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23 views29 pages

unit 1.2 Algorithms-and-Flowchart.ppt

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Kathan Patel
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ALGORITHMS AND

FLOWCHARTS
ALGORITHMS AND FLOWCHARTS

• A typical programming task can be divided into two


phases:
• Problem solving phase
• produce an ordered sequence of steps that describe
solution of problem
• this sequence of steps is called an algorithm
• Implementation phase
• implement the program in some programming language
Steps in Problem Solving
• First produce a general algorithm (one can use
pseudocode)
• Refine the algorithm successively to get step by
step detailed algorithm that is very close to a
computer language.
• Pseudocode is an artificial and informal language
that helps programmers develop algorithms.
Pseudocode is very similar to everyday English.
Pseudocode & Algorithm
• Example 1: Write an algorithm to determine a student’s final
grade and indicate whether it is passing or failing. The final
grade is calculated as the average of four marks.
Pseudocode & Algorithm
Pseudocode:
• Input a set of 4 marks
• Calculate their average by summing and dividing
by 4
• if average is below 50
Print “FAIL”
else
Print “PASS”
Pseudocode & Algorithm
• Detailed Algorithm
• Step 1: Input M1,M2,M3,M4
Step 2: GRADE ← (M1+M2+M3+M4)/4
Step 3: if (GRADE < 50) then
Print “FAIL”
else
Print “PASS”
endif
The Flowchart
• (Dictionary) A schematic representation of a sequence of
operations, as in a manufacturing process or computer
program.
• (Technical) A graphical representation of the sequence of
operations in an information system or program.
• Information system flowcharts show how data flows from source
documents through the computer to final distribution to users.
• Program flowcharts show the sequence of instructions in a single
program or subroutine. Different symbols are used to draw each
type of flowchart.
The Flowchart
A Flowchart
• shows logic of an algorithm
• emphasizes individual steps and their interconnections
• e.g. control flow from one action to the next
Flowchart Symbols
Basic
Example
START
Step 1: Input M1,M2,M3,M4
Step 2: GRADE ← (M1+M2+M3+M4)/4
Input
M1,M2,M3,M4
Step 3: if (GRADE <50) then
Print “FAIL”
else
GRADE←(M1+M2+M3+M4)/4 Print “PASS”
endif
N IS Y
GRADE<5
0

PRINT PRINT
“PASS” “FAIL”

STOP
Example 2
• Write an algorithm and draw a flowchart to convert the length
in feet to centimeter.
Pseudocode:
• Input the length in feet (Lft)
• Calculate the length in cm (Lcm) by multiplying LFT with 30
• Print length in cm (LCM)
Example 2
Algorithm Flowchart
• Step 1: Input Lft
• Step 2: Lcm ← Lft x 30 START

• Step 3: Print Lcm Input


Lft

Lcm ← Lft x 30

Print
Lcm

STOP
Example 3
Write an algorithm and draw a flowchart that
will read the two sides of a rectangle and
calculate its area.
Pseudocode
• Input the width (W) and Length (L) of a rectangle
• Calculate the area (A) by multiplying L with W
• Print A
Example 3
Algorithm START
• Step 1: Input W,L
• Step 2: A ← L x W Input
W, L
• Step 3: Print A

A←LxW

Print
A

STOP
Flowcharts
• Flowcharts is a graph used to depict or show a step by step
solution using symbols which represent a task.
• The symbols used consist of geometrical shapes that are
connected by flow lines.

July 2005
Principles of Programming - NI
• It is an alternative to pseudocoding; whereas a pseudocode
description is verbal, a flowchart is graphical in nature.

15
Flowchart Symbols
Terminal symbol - indicates the beginning and
end points of an algorithm.

Process symbol - shows an instruction other than


input, output or selection.

July 2005
Principles of Programming - NI
Input-output symbol - shows an input or an output
operation.

Disk storage I/O symbol - indicates input from or output to


disk storage.

Printer output symbol - shows hardcopy printer


output.
16
Flowchart Symbols cont…
Selection symbol - shows a selection process
for two-way selection.

Off-page connector - provides continuation of a


logical path on another page.

July 2005
Principles of Programming - NI
On-page connector - provides continuation
of logical path at another point in the same
page.

Flow lines - indicate the logical sequence of


execution steps in the algorithm.
17
Flowchart – sequence control structure

Statement 1

July 2005
Principles of Programming - NI
Statement 2

Statement 3

18
Flowchart – selection control structure

No Yes
Condition

July 2005
Principles of Programming - NI
else- then-
statement(s) statement(s)

19
Flowchart – repetition control structure

July 2005
Principles of Programming - NI
yes Loop
Condition
Statement(s)

no

20
Flowchart – example 1
Begin

Read birth date

July 2005
Principles of Programming - NI
Calculate
Age = current year – birth date

Display
age

End

21
Flowchart – example 2
Begin

Read age

July 2005
Principles of Programming - NI
YES Age > 55? NO

print “Pencen” print “Kerja lagi”

End
22
Flowchart – example 5
Begin

sum = 0
current_number = 1

July 2005
Principles of Programming - NI
NO
current_number <= 10? print sum

YES
sum = sum + current_number End
current_number = current_number +
1

23
Example 4
• Write an algorithm and draw a flowchart that will
calculate the roots of a quadratic equation

• Hint: d = sqrt ( ), and the roots are: x1 =


(–b + d)/2a and x2 = (–b – d)/2a
Exercises: Algorithm &
Flowchart
1.) Create an algorithm and a flowchart that will accept/read two
numbers and then display the bigger number.
Exercises: Algorithm &
Flowchart
2.) Create an algorithm and a flowchart that will compute the area of
a circle.
Exercises: Algorithm &
Flowchart
3.) Create an algorithm and a flowchart that will compute the sum of
two numbers. If the sum is below or equal to twenty, two numbers
will be entered again. If the sum is above 20, it will display the sum.
Lab Activity: Algorithm &
Flowchart
4) Create an algorithm and a flowchart that will output the largest
number among the three numbers.
Assignment 1

1. Create an algorithm and a flowchart that will output for g.c.d.


2. Create an algorithm and a flowchart that will output the factorial of a
given number.
3. Create an algorithm and a flowchart that will output the Fibonacci
series up to a given number.
4. Create an algorithm and a flowchart that will output all the prime
numbers between 2 numbers.

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