greater than 18
if-else Statement or Two way branching

The Java if-else statement also tests the condition. It executes the if block if condition
is true otherwise else block is executed.
Syntax:
if(condition)
{
//code if condition is true
}
else
{
//code if condition is false
}
Example:
/* Program to assign two integer values to X and
Y. Using the ‘if’ statement the output of the
program should display a message whether X is
greater than Y.*/
class Largest
{
public static void main(String...args)
{
int x=51;
int y=5;
if(x>y)
{
System.out.println("Largest is x = "+x);
}
else
{
System.out.println("Largest is y = "+y);
}
}}
Output:
Nested if – else statement
The Nested if-else statement executes one if or else if statement inside another if or
else if statement.
Syntax:
if(Boolean_expression 1)
{
// Executes when the Boolean expression 1 is true
if(Boolean_expression 2)
{
// Executes when the Boolean expression 2 is true
}
}
Example:
public class Test
{
{
int x = 30;
int y = 10;
if( x == 30 )
{
if( y == 10 )
{
System.out.print("X = 30 and Y = 10");
}
}
}
}
if-else-if ladder Statement
The if-else-if ladder statement executes one condition from multiple statements.
Syntax:
if(condition1)
{
//code to be executed if condition1 is true
}
else if(condition2)
{
}
else if(condition3)
{
}
...
Else
{
//code to be executed if all the conditions are false
}
Example:
public class IfElseIfExample
{
{
int marks=65;
if(marks<50)
{
System.out.println("fail");
}
else if(marks>=50 && marks<60)
{
System.out.println("D grade");
}
{
System.out.println("C grade");
}
{
System.out.println("B grade");
}
{
System.out.println("A grade");
}
{
System.out.println("A+ grade");
}
else
{
System.out.println("Invalid!");
}
}
}
Output:
C grade
Switch Statement
The Java switch statement executes one statement from multiple conditions. It is like
if-else-if ladder statement.
Syntax:
switch(expression)
{
case value1:
//code to be executed;
break; //optional
case value2:
//code to be executed;
break; //optional
......
default:
code to be executed if all cases are not matched;
}
Example:
public class SwitchExample
{
{
int number=20;
switch(number)
{
case 10: System.out.println("10");break;
default:System.out.println("Not in 10, 20 or 30");
}
}
}
Output: 20
Iteration Statement:
 The process of repeatedly executing a statements and is called as looping. The

statements may be executed multiple times (from zero to infinite number).
 If a loop executing continuous then it is called as Infinite loop. Looping is also called
as iterations.
 In Iteration statement, there are three types of operation:
1. for loop
2. while loop
3. do-while loop
Simple for Loop
The simple for loop is same as C/C++. We
can initialize variable, check condition and
increment/decrement value.
Syntax:
for(initialization;condition;incr/decr)
{
}
Example:
/* Program to accept a number and find whether the number is Prime or not.*/
import java.util.*;
class Prime
{
{
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter the no");
int n = sc.nextInt();
int i=1,c=0;
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
if(n%i==0)
{
c++;
}
}
if(c==2)
{
System.out.println(n+" is a PRIME no");
}
else
{
System.out.println(n+" is a NOT a prime no");
}
}
}
Output:
While Loop
The Java while loop is used to iterate a
part of the program several times. If the
number of iteration is not fixed, it is
recommended to use while loop.
Syntax:
while(condition)
{
}
Example:
/* Program to list the factorial of the
numbers 1 to 10. To calculate the factorial
value, use while loop.*/
public class Factorial

