AMAR NATH VIDYA ASHRAM

SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL,

MATHURA

Class XII

SUBJECT : 817- Typography & Computer Application (English)

PROJECT COPY

SESSION : 2024-25

STUDENT‟S NAME ……………………………………………ROLL No. .……..….

FATHER‟S NAME……………………………………………………………..……….

CLASS & SEC. ………………………………………………………………..……....

SUBJECT TEACHER: ANURAG DEV SHARMA

 EMPLOYABILITY SKILLS
Communication Skills
Importance of Communication Your ability to communicate clearly and share thoughts,
feelings and ideas will help you in all your relations with other people. As a student, you
may study any language, but it is important that you are able to read, write, speak and
listen well in order to communicate properly. Speaking more than one language can help
you to communicate well with people around the world. Learning English can help you to
communicate with people who understand English besides the language you have been
exposed to in your family, for example, your mother tongue.
Communication skills are needed to • Inform – for example, communicating the time of a
meeting. • Influence – for example, negotiating with a shopkeeper to reduce the price. •
Express feelings – for example, to say or show that you are excited about your success or
about a given task.
Advantages of Verbal Communication- It is easy and quick. You can say what you want
and get a quick response. It is an easier form of communication when you have to
exchange ideas. You keep changing your communication as per the other person’s reply.
Disadvantages of Verbal Communication - Since verbal communication depends on
words, sometimes the meanings become confusing and difficult to understand if the right
words are not used.

Importance of Non-verbal Communication - In our day-to-day communication, it is

observed that most of the communication is done using body movements (face or arms
movements, etc.) and voice control (voice, tone, pauses, etc.) and less than 10% is done
using words.

1. To effective communication, what skills are required?

Answer – To learn language you need to develop four key skills –

a. Listening
b. Speaking
c. Reading
d. Writing

2. What are various elements of a communication cycle?

Answer – The various elements of a communication cycle are –

a. Sender: the person beginning the communication.

b. Message: the information that the sender wants to convey.
c. Channel: the means by which the information is sent.
d. Receiver: the person to whom the message is sent.
e. Feedback: the receiver’s acknowledgement and response to the message.
3. Why is Listening Important?

Answer – Listening is important because –

a. We listen to obtain information
b. We listen to understand
c. We listen to enjoy
d. We listen to learn
e. We listen to build and maintain relationships
f. We listen to resolve conflicts
4. What are the different factors that affect active listening?

Answer – The various factors that affect active listening are as follows –
a. Eye contact – It is a form of body language. It’s one of the most important components of
the entire communication process. Maintaining eye contact with the person you’re speaking
to sends a signal to the speaker that “Yes, I am talking to you or listening to you”. Avoiding
eye contact could indicate that you don‟t want to hear what the other person
has to say.
b. Gestures –These indicate to the speaker if you are listening or not. Keep your hand and
feet still while talking to someone.
Avoiding Distractions – You need to identify the things that distract you. You
must physically remove the distractions in order to listen attentively.
c. Giving feedback – Positive or negative feedback is possible. However, in both
circumstances, one must be polite so that the person to whom the feedback is being given is
not hurt or offended.

5. What are the different stages of active listening?

Answer – The five stages of active listening are as follows –

a. Receiving
b. Understanding
c. Remembering
d. Evaluating
e. Responding

6. How to ensure active listening?

Answer – To ensure active listening are –

a. Remove any distractions that may interfere with your ability to listen. For example, When
talking to someone, turn down the volume of the television, radio, or mobile phone.

b. Looking at the speaker while listening is referred to as eye contact.

c. Use gestures to show that you’re paying attention to the speaker.

. Pay close attention to what the speaker is saying.

e. Feel the speaker’s feelings and empathize with them. Empathy is the ability to understand
and share another person’s thoughts or experiences by thinking what it would be like to be
in their position.

f. Clarify doubts. Ask questions to clarify doubts.

g. Tune in to the speaker’s timing, i.e., wait for the speaker to finish before responding.
7. What are the overcoming barriers to active listening?

Answer – The overcoming barriers to active listening are –

a. Being pre – occupied -When you’re preoccupied, you could not pay attention to what
someone is saying.

b. Noise and Visual distractions – In a noisy location, you might not be able to hear the other
person clearly.

c. Past experiences or mindset – You may have developed biases or prejudices based on past
experiences and interactions.

d. Personal factors – Your personal feelings may affect your listening, for example, your
preconceptions about the other person.

8. What are the Capitalization rules in the English Language?

Answer – Capitalization rules of English Language are –

a. Capitalize the first letter in the names of all months.

b. Capitalize the letter ‘I’ when used as a word.

c. Capitalize the first letter in the names of people, places, rivers, seas and oceans,
mountains, islands and days.

d. Capitalize the first letter in the titles used before people’s names.

e. Capitalize the first letter in every sentence.

9. What are the basic parts of speech in the English Language?

Answer – There are eight basic parts of speech in the English language. These
are none, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction and
interjection.

a. Noun – Nouns is the name of a person, place, animal or thing. This is also called ‘naming
words.
b. Pronoun – A pronoun is used in place of a noun.
c. Adjectives – Adjectives are words that describe other words.
d. Verbs – Verbs are words that show action.
e. Adverbs – Adverbs are words that add meaning to verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.
f. Preposition – A preposition is a word palace before a noun or pronoun.
g. Conjunction – A conjunction is a word that connects two words, phrases, or clauses.
h. Interjection – A word used to communicate emotion is called an interjection.

10.What do you mean by supporting parts of Speech?

Answer – We are using many words, phrases, clauses or sentences to
connect words, these words are known as supporting parts of speech.
Supporting parts of speech examples are –
a. Articles
b. Conjunctions
c. Prepositions
d. Interjections
11.What do you mean by Simple sentence?

Answer – A simple sentence is one in which there is only one subject and one
predicate, or one finite verb.

12.What do you mean by Complex sentences?

Answer – A complex sentence is one, which consists of two or more coordinate

clauses, joined by a coordinating conjunction.

13.How many types of objects are there in the English language?

Answer – Object normally comes after the verb phrase. The presence or
absence of an object is determined by the verb‟s meaning. There are two types
of objects in English language

a. Direct – Direct objects are the results of action, A direct object answers the questions
„what‟ or „whom‟. Ramesh collected honey all day. hear honey becomes the
direct object.

b. Indirect – An indirect object answers the questions ‘to whom’, ‘for whom’, ‘to what’ and
„for what‟. for example, in the sentence “Imran gave a gift to his mother.” The
verb is “gave” and in the sentence there are two objects “gift” and “mother”.

14.What is the difference between Active and Passive voice?

Answer –
a. Active Voice – Sentences, where the subject does an action, are known to be in active
voice.

b. Passive Voice – Sentences, in which the subject receives an action, are known to be in
passive voice.

15.In English grammar, what are the several type of sentences?

Answer – A sentence is a collection of words that expresses an idea. all the

sentences have a none or pronoun called the subject. Sentences always start from
capital letters and end with a period,
question mark or exclamation. The word “sentence” is from the Latin word which
means “to feel”.
Type of Sentence

a. Declarative Sentence – Declarative sentences end with a full stop, It is the most common
type of sentence. example – I completed my work.

b. Interrogative Sentence – Interrogative sentences end with question marks. This type of
sentence asks a question. example – Did you complete your homework?

c. Exclamatory Sentence – Exclamatory sentence ends with an exclamation mark. This

sentence expresses a strong emotion. example – I come first in class!

d. Imperative Sentence – Imperative sentence can end with an exclamation mark or full
stop. This sentence shows an order command, request, or advice. example – Complete your
homework.
16.What are the Paragraphs?

Answer – A group of sentences forms a paragraph and paragraphs helps the

reader to read the sections, because they break the text into different sections. .

If you‟re writing about your school, the first paragraph could consist of sentences
describing the name, location, size, and other information. You can use sentences
to express what you like about your school in the next paragraph.
 SELF MANAGEMENT SKILL

Strength and Weakness Analysis- Have you ever wondered why you get good marks in one subject
and not such good marks in another? Knowing what you do well or not so well, will help you in
converting your weakness into strength and strength into an exceptional talent. A strength and
weakness analysis helps you in this process. Strength and weakness analysis begins by knowing and
understanding one’s self first. Let us first understand some terms which can help you in doing the
same.

What do mean by Team Work?

Ans. Team Work Just imagine that there is a function in your house. All the family
members come together, divide work amongst themselves and work in small groups
to make sure the function is a success. The success or failure of any activity depends
on the way the team coordinates and works.
T - Together
E - Everyone
A - Achieve
M – More

Goal - Goals help you to separate what is important from what is not. It helps you to
focus on the result instead of less important work. This will make you successful in
your career and personal life

How to Set Goals?

We can use the SMART model to set goals. SMART stands for
S - Specific
M - Measurable
A - Achievable
R - Realistic
T – Time bound

What do you understand by time management?

Time management is the thinking skill that helps you to • complete tasks on time. • make a
daily timetable. • make a good guess at how long it will take you to do something. • submit
homework and assignments before or on time. • not waste time during the day. Four Steps for
Effective Time Management Tips for practicing the four steps for effective time management
are as follows:
• Avoid delay or postponing any planned activity
• Organise your room and school desk
• Develop a „NO DISTURBANCE ZONE‟ where you can sit and complete important tasks
• Use waiting time productively
• Prepare a „to-do‟ list • Prioritise
• Replace useless activities with productive activities

