Introduction to

Applications Development
and
Android Studio
What is Android?
• An open source and Linux-based Operating System for
mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet
computers.
• Developed by the Open Handset Alliance, led by
Google, and other companies.
• It offers a unified approach to application
development for mobile devices which means
developers need to develop only for Android, and
their applications should be able to run on different
devices powered by Android.
ANDROID Overview
2005 Google acquired Android Inc.

2008 the first commercial version, Android 1.0, was released

2009
2010
Cupcake (Android 1.5) to Froyo (Android 2.2)

2010
2011
Gingerbread (Android 2.3) to Honeycomb (3.0) from tablet computer
2011
2019 Ice Cream Sandwich (Android 4.0) to Pie (Android 9.0)

2019
2023
Android 10 to Android 14
ANDROID Evolution
Android API Release Features
Version Level
Cupcake 3 2009 Support widgets, search, browsers navigation apps
Donut 4 2009 Screen capture, voice command
Eclair 5 2010 Battery saver, enable in low resolution (320x240), keyboard auto-correct
Froyo 8 2010 High security, cloud API, gesture detection
Gingerbread 9 2011 NFC range in 10cm, audio video calls, 3G supported, gyroscope sensor
Honeycomb 11 2011 Symmetric multiprocessor, multitasking, google talk, 3D effects
Ice Cream 14 2011 Notification pop-up on lock screen, fast image capture
Sandwich
Jellybean 16 2012 Speed, audio & video calling, remote access
Kit-kat 19 2013 Responsive, tri core CPU, cloud response
Lollipop 21 2015 3D views, 64-bits MIPS, sensors, heart rate, swipe pinch
Marshmallow 23 2015 Finger print detection, gesture voice sensors, palm detection, power saving
ANDROID Evolution
Android API Release Features
Version Level
Nougat 25 2016 Multi-window support, improved notification, Google Assistant
Oreo 26 2017 Multi-tasking with video, auto fill support, background app restriction
Pie 28 2018 Gesture navigation, adaptive battery, digital wellbeing, limit app usage
10 29 2019 System-wide dark theme, full gesture navigation, privacy control, support
foldable devices, enhanced 5G experience
11 30 2020 Dedicated space in notification, chat bubbles, smart device control
12 31 2021 Material you, approximately location, mic/camera indicators
13 33 2022 Per-App Language, Bluetooth LE, spatial audio, privacy and security enhanced
14 34 2023 Enhanced lock screen, improved battery life, health connect, satellite
connectivity
Features of ANDROID
Feature Description
Beautiful UI Android OS basic screen provides a beautiful and intuitive user interface.
Connectivity GSM/EDGE, IDEN, CDMA, EV-DO, UMTS, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, LTE, NFC and WiMAX.
Storage SQLite, a lightweight relational database, is used for data storage purposes.
Media support H.263, H.264, MPEG-4 SP, AMR, AMR-WB, AAC, HE-AAC, AAC 5.1, MP3, MIDI, Ogg
Vorbis, WAV, JPEG, PNG, GIF, and BMP.
Messaging SMS and MMS
Web browser Based on the open-source WebKit layout engine, coupled with Chrome's V8
JavaScript engine supporting HTML5 and CSS3.
Multi-touch Android has native support for multi-touch which was initially made available in
handsets such as the HTC Hero.
Multi-tasking User can jump from one task to another and same time various application can run
simultaneously.
Features of ANDROID
Feature Description
Resizable widgets Widgets are resizable, so users can expand them to show more content or shrink
them to save space.
Multi-Language Supports single direction and bi-directional text.
GCM Google Cloud Messaging (GCM) is a service that lets developers send short message
data to their users on Android devices, without needing a proprietary sync solution.
Wi-Fi Direct A technology that lets apps discover and pair directly, over a high-bandwidth peer-
to-peer connection.
Android Beam A popular NFC-based technology that lets users instantly share, just by touching two
NFC-enabled phones together.
ANDROID Application
• Usually developed in the Java language using the
Android Software Development Kit (SDK).
• Can be packaged easily and sold out either through a
store such as Google Play or the Amazon Appstore
ANDROID Architecture
ANDROID Architecture
Android operating system is
a stack of software
components which is
roughly divided into five
sections and four main
layers:
• Applications
• Application Framework
• Libraries (with Android
Runtime)
• Linux Kernel
ANDROID Architecture

• Android provides a set of core applications:

✓ Email Client
✓ SMS Program
✓ Calendar
✓ Maps
✓ Browser
✓ Contacts
• All applications are written using the Java
language.
ANDROID Architecture