{
{
// declare variables
int count=1;
long fact = 1;
// Find factorial from 1 to 10
System.out.printf("%4s%30s\n", "Number", "Factorials");
while(count <=10)
{
fact *= count;
System.out.print("%4d%,30d\n", count, fact);
count++;
}
}
}
Output:
Infinitive While Loop
If you pass true in the while loop, it will be infinitive while loop.
Syntax:
while(true)
{
}
do-while Loop
The Java do-while loop is used to iterate a part of the program several times. If the
number of iteration is not fixed and you must have to execute the loop at least once, it is
recommended to use do-while loop. The Java do-while loop is executed at least once because
condition is checked after loop body.
Syntax:
do
{
}while(condition);
Example:
public class DoWhileExample
{
{
int i=1;
do
{
System.out.println(i);
i++;
}while(i<=8);
}
}
Output:
12 34 5678
Java Infinitive do-while Loop

If you pass true in the do-while loop, it will be infinitive do-while loop.
Syntax:
do{
}while(true);
JUMPS IN STATEMENT:
 Statements or loops perform a set of operations continually until the control variable
will not satisfy the condition.
 But if we want to break the loops when condition will satisfy then Java give a
permission to jump from one statement to end of loop or beginning of loop as well
as jump out of a loop.
 “break” keyword use for exiting from loop and “continue” keyword use for
continuing the loop.
 Break statement is used to terminate from a loop while a test condition is true.
1. Break statement
2. Continue statement
Break Statement
The Java break is used to break loop or switch statement. It breaks the current flow of
the program at specified condition. In case of inner loop, it breaks only inner loop.
Syntax:
jump-statement;
break;
Example:
public class BreakExample
{
{
for(int i=1;i<=10;i++)
{
if(i==5)
{
break;
}
}
}
}
Output:
1234
Continue Statement
The Java continue statement is used to continue loop. It continues the current flow of
the program and skips the remaining code at specified condition. In case of inner loop, it
continues only inner loop.
Syntax:
jump-statement;
continue;
Example:
public class ContinueExample
{
{
for(int i=1;i<=10;i++){
if(i==5)
{
continue;
}
}
}
}
Output:
1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10
Java Methods
A method is a block of code or collection of statements or a set of code grouped
together to perform a certain task or operation. It is used to achieve the reusability of code.
We write a method once and use it many times. We do not require to write code again and
again. It also provides the easy modification and readability of code, just by adding or
removing a chunk of code. The method is executed only when we call or invoke it.
Method Declaration :
In general, method declarations has six components:
1. Modifier: It defines the access type of the method i.e. from where it can be accessed in
your application. In Java, there 4 types of access specifiers.
 public: It is accessible in all classes in your application. 
 protected: It is accessible within the class in which it is defined and in its subclass/es 
 private: It is accessible only within the class in which it is defined. 
 default: It is declared/defined without using any modifier. It is accessible within the
same class and package within which its class is defined. 
2. The return type: The data type of the value returned by the method or void if does not
return a value.
3. Method Name: the rules for field names apply to method names as well, but the
convention is a little different.
4. Parameter list: Comma-separated list of the input parameters is defined, preceded with
their data type, within the enclosed parenthesis. If there are no parameters, you must use
empty parentheses ().
5. Exception list: The exceptions you expect by the method can throw, you can specify
these exception(s).
6. Method body: it is enclosed between braces. The code you need to be executed to
perform your intended operations.
Types of Methods in Java

There are two types of methods in Java:
1. Predefined Method: In Java, predefined methods are the method that is already defined
in the Java class libraries is known as predefined methods. It is also known as the standard
library method or built-in method. We can directly use these methods just by calling
them in the program at any point. Some pre-defined methods are length(), equals(),
compareTo(), sqrt(), etc.
2. User-defined Method: The method written by the user or programmer is known as a
user-defined method. These methods are modified according to the requirement.
Types of User-defined methods
 Static Method or Factory Methods
 Instance Method
 Abstract Method
1. Static Method
A method that has static keyword is known as static method. In other words, a
method that belongs to a class rather than an instance of a class is known as a static
method. We can also create a static method by using the keyword static before the method
name.
The main advantage of a static method is that we can call it without creating an
object. It can access static data members and also change the value of it. It is used to create
an instance method. It is invoked by using the class name. The best example of a static
method is the main() method.
2. Instance Method
The method of the class is known as an instance method. It is a non-static method
defined in the class. Before calling or invoking the instance method, it is necessary to create
an object of its class.
3. Abstract Method
The method that does not has method body is known as abstract method. In other
words, without an implementation is known as abstract method. It always declares in
the abstract class. It means the class itself must be abstract if it has abstract method. To
create an abstract method, we use the keyword abstract.
Method Overloading or Compile time Polymorphism