1. What is self-awareness?
Answer – Self-awareness is about understanding one‟s own needs, desires, habits,
traits, behaviors and feelings.
2. How to improve Self-Management Skills?
Answer – To manage oneself well, a person needs to develop the following skills –
a. Positive Thinking: to think that one can get things done and be happy.
b. Result orientation: to dream big and achieve the desired or set results.
c. Self-awareness: to be aware of one’s personality traits and make the best out of one’s
strengths.
3. What is motivation?
Answer – The word „motivation‟ comes from the word „motive.‟ Motivation is
defined as the act of directing one‟s behavior toward a specific motive or goal.
There are two types of Motivation –
a. Intrinsic Motivation – It includes actions for which there is no visible reward but which
provide enjoyment and satisfaction.
b. Extrinsic Motivation – It arises because of incentives or external rewards. Lack of
motivation or incentives may lead to frustration
4. What are the ways to maintain a positive attitude?
Answer – Following are some ways that can help one maintain a positive attitude.
a. Start the day with a morning routine
b. Feed the mind with positivity
c. Focus on constructive and positive things
d. Learn from failures
e. Move towards your goals and dreams.
f. Physical exercise and fresh air
g. Healthy diet
h. Organize academic life
i. Adequate sleep
j. Holidays with family and friends
5. What is stress and how to manage it?
Answer – Stress is a state of feeling upset, annoyed
and hopeless. Some of the ways to manage stress are
given below.
a. Maintain a positive attitude and consider what is going wrong in a given situation. Once
you’ve understood the situation, resolving it is simple.
b. Maintain an accomplishment sheet and enter even small achievements.
c. Whenever you feel negative thoughts are taking over, take a look at your accomplishment
sheet.
d. Keep your thoughts in the present. Pondering over past issues makes us feel upset and
helpless.
e. Talk to friends and family for comfort.
f. Practice meditation and yoga.
6. What are the ways to become result
oriented? Answer –
a. Set clear goals: Setting clear and accurate goals is the first step one needs to take to meet
the targets.
b. Prepare an action plan: An action plan describes the way a person or an organisation will
meet the set objectives. It gives a detail of the steps to be taken to achieve the
target.
c. Use the right resources and tools: One must evaluate the resources and tools needed to
achieve those results and whether they are available.
7. How can we set goals in daily life?
Answer – Goal setting helps us to understand what we want, how to achieve it
and how do we measure our success.
a. Specific – Goals should be stated in specific terms. Vague goals are difficult to attain.
Specific goals give us a concrete target. Hence, a goal should have a specific purpose.
b. Measurable – Goals should always be measurable. If we do not set our goals in
measurable terms, it is difficult to assess whether we have achieved them or not.
c. Action-oriented – Goals do not just come true on their own. Effective goal setting should
include action-based steps that one will follow to achieve the goal.
d. Realistic – There are few things more damaging to our sense of self-efficacy than setting
ourselves up for failure. Goals must always be realistically attainable.
e. Timely – Goals must have deadlines. However, deadlines may change. But one must
always set a deadline to get the job done within a specified time limit.
8. Give some examples of result oriented goals?
 Answer – Examples of result – oriented goals are as follows
a. A student may set a goal of scoring high marks in an exam.
b. An athlete may run five miles a day.
c. A traveler may try to reach a destination city within three hours.
9. Steps towards self-
awareness? Answer
–
a. gaining a greater awareness of one’s emotions
b. making a habit of tracking one’s feelings.
c. expanding one’s practice to areas of life beyond the person’s feelings.
10.What do you mean by Personality?
Answer – Personality is a cluster of thoughts, feelings and behaviors that make a
person unique and different from others.
11.What are the Big Five Factors of personality
development? Answer –
a. Openness: Individuals with openness to experience are, generally, creative, curious,
active, flexible and adventurous. If a person is interested in learning new things, meeting
new people and making friends, and likes visiting new places, the person can be called open-
minded.
b. Consciousness: Individuals, who listen to their conscience, are self-disciplined, do their
work on time, take care of others before themselves and care about others’ feelings.
c. Extraversion: Extroverts are individuals, who love interacting with people around and are,
generally, talkative. A person, who can easily make friends and make any gathering lively, is
confident and an extrovert.
d. Agreeableness: Individuals having such a trait are, generally, kind, sympathetic,
cooperative, warm and considerate. They accommodate themselves in any situation. For
example, people who help and take care of others are, generally, agreeable.
e. Neuroticism: Neuroticism is a trait, wherein, individuals show tendency towards anxiety,
self-doubt, depression, shyness and other similar negative feelings. People, who have
difficulty in meeting others and worry too much about things, show signs of neuroticism.
12.What are the common personality disorders?
Answer – Personality disorders involve long-term patterns of thoughts and
behaviour that are unhealthy and rigid.
Suspicious
a. Paranoid personality disorder: The fear of others, especially friends, family members,
and partners, is a defining feature of paranoid personality disorder. People who suffer from
this disorder are sensitive to keeping emotions against others.
b. Schizoid personality disorder: The term ‘schizoid’ refers to a person’s natural tendency to
focus their attention on their inner life rather than the outside world. A person with schizoid
personality disorder is detached and aloof, and prone to introspection and fantasy. The
person shows little interest in forming personal relationships and seems to be emotionally
cold.
c. Schizotypal personality disorder: People with this personality disorder feel that their
ideas may influence other people or events. They frequently misunderstand actions. As a
result, they have improper emotional reactions. They may avoid having emotional
interactions on a regular basis.
Emotional and Impulsive
a. Antisocial personality disorder: Antisocial personality disorder is characterised by a
disregard for social rules and obligations. They are obnoxious and aggressive, and they act
rashly. They lack guilt and fail to learn from their mistakes. They may lie, steal, or harm
others, and they may become alcoholics or drug addicts.
b. Borderline personality disorder: Borderline personality disorder is characterised by a loss
of self-worth, leading to feelings of emptiness and fears of abandonment.
c. Histrionic personality disorder: People with histrionic personality disorder frequently try
to gain more attention by being overly dramatic.
d. Narcissistic personality disorder: People with narcissistic personality disorder believe that
they are more important than others.
Anxious
a. Avoidant personality disorder: This form of disease affects people who are socially
inexperienced, ugly, or inferior, and they are always afraid of being embarrassed, criticised,
or rejected. They avoid social situations and frequently feel insufficient, inferior, or
unattractive.
b. Dependent personality disorder: People with this illness have a low sense of self-esteem
and a strong desire to be looked after. They require a great deal of assistance in making daily
judgments and entrust crucial life decisions to others.
c. Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder: People with this disorder are strict in their
commitment to rules and laws. They are characterised by an extreme of care for neatness,
perfectionism, and strong attention to detail. If they’re unable to achieve perfection, they
get very uncomfortable.
13. Steps to overcome from personality
disorders? Answer –
a. Talk to someone. Most often, it helps to share your feelings.
b. Look after your physical health. A healthy body can help you maintain a healthy mind.
c. Build confidence in your ability to handle difficult situations.
d. Engage in hobbies, such as music, dance and painting. These have a therapeutic effect.
e. Stay positive by choosing words like ‘challenges’ instead of ‘problems’.
 ICT Skills

Introduction Information and Communication Technology, called ICT in short, has become an integral
part of our life. One must develop the ability to use digital technology and communication tools to
access, manage, integrate, evaluate, create and communicate. In this Unit, you will learn about how
to use spreadsheets and make presentations using a software.

To write a letter or make a report, we can use a word processor on a computer instead of using pen
and paper. A word processor is a software application that helps us to create documents by typing in
text, making corrections (editing text), arranging it in a neat manner (formatting) and printing it.

A spreadsheet is an electronic document, which has rows and columns. It is used to

store data in a systematic way and do calculations.

1. What are the different types of spreadsheet?

Answer – There are many types of spreadsheet available that have been
created by different companies. Some of the most popular spreadsheets are –
a. Microsoft Excel
b. LibreOffice Calc
c. Google Sheets
2. What are the different components of a Spreadsheet?
Answer – The different components of a Spreadsheet are –
a. Row – Rows are the horizontal placement of cells.
b. Column – Columns are the vertical arrangement of cells.
c. Cell – A cell is a rectangular box where rows and columns intersect.
d. Name Box – The name box shows the position of the selected cell. The cell position is a
combination of columns and rows.
e. Worksheet – A worksheet is a collection of cells in the form of a grid (a network of lines
that intersect to form a rectangle). When you first open the spreadsheet, you’ll see a blank
worksheet named Sheet1.
f. Workbook – A workbook is a spreadsheet that has one or more worksheets.
3. What is the extension of libreoffice Calc file?
Answer – The libreoffice calc file extension is .ods.
4. What is a worksheet?
Answer – The worksheet in Calc is also referred to as spreadsheet. The
spreadsheet can have many sheets. Each sheet can have many individual cells
arranged in rows and columns. The sheet tab shows its default name as Sheet1,
Sheet2, Sheet3, ….
5. What is the difference between Rows and Columns?
Answer – The sheet is divided into vertical columns and horizontal rows. The rows
are numbered as 1,2,3,4,… and columns are numbered as A, B, C, D, …., Z,
6. What is the difference between cell and cell address?
Answer – The intersection of a row and column is called a cell. It is the basic
element of a spreadsheet. It holds data, such as text, numbers, formulas and so
on. A cell address is denoted by its column (letter) and row number. For example,
D4, E9, Z89 are valid examples of cell addresses.
7. What is an Active cell?
Answer – In a spreadsheet, the cell is the place where we enter the data. The
selected or activated cell is called an active cell.
8. Define Relative referencing, Mixed referencing and
Absolute referencing. Answer –
a) Relative referencing: When we drag the formula downwards in columns, the row number of the
cell address gets one added. In the same way, when you drag the formula horizontally from the left
to the right column, the column name of the cell address is added on to the next column letter.
b) Mixed referencing: As we have seen, when we drag the formula, row number or column name
get changed in relative reference. To overcome this problem , In Mixed Referencing, the $ sign is
used before row number or column name to make it constant. For example H2+C$14 (To make row
14 constant) or H2+$C14 (To make column C constant)
c) Absolute referencing: In Absolute referencing, a $ symbol is used before the column name as well
as row number to make it constant in any formula. For example, $C$12, $D$5, etc. In this case, even
if you drag your formula in any direction, the cell name remains constant.
9. What are the common formulas in Libreoffice?
Answer – The common formulas in LibreOffice is –

a. Addition
b. Subtraction
c. Average
d. Maximum and Minimum
e. Count

10.What do you mean by shorting in Libreoffice?

Answer – Shorting means arranging data in the spreadsheet according to the
requirement. It can be done by depending on the value type stored in cells.
Example –
a. Alphabetically – A to Z or Z to A
b. Numerical – smallest to largest or largest to smallest
11.What is Filter in Spreadsheet?
Answer – Filtering helps to display relevant data from the spreadsheet. You can
also temporarily remove irrelevant data.
12.How to protect a spreadsheet with password?
Answer – Protection helps the user to prevent data
from others. The steps to protect a spreadsheet are
as follows –
Step 1 – Click on Tools and select Protect
Spreadsheet Step 2 – Type a password
Step 3 – Type the same password in the
Confirm textbox Step 4 – Click on Ok
13.What are the advantages of using a presentation?
Answer – Presentation software is being widely used to make digital
presentations. It has many advantages, which are as follows.
a. Presentations have features like images, videos, animation and music.
b. Making changes in digital presentations is easy.
c. A digital presentation can be shown to a much larger audience by projecting on a Screen.
d. The presentation can be printed and distributed to the audience.
14.What are the different presentation software available?
Answer – There are a number of presentation software available, such as
a. LibreOffice Impress
b. Microsoft Office – PowerPoint
c. OpenOffice Impress
d. Google Slides
e. Apple Keynote

15.What are the steps to open a presentation file?

Answer – The steps to open a presentation are
as follows – Step 1: Open LibreOffice Impress
 Step 2: Click on File
Step 3: Select Open from the drop – down
Step 4: Browse and select the folder where your file is saved
16.What is text Alignment?
Answer – Text alignment is a feature that allows users to horizontally
align text in the presentation.
There are four different types of text alignment features,
a. Right Alignment
b. Left Alignment
c. Center Alignment
d. Justified Alignment

17. What are the various advanced features used in a digital presentation?
Answer – The various advanced features used in a digital presentation are –
a. Inserting shapes in presentation – You can insert different types of shapes in digital
presentation like arrow, rectangle, circle, etc.
b. Inserting clipart and images in presentation – A picture speaks a thousand words. We use
a lot of images in a presentation to make it simple and interesting.
c. Changing slide layout – The default layout of a LibreOffice Impress slide contains one
textbox for the title and one for content. Layout helps to arrange the slide content in an
organized way.
 Entrepreneurship Skills

Entrepreneurship is the process of running a business using a new idea or in a different way, which
ultimately helps the buyer or the customer. The new ideas in a business can be in the form of a unique
product or service. A different way of doing business makes an entrepreneur different. A traditional
business person runs his venture like most others. Whereas an entrepreneur uses unique ways of
doing business — be it reaching out to the customers through marketing and advertising, new ideas or
new ways to meet customer needs or running the operations in a more efficient way. In this module,
the focus is on helping you to understand what are the different values and attitudes of an
entrepreneur which makes them successful.

Entrepreneur

An entrepreneur is a person who tries to meet needs of a customer through new ideas or ways of
doing business and makes profit in return. New ideas with which an entrepreneur adds value to a
business can be of many kinds, including new products — like adding varieties, new services like home
delivery or credit services, new marketing ideas, new cost reduction ideas and many more.

Entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurship is a process of developing a business plan, launching and running a business using
innovation to meet customer needs and to make a profit. Let us read a story to further understand the
meaning of entrepreneurship and who is an entrepreneur.

Confidence

Confidence means to believe in one’s self and one’s approach. Being confident helps an entrepreneur
to take the first step of starting a new business and then trying new things to grow the business. It
pushes the entrepreneur to keep going even if there are failures. Confidence also encourages an
entrepreneur to go to customers and ask them for their feedback about the product or services. The
feedback helps the entrepreneur to keep improving and growing the business.