• The Application Framework layer provides

many higher-level services to applications in
the form of Java classes.
• Application developers are allowed to make
use of these services in their applications.
• Enabling and simplifying the reuse of
components.
ANDROID Architecture
• Including a set of C/C++ libraries used by components
of the Android system
• Exposed to developers through the Android
application framework
• A set of libraries including:
⮚open-source Web browser engine WebKit
⮚well known library libc
⮚SQLite database which is a useful repository for
storage and sharing of application data, libraries
to play and record audio and video
⮚SSL libraries responsible for Internet security etc.
ANDROID Architecture
• Core Libraries
✓Providing most of the functionality available in the core
libraries of the Java language
✓APIs
➢ Data Structures
➢ Utilities
➢ File Access
➢ Network Access
➢ Graphics
➢ Etc
• The Dalvik VM makes use of Linux core features
like memory management and multi-threading,
which is intrinsic in the Java language.
• The Dalvik VM enables every Android application
to run in its own process, with its own instance of
the Dalvik virtual machine.
ANDROID Architecture

⚫ Relying on Linux Kernel 2.6 for core system services

✓ Memory and Process Management
✓ Network Stack
✓ Driver Model
✓ Security
⚫ Providing an abstraction layer between the H/W and the rest
of the S/W stack
ANDROID Components
 ANDROID Components
Additional Components
Components Description
Fragments Represent a behavior or a portion of user interface in an Activity.
Views UI elements that are drawn onscreen including buttons, lists forms etc.
Layouts View hierarchies that control screen format and appearance of the
views.
Intents Messages wiring components together.
Resources External elements, such as strings, constants and drawable pictures.
Manifest Configuration file for the application.
ANDROID STUDIO PANES
ANDROID STUDIO PANES

PROJECT FILES

1. manifests—Android Manifest file - description of app read

by the Android runtime
2. java—Java source code packages
3. res—Resources (XML) - layout, strings, images,
dimensions, colors...
● build.gradle—Contains all the files needed by the build
system (learn more about gradle at https://gradle.org/)
ANDROID STUDIO PANES

PROJECT FILES

manifests folder
AndroidManifest.xml - describes all of the components of
your Android app and is read by the Android run-time
system when your program is executed.
ANDROID STUDIO PANES

PROJECT FILES

java folder
com.example.hello.helloworld (or the domain name you have
specified): All the files for a package are in a folder named after the
package. For your Hello World application, there is one package and it
only contains MainActivity.java (the file extension may be omitted in
the Project view).

com.example.hello.helloworld(androidTest): This folder is for your

instrumented tests, and starts out with a skeleton test file.

com.example.hello.helloworld(test): This folder is for your unit tests

and starts out with an automatically created skeleton unit test file.
ANDROID STUDIO PANES

PROJECT FILES

res folder
(contains all the resources for your app, including
images, layout files, strings, icons, and styling)

• drawable. Store all your app's images in this folder.

• layout. Every activity has at least one layout file that describes the UI
in XML. For Hello World, this folder contains activity_main.xml.
• mipmap. Store your launcher icons in this folder. There is a sub-folder
for each supported screen density.
• values. Define the values files instead of hardcoding values like strings,
dimensions, and colors in the XML and Java filesThis makes it easier to
change and be consistent across your app.
ANDROID STUDIO PANES

PROJECT FILES

values sub-folder

• colors.xml. Shows the default colors for your chosen theme,

and you can add your own colors or change them based on
your app's requirements.
• dimens.xml. Store the sizes of views and objects for different
resolutions.
• strings.xml. Create resources for all your strings. This makes
it easy to translate them to other languages.
• styles.xml. All the styles for your app and theme go here.
Styles help give your app a consistent look for all UI
elements.
 ANDROID STUDIO PANES

LAYOUT
EDITOR
 ANDROID STUDIO PANES
3
5

6
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Palette
1 Contains various views and view groups that you can drag into
your layout.
 ANDROID STUDIO PANES

Component Tree
2
Shows the hierarchy of components in your layout.
ANDROID STUDIO PANES
3

Toolbar
Contain buttons that configure your layout appearance in the
editor and change layout attributes.
 ANDROID STUDIO PANES

Design editor
Lets you edit your layout in Design view, Blueprint view, or both.
ANDROID STUDIO PANES
Attributes 5
Contain controls for the selected view's attributes.
 ANDROID STUDIO PANES

Zoom and pan controls

6
Control the preview size and position within the editor.