“Method overloading is a feature of Java in which a class has more than one method
of the same name and their parameters are different.”
We can say that Method overloading is a concept of Java in which we can create
multiple methods of the same name in the same class, and all methods work in different
ways. When more than one method of the same name is created in a Class, this type of
method is called the Overloaded Method. Method overloading increases the readability of
the program.
Different ways to overload the method

There are two ways to overload the method in java
1. By changing the data type
2. By changing number of arguments
1. Method Overloading: Changing data type of arguments
 In this example, two methods are created that differs in data type.
 The first add method receives two integer arguments
 Second, add method receives two double arguments.
/* Program to add two integers and two float numbers. When no arguments are supplied,
give a default value to calculate the sum. Use function overloading.*/
{
{
int sum;
sum=x+y;
}
public void add(double a, double b)
{
double total;
total=a+b;
}
}
class Mainfunover
{
{
obj.add(10,20);
obj.add(10.40,10.30);
}
}
Output:
2. Method Overloading: changing no. of arguments
In this example, we have created two methods, first add() method performs addition
of two numbers and second add method performs addition of three numbers.
/* Program to add two integers and two float numbers. When no arguments are supplied,
give a default value to calculate the sum. Use function overloading.*/
{
{
int sum;
sum=x+y;
}
public void add(int a, int b, int c)
{
int total;
total=a+b+c;
}
}
class Mainfunover
{
{
obj.add(10,20);
obj.add(10,20,30);
}
}
Output:
30
60
Java Math Class

Java Math class provides several methods to work on math calculations like min(),
max(), avg(), sin(), cos(), tan(), round(), ceil(), floor(), abs() etc.
The class Math contains methods for performing basic numeric operations such as
the elementary exponential, logarithm, square root, and trigonometric functions. Unlike
some of the numeric methods of class StrictMath, all implementations of the equivalent
functions of class Math are not defined to return the bit-for-bit the same results. This
relaxation permits better-performing implementations where strict reproducibility is not
required.
The java.lang.Math class provides us access to many of these functions. The table
below lists some of the more common among these.
Below is a list of basic mathematical operation methods describing several methods

that Java math class offers:
Math.min(): this method returns the smallest of two values.
Math.max(): this method returns the largest of two values
Math.abs(): this method returns the absolute value of the value provided.
Math.round(): this method is used to round off the decimal numbers to the nearest value.
Math.sqrt(): this method returns the square root of a number given.
Math.cbrt(): this method returns the cube root of a given number.
Math.floor(): this method is used to find the largest integer value which is less than or equal
to the argument and is equal to the double value of a mathematical integer.
Math.pow(): this method returns the value of the first argument raised to the power second
argument provided.
Math.ceil(): list method is used to find the smallest integer value that is greater than or
equal to the argument.
Math.floorDiv(): this method is used to find the largest integer value which is less than or
equal to the quotient.
Math.random(): this java random method returns a double value that carries a positive
sign which is greater than or equal to 0.0 and less than 1.0
Trigonometric math methods

Below mentioned is a list of these methods:
Math.sin(): this method returns the sine value of a given double value.
Math.cos(): this method returns the cos value of a given double value.
Math.tan(): this method returns the tangent value of a given double value.
Logarithmic math methods

Here is a list explaining these methods:
Math.log(): this method is used to return the natural logarithm of double value
Math.log10(): this method is used to return the base 10 logarithm of a double value
Math.exp(): this method returns E (Euler’s value) raised to the power of a double value.
//Program to implement Java Math class methods
public class JavaMathExample1
{
{
double x = 28;
double y = 4;
// return the maximum of two numbers