1. What training needs entrepreneurship to develop business.

Answer – Training in entrepreneurship development needs to include –
a. Entrepreneurship Orientation and awareness
b. Development of competencies
c. Improvement of business performance for growth and competitiveness
2. What do you mean by entrepreneur?
Answer – The word “entrepreneur” is derived from the French word “entreprendre,”
which means „to undertake‟.
3. What are the different characteristics of entrepreneurship?
Answer – Some of the characteristics of entrepreneurship are –
a. It is an economic activity done to create, develop and maintain a profit-oriented
organization.
b. It all starts with recognizing an opportunity as a way to sell and profit in the market.
c. It deals with optimization in utilization of resources.
d. It is the ability of an enterprise and an entrepreneur to take risks.
4. What is the quality of a successful entrepreneur?
Answer – There are many qualities needed to successfully run an enterprise.
a. Initiative – An entrepreneur must be able to take initiative and take advantage of an
opportunity.
 b. Willingness to take risks – There is a certain amount of risk in any firm. It is not necessary
that every business shall earn a profit. The entrepreneur takes up risks and starts a business.
c. Ability to learn from experience – It is possible for an entrepreneur to make mistakes.
Once an error is committed, it must be ensured that it is not repeated in future otherwise it
may lead to heavy losses.
d. Motivation – When you’re inspired to do anything, you won’t stop until you’ve finished it.
e. Self-confidence – A person must have faith in himself or herself in order to succeed in life.
f. Hard work – In life, there is no replacement for hard work. Every day, while running a
business, one or more problems may develop. The entrepreneur must be vigilant in order to
recognize and resolve difficulties as soon as possible.
g. Decision making ability – An entrepreneur must make a number of decisions when
running a business. As a result, the individual must be capable of making appropriate and
timely decisions.
5. What are the different types of entrepreneurs?
Answer – There are many types of entrepreneurs, which include the following.
a. Service entrepreneurs – These entrepreneurs either develop a new market for their
services or serve an existing one. They recognize an opportunity and turn it into a service.
b. Business entrepreneurs – These are entrepreneurs who engage in commercial and
marketing operations but do not engage in production. A business entrepreneur identifies a
product’s market potential.
c. Industrial entrepreneurs – An industrial entrepreneur is simply a manufacturer that
recognises client needs and develops products or services to meet those demands.
d. Agricultural entrepreneurs – Agriculture has always been thought of as a low-returning
business. Agriculturists have now implemented new and innovative technology in order to
increase productivity.
e. Technical entrepreneurs – The Industrial Revolution gave birth to technical
entrepreneurs, and they use their technical expertise to build and sell machinery, tools, and
procedures.
f. Non – technical entrepreneurs – These entrepreneurs use their expertise in providing
services to create a market for technical entrepreneurs.

g. Professional entrepreneurs – Such an entrepreneur starts a business, nurtures it and

makes it reach a point of self-sustenance.
h. IT entrepreneurs – IT entrepreneurs are people who start businesses in the field of
information technology (IT).
i. Women entrepreneurs – Women entrepreneurs, as the term suggests, are women who
start their own business.
j. Social Entrepreneurs – Social entrepreneurs are those that focus on generating solutions
that benefit society.
k. Family business entrepreneurs – When a family or a person successfully operates a firm
and passes it on to the next generation, such entrepreneur is referred to as a family business
entrepreneur.
l. First generation entrepreneurs – First-generation entrepreneurs are those who have
never worked in the business world before. They can be of various ages and come from
various backgrounds.
6. What is the role of an entrepreneur?
Answer – Some of the major role of entrepreneur are –
a. Identifying entrepreneurial opportunity – Entrepreneur must have imagination,
creativity, and innovation.
b. Turning ideas into action – Entrepreneurs must be able to bring their ideas to life. To
meet market demand, they should be able to gather information on ideas, products, and
methods.
c. Feasibility study – Entrepreneurs conduct studies to assess the market feasibility of a
proposed product or service.
d. Resourcing – To establish a successful business, an entrepreneur requires a variety of
 resources such as money, machinery, raw materials, and labor.
e. Setting up an enterprise – Some legal requirements may be required of the entrepreneur.
In addition, the person must try to find a good place, design the premises, install machinery,
and do a variety of other tasks.
f. Managing the enterprise – The person is responsible for managing the labor, materials,
finances, and the organization of goods and services production.
7. What motivates an entrepreneur?
Answer – Some of the qualities that motivate an entrepreneur
a. Standard of excellence – An entrepreneur always sets high goals for himself and works to
meet them by working hard and being creative.
b. Uniqueness – one of the most important qualities is to remain unique in everything the
person does and the way it is done.
c. Focus on long-term goals – An entrepreneur is more concerned with what will be
accomplished in the distant future than with what will be accomplished in the near future.
d. Need to influence – The entrepreneur perceives one’s ideas as revolutionary and expects
them to influence the world in a substantial way.
e. Identifying opportunities and risk taking – Finding the perfect business opportunity for
you is a major concern for young entrepreneurs.
8. What are environmental barriers?
Answer – One of the biggest barriers that entrepreneurs face is environmental
factors.
a. Lack of adequate resources or raw material
b. Non-availability of skilled labor
c. Lack of requisite machinery and other infrastructure
d. Unavailability of monetary resources on time
9. What are personal barriers?
Answer – Any new enterprise is risky because people are always afraid
of what could go wrong, and these worries create personal boundaries.
Some of the personal barriers are –
a. Self doubt
b. Forming a team and teamwork
10. Which attitudes make a person successful entrepreneur?
Answer – The attitudes that make a successful entrepreneur are –
a. Decisiveness – Ability to make quick and profitable decisions
b. Taking Initiative – Ability to take charge and act in a situation before others
c. Organizational Skills – Ability to make the optimum use of time, energy and resources to
achieve the desired goals.
d. Interpersonal Skills – Ability to work with others
e. Perseverance – Ability to continue to do something, even when it is difficult.
11.What is decisiveness?
Answer – Decisiveness is defined as the ability to make quick and profitable
decisions.
The following steps can help you develop your decisiveness.
a. Knowing yourself – You must first choose what is important to you and the type of
problem you want to solve.
b. Identify opportunities – It is important to identify the best way and location for a
business to operate.
c. Analyze the opportunity – What do customers think of the idea and what is the
competition for that idea.
d. Problem solving – You might make changes to your idea after researching the clients and
the market.
12.What do you mean by interpersonal skills?
Answer – Interpersonal means dealing with relationships. It is between two or more
persons.
Some of the ways to develop interpersonal skills are –
a. Listening – It is important to listen when someone talks.
 b. Body Language – When working with people or listening, our facial expressions, gestures,
and postures are important.
c. Positive attitude – People with a positive attitude are hopeful and see the best even in
difficult situations.
d. Stress management – When various personalities work together in a team, it can lead to
tension for everyone. In such situations, stress management becomes important for
everyone‟s health and well-being.
13.What is perseverance?
Answer – Perseverance is the capacity to keep going even when things are
challenging.
Perseverance can be developed in a variety of ways.
a. Not giving up when there is a difficult situation
b. Working hard to achieve the goal
c. Analyzing failures and learning from them
14. Why organizational skills are important?
Answer – The capacity to make the best use of one‟s time, energy, and resources in
order to achieve one‟s objectives is referred to as organizational skills.
Organizational Skills include the following –
a. Time management – Time management is the process of planning and following a
conscious control of time spent on specific activities.
b. Goal Setting – A goal is somewhere we want to reach. It is the aim or result that we want
from an activity. Goal makes us work harder, motivates us to complete what we start and
achieve the target.
c. Efficiency – Efficiency is the ability to do things well, successfully, without wasting time.
d. Managing quality – Managing quality in a business means setting and maintaining a
standard of excellence for products or services being provided to customers.
 GREEN SKILLS
Introduction to Green Skills:
Today, we are experiencing unpredictable weather conditions due to climatic changes and
environmental deterioration. Deterioration of the environment through depletion of resources, such as
air, water and soil is taking place globally. Whether we work in a factory or in field, we need to be
aware of the factors and systems that can be harmful to the environment. We must adopt practices that
are environment friendly and avoid using processes that will harm our surroundings. For example,
pollution is a major problem in most cities. We can check the rising pollution levels only if we are aware
of the various ways of controlling and minimising it. We can plant trees near our houses, and use an
eco-friendly mode of transport, such as bicycle, electric car, etc. We can take care of our environment
in many ways. For example, we must not leave the tap running while brushing our teeth, use the
leftover water in our bottles for watering plants, use cloth bags instead of plastic bags, buy eco-friendly
products and reduce the usage of paper.

What do you mean Green Economy?

A green economy is one which promotes development while making sure that the environment is
protected. The term „Green Economy‟ was first coined in a 1989 report for the Government of the
United Kingdom by a group of leading environmental economists, titled “Blueprint for a Green
Economy”. Every economy has many sectors. A sector can be described as a part or a function of the
economy. For example, agriculture, automotive, construction, transportation and healthcare are
different sectors of economy. To make the econmoy „green‟ or environmental friendly there are some
sectors where major changes can be made. We‟ll learn more about them in this lesson.

1. What is Green Jobs?

Answer – According to the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), Green jobs, also
known as green collar jobs, are jobs in agricultural, administrative, research and
development, manufacturing, and service industries that contribute significantly to the
preservation or restoration of environmental quality
2. What are the Benefits of Green Jobs?
Answer – The greening of the economy presents a major opportunity to start new
businesses, develop new markets and lower energy costs.
Green jobs that contribute to protecting the environment and reducing carbon
footprint are becoming a key economic driver of the twenty-first century.
Benefits of Green Jobs –
a. increase the efficiency of energy and raw material.
b. reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
c. control waste and pollution.
d. protect and restore ecosystems.
e. support adaptation to the effects of climate change
3. What do you mean by Farmer Interest Group?
Answer – Farmers‟ cooperatives are one of the most successful ways to reduce
agricultural risk and boost small and marginal farmers‟ livelihoods.
Farmers are organized into 15–20 member groups at the village level (called Farmer
Interest Groups or FIGs) and their associations are built up to a federating point, i.e. Farmer
Producer Organizations (FPOs).
armers‟ cooperatives (FPOs) are farmer cooperatives whose members are mostly small or
marginal farmers.
4. What is the BIOFUEL policy?
Answer – The Government of India‟s new biofuel policy, which was announced on August
10, 2018 focusses on initiatives for enhanced use of biomass so as to improve the
availability of ethanol through starch and sugar-based feedstock, develop ethanol
technologies and increase the production of biodiesel for blending.
Biofuels, such as BioCNG, Bio-methanol, and other biofuels made directly or indirectly from
organic material, can create green jobs.
5. What is environmentally friendly drip irrigation?
Answer – There are green jobs in water harvesting and conservation. Drip irrigation with
bamboo channels is an environmentally friendly approach to feed the ground. It efficiently
uses water without wasting any.
It is less expensive to construct, and after 2–3 years the bamboo rots added to the soil as
manure.
6. What are the different sectors where Green Jobs can be used. Answer
– Green jobs can be used in different sectors like –
a. Agriculture
b. Transportation
c. Water conservation
 d. Solar and Wind energy
e. Eco – tourism
f. Building and construction
g. Solid waste management
7. What is appropriate technology?
Answer – Appropriate technology is small-scale, environmentally friendly technology
that is customized to meet local needs. Bike- or hand-powered water pumps, solar
streetlights, solar structures, and other examples of appropriate technology

Green Jobs
A way we can contribute to the environment is by encouraging green jobs. Green jobs help protect and restore
the environment. Green jobs could be in any sector or industry — traditional sectors, such as manufacturing and
construction, and new sectors, such as renewable energy. A green job is defined as one that helps bring about
and maintain transition to environmentally sustainable forms of production and consumption. It cuts across all
sectors — energy, material, water conservation, waste management and pollution control.
Benefits of green jobs
The greening of economy presents a major opportunity to start new businesses, develop new markets and
lower energy costs. Green jobs that contribute to protecting the environment and reducing carbon footprint are
becoming a key economic driver of the twenty-first century. Green jobs help: • increase the efficiency of energy
and raw material. • reduce greenhouse gas emissions. • control waste and pollution. • protect and restore
ecosystems. • support adaptation to the effects of climate change.
8. What are the ways to reduce the amount of waste in Industries?
Answer – Some of the ways where we can reduce the waste in the Industries are –
a. Reusing scrap material – For example, In paper mills, damaged rolls are returned to the
beginning of the production process and used as raw material. Off-cuts and scrap from the
production of plastic objects are repurposed into new products.
b. Ensuring quality control – If product quality is maintained, the number of rejected products
will decrease, resulting in less waste. Automated monitoring technology is use, which can aid in
the early detection of production issues.
c. Waste exchange – This is where the waste product of one process becomes the raw material
for another. It represents the way of reducing waste disposal through re-use.
d. Managing e-waste – With advanced technology, we have also encountered problems in
managing e-waste such as outdated phones, laptops, and television sets.
e. Use of eco – friendly material – Scientists have discovered a variety of environmentally friendly
materials, such as banana leaves and disposable paper plates, among others. These should be made
widely available and their use needs to be encouraged.
9. What is NAPCC?
Answer – In June 2008, the Indian government launched the National Action Plan on Climate
Change (NAPCC) to address climate change and related challenges. Solar energy, improved
energy efficiency, habitat, water, sustaining Himalayan ecosystems, forestry, agriculture, and
strategic knowledge for climate change are among the eight purposes of the NAPCC.
 CHAPTER -1CORRESPONDENCE

Correspondence is the most important channel through which Business Communication and
Official Communication takes place in any written or digital form between two or more
parties. It may be in the form of letters, memos, emails messages, text messages, fax
messages, voicemails, notes etc.
Business Executives have to write a large number of letters for various kinds of business
enquiries, purchase orders, money collection, complaint and adjustment and for maintaining
the good relations with other companies. A good business letter follows the 7 C‟s of
Communication – clarity, completeness, conciseness, consideration, correctness, courtesy
and
concentration.
In this Unit, the students will learn the different styles of Business letters and Official letters
such as memos, notices, office orders, Demi-Official (DO) letters and office note with
adopting the proper formatting techniques.
QUESTION ANSWER

1. What do you mean by Correspondence?

Ans. Correspondence is the most important channel through which Business
Communication and
Official Communication takes place in any written or digital form between two or more
parties. It may be in the form of letters, memos, emails messages, text messages, fax
messages, voicemails, notes etc.

2. What do you mean by Business Correspondence?

Ans. Business Correspondence means the exchange of information in any written format
inside
the organization (intra-organization i.e. within a business), between two or more
organizations (inter-organization i.e. b2b) and between the customer and organization (i.e.
b2c and c2b). E-correspondence has also become extremely essential for modern business.

3. What is the difference between Business Correspondence and Official

Correspondence?
Ans. Business Correspondence- The whole Business Correspondence should, preferably,
be done on the letter-head of the organization. It is through letters that an organization can
build good relations with different parties i.e. customers, suppliers and service providers.
Office Correspondence- Official Correspondence define official work letter and
include all action of work in an office. The letters are written between different offices and
department of government, autonomous bodies and government and semi-government
bodies.. It includes the letters
written between two governments, inter-government, from one state government to another
state government or the central government or vice versa. Like business letters – the official
letters are not friendly. There is no personal touch. These letters are formal letters and
demands special care of dignity and designation of the person or officer writing the
letter.

4. How many styles are implemented for Business Correspondence? Explain.

Ans. STYLES OF TYPEWRITING LETTERS
The layout of Business Letters depends on the choice of individual firm concerned. Yet,
some common styles have been standardized and adopted over the years. The common
styles
of Business Correspondence are:
Indented Style
This is the oldest style of typed writing the letters. The word “indented” generally refers to
the beginning of first line of each paragraph by indenting in the left side of the margin of the
letter 5 or 7 spaces and typing the remaining lines of each paragraph from the left set margin.

Block Style/Fully Blocked Style

This type of letter style is now the most commonly used method of display for all Business
Correspondence. It is thought to be a very businesslike and sleek method. It is also known as
the American Style of typewriting the letters. This layout simply means that every line is
aligned flush with the left margin. No paragraphs are indented; no headings are centered –
everything starts at the left set margin. Paragraphs are separated by leaving two lines blank
between the two paragraphs.
Semi - Block Style
Semi-Block style is the combination of both the indented Style and the Block style. In this
style, there is no indentation in the first line of each paragraph in the body of the letter. All
the text of the paragraph is aligned to the left set margin. All the other parts of the letter are
typed more or less in the same way as in the Indented Style. It gives a neat and balanced look
to the letter, which is more popular. Paragraphs are separated by double or triple spacing.

5. Explain the difference between Semi-Block and Fully Blocked Style.

Ans. Fully Blocked Style - letter style is now the most commonly used method of display for
all Business Correspondence. It is thought to be a very businesslike and sleek method. It is
also known as
the American Style of typewriting the letters. This layout simply means that every line is
aligned flush with the left margin. No paragraphs are indented; no headings are centered –
everything starts at the left set margin. Paragraphs are separated by leaving two lines blank
between the two paragraphs.
Semi - Block Style is the combination of both the indented Style and the Block style.
In this
style, there is no indentation in the first line of each paragraph in the body of the letter. All
the text of the paragraph is aligned to the left set margin. All the other parts of the letter are
typed more or less in the same way as in the Indented Style. It gives a neat and balanced look
to the letter, which is more popular. Paragraphs are separated by double or triple spacing.

6. Explain the difference between Indented and Semi-Block Style.

Ans. Indented user Styleis the oldest style of typed writing the letters. The word “indented”
generally refers to the beginning of first line of each paragraph by indenting in the left side of
the margin of the
letter 5 or 7 spaces and typing the remaining lines of each paragraph from the left set margin.
Semi - Block Style is the combination of both the indented Style and the Block style. In
this
style, there is no indentation in the first line of each paragraph in the body of the letter. All
the text of the paragraph is aligned to the left set margin. All the other parts of the letter are
typed more or less in the same way as in the Indented Style. It gives a neat and balanced look
to the letter, which is more popular. Paragraphs are separated by double or triple spacing.

7. Define the different type of official Correspondence.

Ans. Various types of Official Correspondence are given below:
1. Official Letters
2. Demi- Official letters (D.O. Letters)
3. Office Memorandum (Memo)
4. Office Order
5. Unofficial Note (UO Note)
6. Circulars Letters
7. Endorsements
8. Notifications
9. Resolutions
10. Press Communiqué (Press Release)

8. Write down the features of Demi-Official (DO) letter.

Ans. Some of the features of DO letter are as under:
1. Do letter is written in first person using “I” instead of “We” in a friendly way;
2. It is addressed personally to an officer by his/her name;
3. The reference No. and Date are written as usual as “DO No……..”
4. Subject is not mentioned in the DO letter;
5. The starting point of D.O. letter is „Dear Mr.……….‟ or „My dear
Shri………….‟
In appropriate salutation;
6. The name of the officer writing the letter and his designation are written before
the salutation at the left hand margin;
7. The subscription or complimentary close often used in DO letters is „Yours
sincerely‟ or „Sincerely yours‟ or „Sincerely‟.
8. It is signed by the officer without stating his designation at the bottom as the
same
is written on the letter-head. Only the name is written within brackets.
 9. In these letters, the name and letters of the addressee is written at the end on
left
hand bottom corner of letter after the signature line.
10. The respectful phrases like “With kind regards”, “With best regards” etc. may
be
added before the complimentary close.

9. What is the difference between Memorandum and Office Note?

Ans. Memorandum is known as „Memo‟ and is commonly used for inter-office
correspondence in different offices. A memo is a message in writing sent by one person or
department to another „within the same organization‟.
The important features of the memorandum are:
(i) It is written in third person;
(ii) It is written in direct style;
(iii) It does not have either salutation or subscription;
(iv) The address of the addressee is written in the left hand bottom corner after
the
signature and
(v) It contains either the name or the designation of the officer signing the letter.
Office Note : It is also known as Inter-departmental Note or Un-official Note. Office Note is
used for horizontal communication. They are exchanged between departments, or between
officers of
almost equal rank. These notes are circulated asking for suggestions, advice, views and
comments of other departments on a proposal or in seeking or giving information about some
matter concerning their respective departments.

10. Write down the features of an Office Order.

Ans. According to rules Office Orders are used by the competent authority for issuing
instructions
for internal administration like change of working hours, warning letter, show cause notice,
grant of leave, distribution of work, promotions and transfers etc. They are the mean of
downward communication. The Office Orders are issued periodically. The sequence of
information is pre-decided. The copy of the Officer Order is also forwarded to the other
effected Departments/ Officers. It is also written in third person.

11. What is the difference between Formal and Informal Letters?

Ans. A formal letter is any letter written in the professional language, with a prescribed format
for a formal purpose, i.e. it can be a recommendation letter, enquiry letter, complaint letter,
cover letter and so on. All business letters are formal, but vice versa is not possible. Such
letters are used for a variety of reasons like a formal invitation, proposal, reference, making a
complaint or inquiry, applying for a job.
 An informal letter is a letter written to someone; we know fairly well. The letter can be
used for some reasons like conveying message, news, giving advice, congratulate
recipient, request information, asking questions, etc. It is a personal letter, written to whom
you are familiar with, like friends, siblings, parents or any other closed one. There is no
specific format prescribed for writing this letter.

Fill in the Blanks:

(i) The memorandum is always written in THIRDperson.

(ii) The good business letter follows the 7c‟clarity, completeness, conciseness,
consideration, correctness, courtesy andconcentration..

(iii) The paragraphs are indented in the left margin in Indented style letter. No
paragraphs are indented, no headings are centered in Fully Blocked Style.

(iv) Fully Blocked Style of letter is called the American Style of typing letter.

(v) The Official letters are not friendly.

(vi) The subject is not written in Demi-Official Letter (DO Letter)letter.

(vii) The memos are calledMemorandum .

(viii) No salutation and complimentary close are required inOffice Note letters.
(ix) Office Note is used for horizontalcommunication.

(x) The complimentary close such as sincerely yours‟ is used in Demi-Official

letters.
 CHAPTER 2 MANUSCRIPT
A manuscript is any document in typewritten or hand-written form – it may be books, legal
documents, letters, e-mails, articles in magazines, thesis, project reports, agenda, minutes,
documents, agreements, dissertations and research-papers which are corrected before
sending to the publisher for its publications. These documents are considered as drafts or
rough scripts.

These drafts require many additions, deletions, alterations and modifications before sending
the same to the publisher. The drafts are read again and again and put the required signs or
symbols to make the corrections in the margins of the document. These symbols are called
manuscript.

QUESTION ANSWER
1. What is Manuscript?
Ans- A manuscript is any document in typewritten or hand-written form – it may be books,
legal
documents, letters, e-mails, articles in magazines, thesis, project reports, agenda, minutes,
documents, agreements, dissertations and research-papers which are corrected before
sending
to the publisher for its publications. These documents are considered as drafts or rough
scripts.
2. What is proof-reading?
Ans. Careful reading (and rereading) of a (yet to be finally-printed) document, to detect any
errors in spelling, punctuation, or grammar. ... Every author knows that (despite the spelling
checking abilities of modern word processors) a human proof reader is indispensable. Also
called proofing.
3. What is the difference between proof-reading and manuscript?
Ans. Manuscripts are rough scripts - hand-written or printed, in any form, having corrections,
additions, deletions, alterations or modifications etc. In certain cases, the Manuscripts are
half-typed and half-handwritten. The various changes i.e. additions, alterations, and
corrections are indicated on the Manuscripts by Standard Proof Correction Signs.
Proofreading is a critical part of the writing process that involves English experts
scrutinizing a written document in order to identify and rectify grammar, punctuation, spelling
and vocabulary errors. Good writing always involves modification and revision, and
proofreading is a fundamental part of this process. People need proofreaders in order to be
sure that their work does not contain any mistakes.
4. What should we do before typewriting the manuscript?
Ans.THE PROCEDURE OF TYPING MANUSCRIPT
1. Before typing a manuscript, it should be read once or twice. In case the
manuscript is lengthy one, it should be read paradise.
2. If any word in the manuscript is not clear, it should be encircled and the
typist should proceed reading further without wasting time on the difficult
words. It may be possible that these words are clear somewhere in the
following paragraphs of the manuscript.
3. After reading the whole matter, if the typist fails to understand any
particular word, the sentence should be read time and again in order to
find out the correct word and complete sense of the sentence.
4. Before typing difficult words, spellings must be checked with the help of
dictionary, if available. In case the Dictionary is not available, or the typist
is not in a position to find out the correct spellings of a word, the writer of
the manuscript may be consulted instead of typing the incorrect spellings,
which will require the typist to type the whole document again. In case the
writer is not available, some space should be left blank so that the word
could be typed later on, in consultation with the author of the manuscript.

5. Why do we need to learn the manuscript signs?

Ans. A corrected draft is a draft which contains many corrections for final typing. It contains
the necessary correction signs.The Office Assistants/Computer Operators are required to
typewrite Manuscripts written by various persons. In order to become an efficient Office
Assistant or Computer, he should attain mastery in typewriting of Manuscripts of different kinds
and should have the thorough knowledge about the standard Proof Correction Signs.
 6. Is it compulsory to read the passage two or three times before final typing?
Ans. Before typing difficult words, spellings must be checked with the help of dictionary, if
available. In case the Dictionary is not available, or the typist is not in a position to find out the
correct spellings of a word, the writer of the manuscript may be consulted instead of typing the
incorrect spellings, which will require the typist to type the whole document again. In case the
writer is not available, some space should be left blank so that the word could be typed later
on, in consultation with the author of the manuscript.

7. EXPLAIN THE FOLLOWING SIGNS:

SIGNS MEANING
1. Stet (let it stand as it)
Do not delete the
matter. Ignore the
corrections dotted
underneath/underlined.
2. Trans (Transpose the words).

3. Cap (Capital)
Change the alphabets
underlined/ crossed
through to Capital
Letter.
4. /^/ Insert the matter in the
Margin.
5. / “ “/ Insert double inverted
commas.
6. (Close Up)
Not to leave the any
space between the two
words.
7. l.c. (Lower case/small
case)
Change the alphabets
underlined/crossed
through the lower
case/small case).
8. eq# Equalize Spacing.