System.out.println("Maximum number of x and y is: " +Math.max(x, y));
// return the square root of y

System.out.println("Square root of y is: " + Math.sqrt(y));
//returns 28 power of 4 i.e. 28*28*28*28

System.out.println("Power of x and y is: " + Math.pow(x, y));
// return the logarithm of given value

System.out.println("Logarithm of x is: " + Math.log(x));
System.out.println("Logarithm of y is: " + Math.log(y));
// return the logarithm of given value when base is 10

System.out.println("log10 of x is: " + Math.log10(x));
System.out.println("log10 of y is: " + Math.log10(y));
// return the log of x + 1

System.out.println("log1p of x is: " +Math.log1p(x));
// return a power of 2
System.out.println("exp of a is: " +Math.exp(x));
// return (a power of 2)-1

System.out.println("expm1 of a is: " +Math.expm1(x));
}
}
Output:
Maximum number of x and y is: 28.0
Square root of y is: 2.0
Power of x and y is: 614656.0
Logarithm of x is: 3.332204510175204
Logarithm of y is: 1.3862943611198906
log10 of x is: 1.4471580313422192
log10 of y is: 0.6020599913279624
log1p of x is: 3.367295829986474
exp of a is: 1.446257064291475E12
expm1 of a is: 1.446257064290475E12
Arrays
An array is a collection of similar type of elements, which has contiguous memory
location.
Java array is an object, which contains elements of a similar data type. Additionally, the
elements of an array are stored in a contiguous memory location. It is a data structure where
we store similar elements. We can store only a fixed set of elements in a Java array.
Array in Java is index-based, the first element of the array is stored at the 0th index, 2nd
element is stored on 1st index and so on.
Advantages
o Code Optimization: It makes the code optimized; we can retrieve or sort the data
efficiently.
o Random access: We can get any data located at an index position.
Disadvantages
o Size Limit: We can store only the fixed size of elements in the array. It does not grow
its size at runtime. To solve this problem, collection framework is used in Java, which
grows automatically.
Types of Array in java

There are two types of array.
1. Single Dimensional Array
2. Multidimensional Array
SINGLE DIMENSIONAL ARRAY (one dimensional array):

 A list of items can be given one variable name using only one subscript and such
a variable is called one dimensional array.
 One dimensional array is a list of variables of same type that are accessed by a
common name.
 An individual variable in the array is called an array element.
Declaration of arrays:
 To declare an array below is a general form or syntax.
Datatype arrayName[ ];
Where, Datatype is valid data type in java and arrayName is a name of an array.
Example : int physics[ ];
Creation of arrays
 To allocate space for an array element use below general form or syntax.
arrayName = new type[size];
Where arrayName is the name of the array and type is a valid java datatype
and size specifies the number of elements in the array.
Example: physics = new int[10];
Above statement will create an integer of an array with ten elements that can be
accessed by physics.
physics[0]
Structure of one dimensional array physics[1]
 Note that array indexes begins with zero.
physics[2]
 That means if you want to access 1st element of an array use zero as
physics[3]
an index.
 To access 3rd element refer below example. physics[4]
 physics[2] = 10; // it assigns value 10 to the third element of an array. physics[5]
 java also allows an abbreviated syntax to declare an array. General physics[6]
form or syntax of is is as shown below.
physics[7]
physics[8]
physics[9]
Initialization of an Array
The final step is to put values into the array created. This process is known as
initialization.
Syntax:
arrayname[subscript] = value;
Example:
physics[0]=12;
physics[1]=15;
physics[2]=16;
physics[3]=18;
physics[4]=20;
physics[5]=23;
physics[6]=25;
physics[7]=27;
physics[8]=30;
physics[9]=35;
In The above example assigns the value as,
physics[0] 12
physics[1] 15
physics[2] 16
physics[3] 18
physics[4] 20
physics[5] 23
physics[6] 25
physics[7] 27
physics[8] 30
physics[9] 35
Example Program:
class Testarray
{
{
int a[]=new int[5];//declaration and instantiation
a[0]=10;//initialization
a[1]=20;
a[2]=70;
a[3]=40;
a[4]=50;
//printing array
for(int i=0;i<a.length;i++)//length is the property of array
System.out.println(a[i]);
}
}
Output:
10
20
70
40
50
Example for Declaration, Instantiation and Initialization of Java Array
We can declare, instantiate and initialize the java array together by:
int a[]={33,3,4,5};//declaration, instantiation and initialization
Let's see the simple example to print this array.
class Testarray1
{
{
int a[]={33,3,4,5};//declaration, instantiation and initialization
//printing array
for(int i=0;i<a.length;i++)//length is the property of array
System.out.println(a[i]);
}
}
TWO DIMENSIONAL ARRAY:

 Two Dimensional Array in Java is the simplest form of Multi-Dimensional Array.
 In Two Dimensional Array, data is stored in row and columns.
 The record can access using both the row index and column index.

Declaration of Two Dimensional Array in Java
Following the format of declaration of two-dimensional array in Java
Programming Language:
Syntax:
DataType ArrayName[][];
ArrayName = new DataType[][];
(or)
DataType ArrayName[][] = new DataType[][];
Data_type:
 This will decide the type of elements it will accept.
 For example, If we want to store integer values then, the Data Type will be declared
as int, If we want to store Float values then, the Data Type will be float etc.
Array_Name:
 This is the name you want to give it to array.
 For example Car, students, age, marks, department, employees etc
Creating of Two Dimensional Array in java
int[][] a = new int[3][4];
 Here, a is a two-dimensional array. The array can
hold maximum of 12 elements of type int.
 Java uses zero-based indexing, that is, indexing
of arrays in Java starts with 0 and not 1.
Intialization of Array:
int[][] a = {
{1, 2, 3},
{4, 5, 6, 9},
{7},
};
Example:
class MultidimensionalArray
{
{
int[][] a = {
{1, 2, 3},
{4, 5, 6, 9},
{7},
};
System.out.println("Length of row 1: " + a[0].length);
}
}
Output:
Length of row 1: 3
Length of row 2: 4
Length of row 3: 1
One Marks Questions
1. What is object and class?
2. What do you mean by data abstraction and encapsulation?
3. What is inheritance? Mention types of inheritance.
4. What is binding? Mention different types of binding
5. Who and when java was developed?
6. What was the first name of java?
7. Expand JDK, JVM and JRE
8. Which is the latest version of java?
9. When & which company owns java?
10. Why java is called compiled and interpreted language?
11. What do you mean platform independent?
12. What do you mean by garbage collection in java?
13. Why is java is called secured?
14. Mention types of programs in java?
15. What is import statement? Give example
16. What is javac and java?
17. What are tokens? Mention types of java tokens?
18. What is identifier? Give Example
19. Mention any two valid and invalid identifiers
20. What is literal? Give example
21. What is variable? Mention types of variable
22. What is byte code in java?
23. Write any 5 keywords in java?
24. What is static and final modifiers in java?
25. What is reference data types in java?
26. What is instanceof and new operator in java?
27. What is one way branching?
28. What is two way branching?
29. What is method? Mention different types of user defined methods in java?
30. What is method overloading? Give example
31. Mention different types to implement method overloading in java?
32. Why Math class is used in java?
33. Math.floor() and Math.random() mention their use in java?
34. What is array? Mention types of array
35. Write syntax to create array in java?
Five Marks Questions
1. Write a short note on History of Java?
2. Why java is Platform independent? Justify your answer
3. Write a short note on JVM?
4. Is java pure object oriented language? Justify your answer
5. Explain public static void main (String [] args) method in java?
6. Write rules to declare identifiers or variable.
7. How to declare constants in java?
8. What is class or static variable? Explain with example
9. Write a short note on Operators in Java?
10. What is ternary operator? Explain with syntax and example?
11. Differentiate between while and do while loop?
12. Explain switch statement with syntax and example?
13. Explain break and continue statements in java?
14. What is method? Explain different types methods in java?
15. Write a short note on Math class and its methods in java?
Ten Marks Questions