9. sp (Spell)
Correct the spelling
error.
10. D (Delete the matter)
Not required to Print.
 CHAPTER 3
BASICS OF EXCEL
MS- Excel 2007 is a windows based application package. It provides powerful
tools and features that can be used to analyze, share, and manage your data with
ease. It displays a table of numbers and text in rows and columns, and used for
accounting, budgeting, financial analysis, scientific applications, and other work
with figures. It performs detailed analysis on numerical data. The analysis is done
by defining formulas to perform calculations on a set of data, link different
worksheets and present data in the form of graphs. It automatically recalculates
the result of mathematical formulas if the source data changes.

An Excel file is made up of Worksheets, which collectively are called a Workbook.

Worksheets are like pages within a workbook and can contain data or be blank.
Worksheets can contain information and work independently of each other or can
be linked together to form a workbook. Each worksheet contains horizontal rows
and vertical columns. The maximum number of rows is 18,278 (A to ZZZ) columns
and 1,048,576 rows. The intersection of a row and a column is said to be a cell.
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
I. Fill in the blanks:
a) Formulas in Excel start with __=__.

b) The intersection of a row and column is called Cell.

c) An Excel workbook can have number of 16384.

d) The function =AVERAGE ()is used for calculating average.

e) A selected cell in Excel is calledACTIVE CELL.

f) A worksheet is a group of cells.

g) In Relative referencing, the cell reference does not change while copying
formulas.

h) A spreadsheet is also called WORKSHEET.

II. Answer in brief:

1) What is the method of copying formula?

ANS. >When a formula has Relative Referencing and it is copied from one cell to
another, exact copy of the formula is not created. It will change cell addresses
relative to the row and column to which they are moved to.
When the formula in F2 is copied and pasted to F3, the formula in F3 will appear as =D3*A3
because it is a relative reference .

2) How do you add data to the chart?

ANS> After creating a chart, you might need to add an additional data series to the chart. A
data series is a row or column of numbers that are entered in a worksheet and plotted in your
chart, such as a list of quarterly business profits.

Charts in Office are always associated with an Excel-based worksheet, even if you created
your chart in another program, such as Word. If your chart is on the same worksheet as the
data you used to create the chart (also known as the source data), you can quickly drag
around any new data on the worksheet to add it to the chart. If your chart is on a separate
sheet, you'll need to use the Select Data Source dialog box to add a data series.

3) What do you understand by AutoFormat feature?

ANS>Automatic formatting can make entering certain kinds of text faster and easier. The
specific options that are available depend on the program that you are using. To see and
modify automatic formatting options :

Proofing button at left bar. In AutoCorrect Options section, click AutoCorrect

4) What are the different types of Charts?
ANS>CHART TYPES -Select a Chart from a set of chart types in step 1 of the Chart
Wizard. Some of the chart types are:
Column Charts – They compare distinct items. In this chart category axis is
horizontal (Xaxis) and value axis is vertical (Y-axis). It is important to keep the
number of series in a column chart to a minimum. Too many series cause the
column to become too narrow and difficult to analyze. Column charts are used to
compare the results.

Chart Title
80000

60000
Sal
Maruti
es 40000
Honda
20000
Tata
0 Hyundai
2012 2013 2014 2015
Year
Bar Charts - Compare distinct items or show single items at distinct intervals. It is
similar to column chart except that in this chart value axis is horizontal (X-axis) and
category axis is vertical (Y-axis).

Chart Title
2015

2014
Hyundai
2013Tata
2012Honda
Maruti 0 20000 40000 60000 80000
Sales

Area Charts – TheyShow the relative contributions of each value to a total over
time.
80000

60000
Sal
Maruti
es 40000
70000
55000 60000 Honda
50000
20000
Tata
0 Hyundai
2012 2013 2014 2015
Year

Line Charts - These charts are useful to compare the trends over time.

Chart Title
80000
Sal 60000
Maruti
es 40000
20000 Honda
0 Tata
2012 2013 2014 2015 Hyundai
Year

Pie Charts - The charts show the proportion of each value to the total value in a
data series. They are used to show proportional sales figures, or representation of
different categories of population like workers, male/female, adults/children, etc.

Maruti

50000
70000

55000
60000
 2012
2013
2014
2015

5) Differentiate between the SUMIF() and COUNTIF() functions?

(a) ANS>SUMIF() Function – It is used to add the numbers in the range that meet
the given criteria.
The Syntax is
=SUMIF(Range, Criteria)
For example, Find the total marks of students who have scored more than 80 with
the formula:
=SUMIF (A1:A10, “>80”)
In this formula the range A1:A10 is the range of marks of 10 students and the
criteria is specified in quotes using comparison operator.
COUNTIF() Function – It is used to count the number of cells within a range
that meet the given criteria.
The Syntax is
=COUNTIF (range, criteria)
Where range is the location of all the values from which the COUNTIF will choose
and criteria are the expressions, text, or values that define which cells will be
counted.

For example, Find the number of students who have scored more than 80 with the
formula: =COUNTIF (A1:A10, “>80”) in quotes using comparison operator.

6) What is the function of AutoFill feature?

ANS>Autofill is used to fill automatically i.e., fill a series of numbers, numbers and
text combinations, dates or time periods, based on the pattern established. Select
cells and drag the fill handle .

7) Differentiate between relative and absolute referencing?

ANS>Absolute Referencing: To prevent the cell addresses to change, a dollar
sign “$” is placed before column and row location in the formula. The references
become absolute and they will not change when copied.

Mixed referencing: is a combination of relative and absolute reference.

For example, in the formula “= (D2$+$A$2)”, the row of cell D2 is fixed and the
column of cell A2 is fixed.

Relative Referencing: Calling cells by just their column and row labels (such as
“A1”) is called Relative Referencing. When a formula has Relative Referencing
and it is copied from one cell to another, exact copy of the formula is not created. It
will change cell addresses relative to the row and column to which they are moved
to.

8) What are the uses of operators in Excel?

ANS> OPERATORS
An operator is a special symbol that tells a Programme what action to take on a series of
numbers. There are two kinds of operators:
(a) Mathematical operators and (b) Comparison or logical operators.
Mathematical Operators: These operators are used to add, subtract, multiply, and divide
numbers. The following are the 5 mathematical operators.

Operator Explanation Example

Symbol
^ Exponential =4^2
+ Addition =4+2
- Subtraction =4-2
* Multiplication =4*2
/ Division =4/2

(a) Comparison Operators: These operators are used to compare one value to
the other. These operators are also called logical operators because the resulted
answer in the cell is always either True or False.

The following are the comparison operators.

Operator Explanation Example

Symbol
= Equal to =C1=10
> Greater than =E5>50
>= Greater than or equal =D5>=20
to
< Less than =E1<20
<= Less than or equal to =C5<=10
<> Not equal to =F1<>10

Basic Properties of a Formula

1. A formula may consist of operators, cell references, range names, values and
functions.
2. A formula always start with an equal to (=) sign.
3. When a formula is entered in the cell, and then the ENTER key is pressed, only
the calculated result is displayed in the cell and not the formula.
4. If a cell containing formula is made an active cell, though it still shows the value,
but in the formula bar, the formula is displayed.
III. Reproduce the following worksheet & save it, insert a title Half Yearly Sales:
A B C D E F G
1 Name January February March April May June
2 Mr. 20000 10000 5000 10000 50000 70000
Dinesh
3 Mr. 25000 30000 20000 12000 40000 45000
Manish
4 Mr. Sahil 30000 18000 16000 28000 30000 40000
5 Mr. 20000 22000 18000 23000 28000 30000
Mohan
6 Mr. 25000 28000 16000 30000 34000 40000
Harish
7 Total
8 Average
9 Highest
10 Lowest

Using Formulas:
a) Calculate Total for each month and display them in cells B7, C7, D7, E7, F7,
G7 respectively.
ANS. =SUM(B7:G7)
b) Calculate Average for each month and display them in cells B8, C8, D8, E8,
F8, G8 respectively.
ANS. =AVERAGE(B8:G8)

c) Calculate Highest for each month and display them in cells B9, C9, D, E9,
F9, G9 respectively.
ANS. =MAX(B8:G8)

d) Calculate Lowest for each month and display them in cells B10, C10, D10,
E10, F10, G10 respectively.
ANS. =MIN(B8:G8)

e) Create a column graph on a new sheet showing the heading Monthly sales
for Six months.
ANS.
Monthly sales for Six months
80000
60000
40000
20000
0
January February March April May June

Mr. Dinesh Mr. Manish Mr. Sahil Mr. Mohan Mr. Harish

-------
Excel=
An Introduction to Excel
MS Excel is a commonly used Microsoft Office application. It is a spreadsheet program which
is used to save and analyse numerical data.
In this article, we bring to you the important features of MS Excel, along with an overview of
how to use the program, its benefits and other important elements. A few sample MS Excel
question and answers are also given further below in this article for the reference of
Government exam aspirants.
Q. What is MS Excel?
MS Excel is a spreadsheet program where one can record data in the form of tables. It is easy
to analyse data in an Excel spreadsheet.

Q. How to open MS Excel?

To open MS Excel on your computer, follow the steps given below:

 Click on Start
 Then All Programs
 Next step is to click on MS Office
 Then finally, choose the MS-Excel option
Alternatively, you can also click on the Start button and type MS Excel in the search option
available.
Q. What is a cell?
A spreadsheet is in the form of a table comprising rows and columns. The rectangular box at
the intersection point between rows and columns forms a cell.

Features of MS Excel
Various editing and formatting can be done on an Excel spreadsheet. Discussed below are the
various features of MS Excel.

 Home
 Comprises options like font size, font styles, font colour, background colour,
alignment, formatting options and styles, insertion and deletion of cells and
editing options

 Insert
 Comprises options like table format and style, inserting images and figures,
adding graphs, charts and sparklines, header and footer option, equation and
symbols

 Page Layout
 Themes, orientation and page setup options are available under the page layout
option

 Formulas
 Since tables with a large amount of data can be created in MS excel, under this
feature, you can add formulas to your table and get quicker solutions

 Data
 Adding external data (from the web), filtering options and data tools are available
under this category

 Review
 Proofreading can be done for an excel sheet (like spell check) in the review
category and a reader can add comments in this part

 View
 Different views in which we want the spreadsheet to be displayed can be edited
here. Options to zoom in and out and pane arrangement are available under this
category.
Benefits of Using MS Excel
MS Excel is widely used for various purposes because the data is easy to save, and
information can be added and removed without any discomfort and less hard work.
Given below are a few important benefits of using MS Excel:

 Easy To Store Data: Since there is no limit to the amount of information that can be
saved in a spreadsheet, MS Excel is widely used to save data or to analyse data.
Filtering information in Excel is easy and convenient.
 Easy To Recover Data: If the information is written on a piece of paper, finding it may
take longer, however, this is not the case with excel spreadsheets. Finding and
recovering data is easy.
 Application of Mathematical Formulas: Doing calculations has become easier and
less time-taking with the formulas option in MS excel
 More Secure: These spreadsheets can be password secured in a laptop or personal
computer and the probability of losing them is way lesser in comparison to data written
in registers or piece of paper.
 Data at One Place: Earlier, data was to be kept in different files and registers when the
paperwork was done. Now, this has become convenient as more than one worksheet
can be added in a single MS Excel file.
 Neater and Clearer Visibility of Information: When the data is saved in the form of a
table, analysing it becomes easier. Thus, information is a spreadsheet that is more
readable and understandable.

MS Excel Questions and Answers

Given below are a few sample questions based on MS Excel which will help candidates
preparing for competitive exams to score more in the Computer Awareness section.
Q 1. The address that is obtained by the combination of the Row number and the Column
alphabet is called ________.

1. Worksheet
2. Cell
3. Workbox
4. Cell Address
5. Column Address
Answer: (4) Cell Address
Q 2. Where is the option for page border given in the MS Excel spreadsheet?

1. Home
2. Insert
3. Format
4. View
5. Page Border cannot be added in excel worksheet
Answer: (5) Page Border cannot be added in excel worksheet
Q 3. Excel workbook is a collection of _______ and _______.

1. Worksheet and charts

2. Graphs and images
3. Sheets and images
4. Video and audio
5. None of the above
Answer: (1) Worksheet and charts
Q 4. What type of chart is useful for comparing values over categories?

1. Bar Graph
2. Column Chart
3. Pie Chart
4. Line Graph
5. Such charts cannot be created in Excel
Answer: (2) Column Chart
Q 5. There is an option to add comments in an Excel worksheet, what are the cells called in
which comments can be added?

1. Cell Tip
2. Comment Tip
3. Smart Tip
4. Point Tip
5. Query Tip
Answer: (1) Cell Tip

Q 6. Which of the following symbols needs to be added in the formula bar, before adding a
formula?

1. *
2. $
3. %
4. +
5. =
Answer: (5) =
Q 7. Which keyboard key is used for Help in MS Excel?

1. ctrl+H
2. F2
3. F1
4. shift+H
5. Alt+ctrl+home
Answer: (3) F1
Q 8. How can you activate a cell in MS Excel?

1. By clicking on it
2. By pressing the arrow keys
3. By pressing Tab key
4. All of the above
5. None of the above
Answer: (4) All of the above

Questions on Basics of MS Excel

Q 1. What is the definition of MS Excel?

Ans. MS Excel is a spreadsheet program where one can record data in the form of tables. This
gives the user a more systematic display of data.

Q 2. What are the main features of Microsoft Excel?

Ans. The main features of MS Excel include inserting a pivot table, sorting of tabulated data,
adding formulas to the sheet, and calculating large data.

Q 3. What are the common MS Excel formulas?

Ans. Given below are the common calculations which can be done using MS Excel:

 Addition
 Subtraction
 Average
 Maximum and Minimum
 Concatenate
 Count

Q 4. What is a cell in Microsoft Excel?

Ans. MS Excel comprises a spreadsheet is in the form of a table comprising rows and
columns. The rectangular box at the intersection point between rows and columns forms a cell.

Q 5. Can multiple sheets be added to a single spreadsheet?

Ans. Yes, MS Excel gives an option to add multiple worksheets to a single spreadsheet. The
user can rename each of these worksheets as per their requirements.
Points To Remember
There are certain things which one must know with respect to MS Excel, its applications and
usage:

 An MS Excel file is saved with an extension of .xls

 Companies with large staff and workers use MS Excel as saving employee information
becomes easier
 Excel spreadsheets are also used in hospitals where the information of patients can be
saved more easily and can be removed conveniently once their medical history is
cleared
 The sheet on which you work is called a Worksheet
 Multiple worksheets can be added in a single Excel file
 This is a data processing application

**************
 CHAPTER 4
Power Point

Microsoft PowerPoint is a presentation program that helps to develop dynamic,

professional-looking presentations. It can be used to create and organize slide
shows, speaker notes, handouts. It is used by teachers and trainers to make the
lecture presentations. It is used in the corporate sector to present project plans and
strategies. It improves the presentations with pictures, sound effects, tables and
charts.

PRACTICE QUESTIONS
I. Multiple choice questions:
1) Which of the following should be used if all the slide in the presentation to have
the same “look”?
a) The slide layout option.
b) Add a slide option.
c) Outline view.
d) A presentation design template.

2) Special effects used to introduce slides in a presentation are called

a) Effects.
b) Custom animations.
c) Transitions.
d) Present animations.

3) How can you create a uniform appearance by adding a background

image to all slides?
a) Create a template.
b) Edit the slide master.
c) Use the autocorrect wizard.
d) All of the above.

4) Which of the following section does not exist in a slide

layout?
a) Titles.
b) Lists.
c) Charts.
d) Animations.

5) The effect applied to display when slides changes in

slide show view is
a) Slide Animation.
b) Custom Animation.
c) Custom Transition.
d) Slide Transition.

II. Answer in brief:

1. What is Presentation? What are its uses?

ANS>A presentation program is a software program that helps create a slideshow
that addresses a topic. Presentation programs can be used in businesses and
schools for discussing a topic or for teaching. Many times, the presenter uses
a projector to project the slideshow up on to screen that everyone can see. Below
is an example of Microsoft PowerPoint, a commonly used program that creates
presentations.

2. What are different views options available in PowerPoint?

ANS>VIEWING SLIDES
PowerPoint consists of different views to help in the creation and presentation of
slides. The views are Normal View, Slide Sorter View, Notes Page and Slide show.
View tab Presentation View group
Normal View
It is the default view where one can write and design presentation. It has four
working areas: Outline tab, Slides tab, Slide pane, Notes pane. In Outline tab it
displays small images called thumbnails. Slides tab shows all the text on the
slides. Slide pane shows the currently selected slide. Notes pane is used for
entering notes about the current slide.

Slide Sorter View

It displays the thumbnails of all the slides in the presentation. It allows to sort,
move, add and delete slides easily.

Notes Page

It displays a page layout of the notes and the slide. It allows to rearrange the notes
and compare them to the content of the slide.

3. What is the difference between a presentation and a slide?

ANS>A PowerPoint presentation is a presentation created using
Microsoft PowerPoint software. The presentation is a collection of individual slides
that contain information on a topic. PowerPoint presentations are commonly used
in business meetings and for training and educational purposes.
A slide is a single page of a presentation. Collectively, a group of slides may be
known as a slide deck. ... In the digital age, a slide most commonly refers to a
single page developed using a presentation program

4. Write the steps to insert ClipArt in a slide.

ANS>Open the PowerPoint presentation you will add the clip art to. Click the
“Insert” tab and select Clip Art from the Images group. A Clip Art pane will
appear. Enter the keyword of the clipart you will insert in the Search For field.
5. Write steps to insert textbox and WordArt.
ANS> To insert a text box:
1. Select the Insert tab on the Ribbon.
2. Click the Text Box command in the Text group. A drop-down menu will appear.
3. Select Draw Text Box. Creating a blank text box.
4. Click and drag on the document to create the text box. Drawing the text box.
5. You can now start typing to create text inside the text box.

Insert WordArt
1. Click where you want to insert decorative text in a document.
2. On the Insert tab, in the Text group, click WordArt.
3. Click any WordArt style, and start to type.

6. What is the difference between animation and transition?

ANS>Transitions are the animation effects that occur between slides. Speed of
transition slide can also be controlled and sound can also be added.

1. Select Animations tab Transition to this slide.

2. Select the transition from the list.
3. Click on Transition Sound button to apply sound effect.
4. Click on Transition Speed button to adjust the speed.
5. Click on Apply to All the transition to all the slides.
ANIMATION

CREATE CUSTOME ANIMATION EFEECTS FOR OBJECTS

1. Select Animation tab Animations Custom Animation.
2. Custom Animation Panel appears on the right hand side of the current slide.
3. Select the object.
4. Click the Add Effect button and choose an animation style.

MS PowerPoint-
PowerPoint (PPT) is a powerful, easy-to-use presentation graphics software program that
allows you to create professional-looking electronic slide shows.
Given below are a few important things that one must know about the development and
introduction of Microsoft PowerPoint:

 The program was created in a software company named Forethought, Inc. by Robert
Gaskins and Dennis Austin.
 It was released on April 20, 1987, and after 3 months of its creation, it was acquired by
Microsoft.
 The first version of this program, when introduced by Microsoft was MS PowerPoint 2.0
(1990).
 It is a presentation-based program that uses graphics, videos, etc. to make a
presentation more interactive and interesting.
 The file extension of a saved Powerpoint presentation is “.ppt”.
 A PowerPoint presentation comprising slides and other features is also known as PPT.
Question: How to open MS PowerPoint on a personal computer?
Answer: Follow the steps below to open MS PowerPoint on a personal computer:

1. Click on the start button

2. Then choose “All Programs”
3. Next step is to select “MS Office”
4. Under MS Office, click on the “MS PowerPoint”
A blank presentation is open on the screen. According to the requirement, a person can
modify the template for a presentation and start using the program.
uestion: What is a PowerPoint presentation or PPT?
Answer: A combination of various slides depicting a graphical and visual interpretation of
data, to present information in a more creative and interactive manner is called a PowerPoint
presentation or PPT.

Uses of PowerPoint Presentation

PowerPoint presentations are useful for both personal and professional usage. Given below
are a few of the major fields where PPT is extremely useful:

 Education – With e-learning and smart classes being chosen as a common mode of
education today, PowerPoint presentations can help in making education more
interactive and attract students towards the modified version of studying

 Marketing – In the field of marketing, PowerPoint presentations can be extremely

important. Using graphs and charts, numbers can be shown more evidently and clearly
which may be ignored by the viewer if being read

 Business – To invite investors or to show the increase or decrease in profits, MS

PowerPoint can be used

 Creating Resumes – Digital resumes can be formed using MS PowerPoint. Different

patterns, photograph, etc. can be added to the resume
 Depicting Growth – Since both graphics and text can be added in a presentation,
depicting the growth of a company, business, student‟s marks, etc. is easier using PPT

Question: What is a slide show in a PowerPoint presentation?

Answer: When all the slides of a PowerPoint presentation are set in series and then
presented to a group of people, where each slide appears one after the other, is a set pattern,
this is known as a PowerPoint slide show.
Question: What all elements can be added to a slide?
Answer: The following elements can be added to a Powerpoint slide:

1. Clip Art
2. Graphs
3. Tables
4. Photographs
5. Charts
6. Media Clips
7. Videos
All these elements are mainly used to enhance presentation skills and make the slide more
interactive.
To learn more about the Fundamentals of Computer, visit the linked article.
For a better understanding of the Microsoft PowerPoint and its operations, functions and
usage, refer to the video given below:

Features of MS PowerPoint
There are multiple features that are available in MS PowerPoint which can customise and
optimise a presentation. The same have been discussed below.

 Slide Layout
Multiple options and layouts are available based on which a presentation can be created. This
option is available under the “Home” section and one can select from the multiple layout
options provided.

 Insert – Clipart, Video, Audio, etc.

Under the “Insert” category, multiple options are available where one can choose what feature
they want to insert in their presentation. This may include images, audio, video, header, footer,
symbols, shapes, etc.

 Slide Design
MS PowerPoint has various themes using which background colour and designs or textures
can be added to a slide. This makes the presentation more colourful and attracts the attention
of the people looking at it.
This feature can be added using the “Design” category mentioned on the homepage of MS
PowerPoint. Although there are existing design templates available, in case someone wants to
 add some new texture or colour, the option to customise the design is also available. Apart
from this, slide designs can also be downloaded online.

 Animations
During the slide show, the slides appear on the screen one after the other. In case, one wants
to add some animations to the way in which a slide presents itself, they can refer to the
“Animations” category.
Q. How do you present a presentation?
Follow these steps to start a presentation effectively:
1. Tell your audience who you are. Start your presentation by introducing yourself. ...
2. Share what you are presenting. ...
3. Let them know why it is relevant. ...
4. Tell a story. ...
5. 5. Make an interesting statement. ...
6. Ask for audience participation.

Q. What are the 5 parts of a presentation?

Prepare for every presentation by including five parts:
 Introduction.
 Objective.
 Overview.
 Presentation.
 Summary/Conclusion.

MCQ
Q 1. How many maximum slides can be added to a PowerPoint presentation?
1. 50
2. 500
3. No fixed number
4. 25
5. 300
Answer: (3) No fixed number
Q 2. Slide Sorter view can be selected under which of the following categories?
1. Home
2. File
3. Edit
4. View
5. Review
Answer: (4) View
Q 3. The combination of which keyboard keys can be used as a shortcut to add a new slide in
MS PowerPoint?
1. ctrl+S
2. ctrl+L
3. ctrl+M
4. ctrl+N
5. ctrl+P
Answer: (3) ctrl+M
Q 4. Header and Footer option is available under which of the following categories?
1. Insert
2. Design
3. Review
4. View
5. Home
Answer: (1) Insert
Q 5. Which of the following is not included in the “Insert” category in MS PowerPoint?
1. Shapes
2. Table
3. Equation
4. Animation
5. Video
Answer: (4) Animation

**************
 CHAPTER 5
INTERNET SEARCH
INTRODUCTION
The Internet consists of millions of private/public/academic/business and
government networks having local to global scope. It has billions of web pages. As
compared to searching a database, the search for a document contents is more
terrifying since is not structured. We need the services of the Search Engines for
finding the documents on the Internet. When a user enters a query into a search
engine, the engine examines it as index and provides a list of best-matching web
pages according to its ranking criteria.

PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1. What is Search Engine? Give three examples.
ANS>A Search engine can be defined as a tool to search these disorganized
sources of information available on the Internet. Using a search engine is pretty
simple. Just type in the data to be searched, the space provided at the search
engine‟s current page, and click search.
Some of the popular Search Engines on the Internet are:
Google https://www.google.com/

Yahoo https://search.yahoo.com/

Rediff http://www.rediff.com/

2. Why Search Engine is needed?

ANS>Essentially, a Search Engine acts as a filter for a wealth of available
information on the Internet. Search Engines allow users to not only quickly, but
also easily, find the information that is of interest or value to them. It also
eliminates the need to wade through numerous amounts of irrelevant web pages.