1. Explain concepts of OOPs?
2. What is inheritance? Explain different types of inheritance with example.
3. Explain features of Java?
4. Explain Structure of Java Program with an example?
5. What is constant? Explain different types of constants with example.
6. What are datatypes? Explain different types of datatypes with example.
7. Explain different types of variables available in java?
8. With a syntax and example explain different types of decision-making statements?
9. With a syntax and example explain different types of looping statements?
10. What is Function overloading or Compile time polymorphism with an example.
11. With syntax and example, write declaration, initialization of arrays in java?
12. Explain different types of arrays in java?

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Object Oriented Concepts using Java

Organization of data and functions in object oriented programming

Some characteristics of Object Oriented Programming are :-

An Object is a collection of data members and associated member functions also

DATA ENCAPSULATION OR DATA/INFORMATION HIDING OR SECURITY:

Hierarchical Inheritance: It is the inheritance hierarchy wherein multiple subclasses inherit

Compile Time Polymorphism:

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ABSTRACTION AND ENCAPSULATION: -

4. Abstraction- Outer layout, used in 4. Encapsulation- Inner layout, used in

Compiled and Interpreted

Platform Independent & Portable

Robust & Secured

Simple, Small & Familiar

Multi-threaded & Interactive

Dynamic & Extensible

Scalability and Performance

Is Java a pure object-oriented programming language?

Java Virtual Machine

Following figure shows the process of compilation.

Fig : Layers of Interaction for Java programs

Java programs are divided in to two parts

Web Applications or Applets or Internet Applications

Two ways of using Java

Structure of Java Program

import java.util.Date; //imports the date class

Main Method Class

public class Example

public static void main

Implementing a Java program

1. Creating the program

Creating & Running the program

Step3: After creating the programs has been compiled

Step5: Then run the program java filename

Rules of Identifiers or Variables

Valid and invalid Java identifiers.

HelloWorld Hello World (uses a space)

Hi_JAVA Hi JAVA! (uses a space and punctuation mark)

value3 3value(begins with a number)

Tall short (this is a Java keyword)

For eg: 15 750, 20,00 , $1000

eg: 037 , 0, 0435, 0551

E.g. 0.0083, -0.75, 435.36

E.g. 215.0, .95 , -.71

Eg: ‘x’ , ‘A’ , ‘5’, ‘;’, ‘ ‘

Eg: “hello java” “2013” “welcome” “#$%....!” “3+2” “x"

Static and Final Modifiers

The syntax to declare a constant is as follows:

1. static final datatype identifier_name=value;

For example, price is a variable that we want to make constant.

2. static final double PRICE=432.78;

There are two data types available in Java −

Primitive Data Types

Data Size Default Description

Reference Datatypesor Object data types or User defined data types

E.g. int data=50; //Here data is variable

// the name variable is assigned in the constructor.

public static void main(String args[])

Operator Description Example

++ Increment var a=10; a++; Now a = 11

-- Decrement var a=10; a--; Now a = 9

Operator Description Example

* Multiplication 10*20 = 200

% Modulus (Remainder) 20%10 = 0

Operator Description Example

== Is equal to 10==20 = false

=== Identical (equal and of same type) 10==20 = false

!= Not equal to 10!=20 = true

!== Not Identical 20!==20 = false

> Greater than 20>10 = true

>= Greater than or equal to 20>=10 = true

< Less than 20<10 = false

<= Less than or equal to 20<=10 = false

Operator Description Example

&& Logical AND (10==20 && 20==33) = false

|| Logical OR (10==20 || 20==33) = false

! Logical Not !(10==20) = true

= Multiply and assign var a=10; a=20; Now a = 200

//returns 28 power of 4 i.e. 282828*28