3. Name three Boolean operators used with keywords while using Search
Engines.
ANS> he three Boolean operators are AND, OR and NOT.
-AND. Use AND to narrow your search: all of your search terms will present in
the retrieved records. ...
- OR. Use OR to broaden your search by connecting two or more synonyms. ...
- NOT. Use NOT to exclude term(s) from your search results.

4. What is E-Commerce?
ANS> E-COMMERCE
As the Internet makes way for new business transactions via its complex
telecommunications network, it is difficult to provide a single all encompassing
definition of e-commerce. It means different to different people. A broad definition
of e-commerce is: “The marketing, promoting, buying & selling of goods
electronically, particularly via the Internet”. A narrower definition is “the trading of
goods and services in which the final order is placed over the Internet”. Infect E-
Commerce is the subset of E-Business.

5. Name the different types of E-Commerce.

ANS> TYPES OF E-COMMERCE
It is necessary to consider the various forms that Internet Commerce embodies in
order to understand the implications for taxation. E-commerce can be categorized
in four ways:
Business to business (B2B); www.vendome.niit.com
Business to consumer (B2C);www.indiatimes.com
Consumer to business (C2B); www.makemytrip.com iv. Consumer to consumer
(C2C); www.ebay.in
 6. What is the use of Phrase search?
ANS>Phrase Search is a type of search that allows users to search for documents
containing an exact sentence or phrase rather than containing a set of keywords in random
order.

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1. When a request is sent from the browser, it is URLthat retrieves the
information and provides it back to the browser.
2. A network of network is calledInternet.
3. B2B is calledBusiness to business.
4. There are Threetype of search engines.
5. E-Commerceis the subset of E-Business.

Introduction to Internet:
The internet is composed of a large number of smaller interconnected networks.
These networks may link tens, hundreds, or thousands of computers. The Internet
is the global network of computing devices including desktop, laptop, servers,
tablets, mobile phones, other handheld devices as well as peripheral devices such
as printers, scanners, etc. Today, smart electronic appliances like TV, AC,
refrigerator, fan, light, etc., can also communicate through the Internet. History of
Internet: US defense department had sponsored a project ARPANET (acronym for
Advanced Research Project Agency NETwork) in the year 1969. It was a first and a
small project run through internet technology. NSFnet was created by the National
Science Foundation which was more capable than ARPANET. The linking of these
two and some other networks was named INTERNET.
Advantages of Internet: 1. Easy to communicate. 2. Cost effective. 3. Global reach
of people and products. 4. Publishing documents on internet saves paper. 5. An
effective tool to grow business.

Disadvantages: 1. Increase of cyber fraud. 2. Risk of hacking the important info. 3.

Virus may be spread across the PCs connected to internet. 4. Irrelevancy of
information. 5. Loss of social skills. 6. Increase of cybercrimes.

What is an Internet?
A complete network of globally linked computers, the Internet also enables the users to
transfer information and communication. This makes use of the TCP/IP protocol suite while
communicating. Available in both wired and wireless mode, the internet also includes a wide
range of networks such as private, public, government, organisation, etc. It supports multiple
users and allows the transfer of a massive amount of data.

What is an Intranet?
A part of the network, but controlled and used by a private organisation, Intranet has
restrictions and can support only fewer users. Hence, only limited data can be shared over it.
Intranet is usually operated on a client/server platform. This enables the organisations to share
files, data, organise information, manage and share calendars, files, etc.
Difference between WWW and Internet:
WWW is made up of web sites that have one or more web pages. This is the part of
the internet that we use probably use most of the time. Whereas internet is
consisting of Chatting forums, Collection of research database, email, and instant
messenger etc. In other words, we can say that Internet is a container whereas
WWW is an item contain inside the internet.

Q. Difference between Internet and Intranet

INTERNET INTRANET

Simultaneously link computers on Owned by local or private organisations / companies

different network / global network

Support multiple users Users are limited

Unsafe, not protected Protected and secured

It‟s a public network with more traffic A private network and traffic is less

Can transfer unlimited data Can transfer only limited data

Can be widely accessed and used Company or organisation employees or admin with
access to login details can only use this

More data or information can be Data or information accessible over intranet will be
accessed or availed limited and specific to the company records or details

*************
 CHAPTER 6 EMAIL
E-mail (Electronic mail) is an electronic exchange of messages. E-mail does not
require physical components like pen, paper for compiling information or man
power for movement of message from the source to the intended end-user. It is a
quick and inexpensive way to stay in touch with the near and dear ones almost
anywhere. An email recipient doesn‟t even have to be available when email is sent
to her. It is stored in the mail server and the recipient can log in and download it at
a convenient time.

PRACTICE QUESTIONS

1. What is E-mail?
ANS> E-mail (Electronic mail) is an electronic exchange of messages. E-mail does
not require physical components like pen, paper for compiling information or man
power for movement of message from the source to the intended end-user. It is a
quick and inexpensive way to stay in touch with the near and dear ones almost
anywhere. An email recipient doesn‟t even have to be available when email is sent
to her. It is stored in the mail server and the recipient can log in and download it at
a convenient time.

2. How can an email text be formatted?

ANS> FORMATTING TEXT - We can use various inbuilt text formatting options to modify
the appearance of the mail. Gmail provides the following options to modify the message text
(highlighted in red in the below screenshot).
 Bold
 Italics
 Underline
 Change Font Type/Size/Colour/Background
 Indent the message text
 Use “Bullets and Numbers” to highlight the information.

3. How a file be sent with an email message?

ANS> SENDING AN EMAIL WITH ATTACHMENT
 Gmail provides the feature to add attachments like documents, multimedia
files with the mail.
 In Gmail, click the Compose button.
 Click the paperclip icon at the bottom of the compose window.
 Browse through your files and click the name of the file you'd like to attach.
 Click Open.
 To remove a file attached to a message, click the x to the right of the file
name at the bottom of the message.
4. What is the difference between replying to a message and forwarding
it?
ANS>Replying an email
 Replying lets you send a response to a mail in your inbox.
 To reply to a message, just click in the box below the message and type
away!
 Click the arrow icon in the top right corner of the message you received.
 Select the “Reply” option to open the reply dialogue box.
 When you reply, the previous text from the rest of the conversation can be
seen by
Forwarding email
 Forwarding lets you resend a message in your inbox.
 Open the message you want to forward.
 Click the arrow icon in the top right corner of the message you received.
 Select the “Forward” option to open the Forward dialogue box.
 Add the recipients in the “To” Text box and send the mail.

5. Write the steps to clean the inbox of unwanted email messages.

ANS>Step 1: Log into your email account and make sure you‟re on the dashboard (main
page) of your account.
Step 2: Go to your inbox.
 Step 3: Peruse your inbox for emails that you no longer need. When you‟ve identified
these, click the „select‟ box to the far left of each email so that a tick appears in the
box.
Step 4: Once you‟ve selected an email that you wish to delete, click the delete icon.
You can also delete an email by opening it and then clicking the delete icon.
Step 5: Your selected email will be deleted.
Step 6: If you wish to delete more than one email, click the „select‟ box of each email
that you wish to delete, as shown in Step 3.
Step 7: Click Delete once again.

6. How do you add signature to email?

ANS> Add a Signature - An e-mail signature is a block of text that is appended to the end of
an e-mail message that is sent.
On a computer, openGmail.
 At the top right, click the settings icon (
). Select Settings.
 At the top right, click the settings icon (
). Select Settings.

 Scroll down to the "Signature" section

and enter your new signature text in
the box.

 At the bottom of the page, click Save

Changes.
Fill in the blanks

i. Email stands for Electronic mail.

ii. Websites offering free email services are GOOGLE, YAHOO AND
REDIFFMAIL.
iii. AnINBOX is the main folder that your incoming mail gets stored in.
iv. All deleted mails are placed at the Trashfolder.
v.CC is used to send a DUPLICATE of message to a person.
………………………

Electronic Mail (Email) :

Email is the short form of electronic mail. It is one of the ways of sending and
receiving message(s) using the Internet. To use email service, one needs to register
with an email service provider by creating a mail account. These services may be
free or paid. Some of the popular email service providers are Google (Gmail), Yahoo
(yahoo mail), Microsoft (outlook), etc.

Following are some of the common facilities available for an email user:
1. Creating an email, attaching files with an email, saving an email as draft for
mailing later. Creating email is also termed as composing. 2. Sending and receiving
mail. Same email can be sent to multiple email addresses, simultaneously. 3.
Sending the copy of mail, as carbon copy (cc) or blind carbon copy (bcc). 4.
Forwarding a received email to other user(s) 5. Filtering spam emails 6. Organizing
email in folders and sub folders 7. Creating and managing email ids of the people
you know. 8. Setting signature/footer to be inserted automatically at the end of each
email.

How to Write an Email?

Email writing is an essential part of professional communication. It is not easy to get people to
respond to your emails if they do not feel interested in your message or proposal. This is
exactly the reason why you should learn to write good emails. Be bold. Get to the point right
away. The best email communication is the one that is simple and clear.
There are a few tips you have to keep in mind when you sit down to write emails. Emails can
be casual or professional, just like informal and formal letters. The format of the email changes
according to the kind of email you are writing. However, accurate grammar and spelling are
aspects that are to be taken seriously.
When you start writing an email,

 Make sure you type in the right email ID. Always check with the receiver for the
exact email address because even a full stop that is not part of the email address can
land your email with the wrong person, or the mail would simply bounce.
 The Subject line is the next most important factor you should carefully consider
because that is the first thing anyone receiving the email would see. It also determines
if the receiver would want to open the mail. „The from line is what recipients use to
determine whether to delete an email. The subject line is what motivates people to
actually open the email.‟ said Loren McDonald. Spend double the time you spend on
drafting the body to draft the subject.
 See to it that your Salutation or Greeting is appropriate to the receiver/s. The greeting
builds a rapport.
 The Body of the email states what the email is about. Be clear with what you want your
receiver to know. Make sure you have everything you want to convey drafted in simple
terms. Do not use colloquial language or long unwinding sentences. Try not to repeat
words or use cliched terms. Make your message positive, even if you‟re turning down
an offer. If you have to follow, do it before they remind you to. Keep it short. Use
standard font style and size. Do a final spelling/grammar check/proofread.
 Finally, Sign off the email on a polite note and proofread it before hitting send. The
closing should feel genuine; only then will the receiver want to respond.

Q. What is the format of writing an email?

We have given the format of writing an email on this page with an example. Also, read the tips
given on this page to write an effective email.
Q. How do I start an email I write?
You must write a simple and clear subject line while writing the email so the receiver can
respond to your email immediately. Always start the body of the email with
greetings/salutations. On this page, we have given the email writing formats check them out.

Q. What is CC and BCC in email writing?

CC stands for carbon copy and BCC stands for blind carbon copy.

*************
 CHAPTER 7
COMPUTER VIRUS
A computer virus is software programs attached to a legitimate program that is
destructive in nature and infects other programs in the system by replicating and
attaching itself to other healthy program. These harm the computer in many ways
such as:
• Corrupt and delete the data or files.
• Effect the functionality of software applications.
• Effect the Hard Disk by erasing everything.
• Use e-mail to infect the other computers.
• The processing of the computer is also effected i.e. degraded the performance
of the system
• The virus also spread through the downloaded on the Internet
• Virus cannot infect write protected disks or even do not infect written
documents, already compressed file and also computer hardware, it only infects
software.

PRACTICE QUESTIONS:
1. Define Computer Virus.
ANS>A computer virus is software programs attached to a legitimate program that
is destructive in nature and infects other programs in the system by replicating and
attaching itself to other healthy program.

2. What is virus? How does it differ from an ordinary program?

ANS> A Computer virus is a small program that which can attach it or infect the
other programs as well as replicate itself without the knowledge of the user, like its
biological counterpart, and runs against user‟s wishes. All Computer Virus are
manmade. Most widespread virus infections spread through email message
attachments that activate when opened. Internet is the main reason of Virus
Infection in Computers.

3. How can you protect your computer from viruses?

ANS>. It is a good practice to follow some simple precautionary measures, which
can reduce the possibility of virus attack. These are as under:

 Use updated anti-virus program.

 Do not copy pirated software on your computer.
 Use the legal software from the reliable sources only.
 Do not download suspicious shareware programs.
 Use a secure operating system.
 Avoid letting the system to be used by unauthorized users.
 Allow you to schedule scans to automatically run for you.
 Scan the computer using Virus Scanner while booting up the system.
 Avoid loading of games that are passed as freeware.
 Proper backup of all data and program files should be kept. Remove
suspicious and unnecessary files
 Make system files “Read only”.
 Use vaccines and immunization programs to immunize computer against virus
infection
 Always protect your password
 Keep windows updated
 Use the scanned USB drives
 4. What is the difference between the computer virus and biological virus?
ANS> Computer virus is an Electronic Virus and Biological Viruses (Human Virus)
are tiny genetic codes DNA or RNA that take over the machinery of a living cell
and are capable of making thousands of replicas of the original virus. Like
biological virus, the computer virus carries in it an instructional code that makes
copies of itself. In computer, the virus takes temporary control of the computer
disk operating system and when it comes in contact with an uninfected computer,
the virus passes onto the uninfected computer also.
It is assumed that Biological viruses and Computer viruses are the same entity, because
both cause infection and damage to their host/target. Although some of their features &
characteristics are same but they are quite different from each other.

5. What are the various types of viruses? Outline the net effect of each.
ANS>COMPUTER VIRUS CLASSIFCATION
Viruses are classified on the basis of their nature of infection and behaviour. Different
types ofcomputer virus classificationare given below:
(A) BOOK SECTOR VIRUS
They include the boot sector plus master boot record types. All the viral codes can have
separate location, however, boot sectors exists on storage media, such as hard drives,
floppies, or occasionally CDs and DVDs.
(B) COMPANION VIRUS -Unlike traditional viruses, a companion virus is computer virus
which does not modify any files.
(C) EMAIL VIRUS - An email virus is a virus that is sent with or attached to email
communications or sent with it. Many different types of email viruses work in different
ways, there are also a variety of methods used to counteract such challenging cyber
attacks.
(D) LOGIC BOMB - Logic bombs and time bombs are small malicious programs to cause
harm at a certain point of time but they do not replicate.
(E) MACRO VIRUS - A MAC or Macro Virus is a virus which spreads to other computers
through software programs that utilize macros.
(F) CROSS-SITE SCRIPTING VIRUS - It is called Cross-site scripting (XSS). It is an injection
attack which is carried out on Web applications that accept input, but do not properly
separate data and executable code before the input is delivered back to a user‟s browser.
(G) WORM - This Worm is very similar to a virus and has the ability to self-replicate itself and
infect the computer also.
(H) TROJAN HORSE - It is similar to virus. Trojan horse is a hidden malicious code that
could alter or delete the information of client computer or perform any other unauthorized
function. Trojan horses contain programs that corrupt the data or damage the files.

6. What precautionary measures should be taken in order to keep your computer

safe from the virus?
ANS> . These are as under:

 Use updated anti-virus program.

 Do not copy pirated software on your computer.
 Use the legal software from the reliable sources only.
 Do not download suspicious shareware programs.
 Avoid letting the system to be used by unauthorized users.
 Allow you to schedule scans to automatically run for you.
 Scan the computer using Virus Scanner while booting up the system.
 Proper backup of all data and program files should be kept. Remove
suspicious and unnecessary files
 Always protect your password
 Use the scanned USB drives

7. What is the difference between Trojan Horses and Virus?

ANS>Trojan horses contain programs that corrupt the data or damage the files. It
can also corrupt the software applications. The activities of Trojans are:
• Deleting data
• Blocking data
• Modifying data
• Copying data
 • Disrupting the performance of computers or computer networks
VIRUS- All Computer Virus are manmade. Most widespread virus infections spread
through email message attachments that activate when opened. Internet is the main
reason of Virus Infection in Computers.
BOMB -Logic bombs and time bombs are small malicious programs to cause harm at a
certain point of time but they do not replicate. They are not even programs in their own
right but rather camouflaged segments of other programs. For example, a programmer
could delete the critical sections of code by establishing a logic bomb if he/she is
terminated from the company. Logic bombs are most commonly installed by the insiders
who have the access to the system.

8. What is the difference between Trojan Horses and Bombs?

ANS>Trojan horses contain programs that corrupt the data or damage the files. It can
also corrupt the software applications.

9. Difference between Computer Virus and Computer Worm.

ANS>Computer Virus can slow down your computer performance and become
inefficient or run slowly.
WORM -This Worm is very similar to a virus and has the ability to self-replicate
itself and infect the computer also. They travel longer distances by storing
themselves in critical areas of the disk from where they get loaded and have
with them sufficient code to transfer themselves outward from the infected
system. Worms have been known to damage and infect the entire LANs.
Examples of Worm: Lovgate.F, Sobig.D, Trile.C, PSWBugbear.B, Mapson,
Code Red, Nimda.

10. What are the effects of virus on the computer?

ANS>THE EFFECTS OF COMPUTER VIRUS
The following may be the probable effects of Computer Virus after a virus attack:
• Computer Virus can slow down your computer performance and become inefficient
or run slowly.
• It tends to fill up the computer with useless data.
• Virus can corrupt the system files.
• Viruses can also wipe out the Boot Sector creating problems when you boot into the
windows, which contain system information.
• It can make the changes in the data of the programs or files and cause erratic
results.
• It might steal important information from your computer and send the same to some
other person.
• It might reset or reboot a computer by sending the required codes.
• It might format a disk by sending the formatting command to the system thereby
causing to lose everything on the disk.
• The computer gets restarted frequently on itself.
• If the virus deletes the entire keyboard definition; the computer would not be able to
respond to any keyboard inputs.
• The virus might scramble the File Allocation Table (FAT) which contains the
information for the operating system. Any mishappening to the FAT will cause data
to be irrecoverably lost.
 11. What is meant by Anti-Virus software? Name few popular anti-virus software.
ANS>Anti-virus software is a program which is designed to search, detect, prevent and
remove software viruses, and other malicious software like Trojans, worms etc.
If the computer system gets infected, despite all possible efforts, then in such cases the
virus vaccines assist you to come out of such difficulties.
The viruses are not omnipotent. Anti-virus programs help to cure the viruses.
They perform one or more the following functions:
 Prevention
 Detection
 Vaccination
 Inoculation
 Damage control
There are so many anti-viruses available in the market. One can choose any one of
them on the basis of their characteristics:
 Norton Anti-Virus
 McAfee
 Kaspersky
 AVG
 Microsoft Security Essentials
 Quick Heal

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What is a Computer Virus?

A computer virus is a program which can harm our device and files and infect them for no
further use. When a virus program is executed, it replicates itself by modifying other computer
programs and instead enters its own coding. This code infects a file or program and if it
spreads massively, it may ultimately result in crashing of the device.
Given below are such signs which may help you identify computer viruses:

 Speed of the System – In case a virus is completely executed into your device, the
time taken to open applications may become longer and the entire system processing
may start working slowly
 Pop-up Windows – One may start getting too many pop up windows on their screen
which may be virus affected and harm the device even more
 Self Execution of Programs – Files or applications may start opening in the
background of the system by themselves and you may not even know about them
 Log out from Accounts – In case of a virus attack, the probability of accounts getting
hacked increase and password protected sites may also get hacked and you might get
logged out from all of them
 Crashing of the Device – In most cases, if the virus spreads in maximum files and
programs, there are chances that the entire device may crash and stop working
The first thing which you might notice in case of virus attack is the speed with which your
system shall process. And then gradually other changes can also be observed.

Types of Computer Virus

Discussed below are the different types of computer viruses:

 Boot Sector Virus – It is a type of virus that infects the boot sector of floppy disks or
the Master Boot Record (MBR) of hard disks. The Boot sector comprises all the files
which are required to start the Operating system of the computer. The virus either
overwrites the existing program or copies itself to another part of the disk.
 Direct Action Virus – When a virus attaches itself directly to a .exe or .com file and
enters the device while its execution is called a Direct Action Virus. If it gets installed in
the memory, it keeps itself hidden. It is also known as Non-Resident Virus.
 Resident Virus – A virus which saves itself in the memory of the computer and then
infects other files and programs when its originating program is no longer working. This
virus can easily infect other files because it is hidden in the memory and is hard to be
removed from the system.
 Multipartite Virus – A virus which can attack both, the boot sector and the executable
files of an already infected computer is called a multipartite virus. If a multipartite virus
attacks your system, you are at risk of cyber threat.
  Overwrite Virus – One of the most harmful viruses, the overwrite virus can completely
remove the existing program and replace it with the malicious code by overwriting it.
Gradually it can completely replace the host‟s programming code with the harmful code.
 Polymorphic Virus – Spread through spam and infected websites, the polymorphic
virus are file infectors which are complex and are tough to detect. They create a
modified or morphed version of the existing program and infect the system and retain
the original code.
 File Infector Virus – As the name suggests, it first infects a single file and then later
spreads itself to other executable files and programs. The main source of this virus are
games and word processors.
 Spacefiller Virus – It is a rare type of virus which fills in the empty spaces of a file with
viruses. It is known as cavity virus. It will neither affect the size of the file nor can be
detected easily.
 Macro Virus – A virus written in the same macro language as used in the software
program and infects the computer if a word processor file is opened. Mainly the source
of such viruses is via emails.

What is an Anti-Virus?
An anti-virus is a software which comprises programs or set of programs which can detect and
remove all the harmful and malicious software from your device. This anti-virus software is
designed in a manner that they can search through the files in a computer and determine the
files which are heavy or mildly infected by a virus.
Given below is a list of few of the major antivirus software which is most commonly used:

 Norton Antivirus
 F-Secure Antivirus
 Kaspersky Antivirus
 AVAST Antivirus
 Comodo Antivirus
 McAfee Antivirus

Questions on Computer Virus and Anti-Virus

As discussed above, Computer Awareness is a common topic for major Government
exams and questions based on Computer Virus and Antivirus may also be asked in the exam.
Thus, given below are a few sample computer virus questions and answers for the assistance
of aspirants.
Q 1. Which of the following is not a type of computer virus?

1. Polymorphic virus
2. Space filler virus
3. Multipartite virus
4. Trojan
5. Boot sector virus
Answer: (4) Trojan
Q 2. Which of these was the first computer virus?

1. Creeper
2. Brain
3. Worm
4. Crypto Locker
5. Morris Worm
Answer: (1) Creeper
Solution: Creeper was the first-ever computer virus and was an experimental self-replicating
virus released in the year 1971.
Q 3. Which of the following is not a source of the virus entering your system?

1. USB drive
2. Email
3. Hard Disk
4. All of the above
5. None of the above
Answer: (5) All of the above
Q 4. The other name for Non-Resident virus is _________

1. Direct Action Virus

2. Boot Sector Virus
3. Multipartite Virus
4. Overwrite Virus
5. Polymorphic Virus
Answer: (1) Direct Action Virus
Q 5. Which of the following viruses is also known as “Cavity Virus”?

1. Multipartite Virus
2. Space Filler Virus
3. Overwrite Virus
4. Direct Action Virus
5. None of the above
Answer: (2) Space Filler Virus

Q 1. What is the definition of a computer virus?

Ans. A computer virus is a kind of malicious computer program, which when executed,
replicates itself and inserts its own code, which spreads a harmful virus in the system. This
computer virus ultimately affects the functioning and programming of the device.

Q 2. What are the main computer viruses?

Ans. The main types of computer virus are as follows:

 Boot Sector Virus

 Direct Action Virus
 Multipartite Virus
 Polymorphic Virus
 Resident Virus
 File Infector Virus

Q 3. What is the Creeper Virus?

Ans. Creeper virus was the first-ever computer virus that was released in the year 1971. Its
creator was Bob Thomas.

Q 4. What are the examples of a computer virus?

Ans. Given below are a few examples of a computer virus:

 Storm Worm
 CryptoLocker
 Slammer
 Creeper
 Netsky

Q 5. How to secure a computer system from a virus attack?

Ans. A computer device can be secured from a virus attack by installing an anti-virus in the
system.
Fill in the Blanks

 A Virusis inactive until you execute an infected program or application.

 The virus was first found in PAKISTANI BROTHERS.
 The biological virus contains the genetic material in the form of DNA or RNA.
 The full form of Virus is“Vital Information Resources Under Seize”
 A virus can be attached to any File that you copy to your computer.
 Viruses do not infect write protected disks,files, unless the file was infected prior to
the compression.
 Virus can infect only computer software.
 Boot-sector virus usually exists on storage media
 The logic bombs are used to sabotage database.
 The worm mostly attack theLANs.
 Trojan horsedoes not replicate themselves like viruses and do not infect other
software.
 Which operating system is less affected by the virusvulnerable.
 The virus is also attached with email message
 Once installed, a Computerprogram can be set to work in the background.

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