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Globalization and
Cultural and
Multicultural
Literacies
Globalization
Globalization is the process of interaction and
integration between people. business entities,
governments, and cultures from other nations, driven
by international trade and investment and supported
by information fechnology (Levin Institute, 2017).
EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION
Economic Dependence/
Interdependence
The idea that foreign-owned business

could come into the country and freely
"set-up shop," thereby choking-out local
industries was not welcome thought,
even though it's wrong.
Kentor (2001) notes that foreign capital dependence increases income
inequality in four ways:
1. it creates a small highly paid class of elites to manage these

investments, who create many but usually low-pay jobs:
2. Profits from these investments are repatriated, rather than invested in

the host country, therefore inhibiting domestic capital formation;
3. Foreign capital tends to concentrate land ownership among the very

rich; and
4. Host tend to create political and economic climates favorable to foreign

capital that in turn limit domestic labor's ability to obtain better wages.
Political and Military Dependence/Interdependence
There are some forms of economic dependence/Interdependence,

political dependence/interdependence is not far behind as the
participating nations shrive to protect ther investments and
interests in one another.
Expanded Flow of Expressive and
instrumental Culture
Expressive culture, as the term suggests,

deals with how a particular culture
expresses itself in its language, music,
arts , etc.
Expanded Flow of People Meyer (2000) observes three
among Societies reasons for this:
The Philippine Statistics Authority 1. Socio-economic migration

(PSA) estimates that there were 2. Political expulsion
2.3 million Overseas Filipino 3. Travel/tourism
Workers (OFWs) during the
period of April to September
2017, who were responsible for
up to 205.2 billion pesos in
remittances (Philippine Statistics
Authority, 2018)
Cultural
Literacy
Cultural Literacy
Cultural literacy is a term coined
by hirsch (1983), referring to the
ability to understand the sign
and symbols of given culture and
being able to participate in its
activities and customs as
opposed to simply being a
passive (and outside) observer.
Cultural literacy is culture-specific, but it is
not limited to national cultures, contrary to
what many people assume. The culture of one
workplace can be very different from
another, just as the culture of a particular
school can differ widely from another school
nearby
Cultural Literacy in the Philippines
(NCCA) is the government body tasked with the
documentation, preservation, and dissemination of
Philippine culture, both locally and abroad.
Philippine Cultural Education Program (PCEP), which

"envisions a nation of culturally literate and empowered
Filipinos" (NCCA. 2015).
Designed to make cultural education accessible to all sectors of

Philippine society, PCEP held national consultative meetings,
National Commission for
conferences, workshops, art camps, and festivals on culture-based
Culture and the Arts teaching and good governance from 2003 to 2007
(NCCA)
Republic Act 10066 (2010)
Cultural education and
thus cultural literacy in
the Philippines is quite a
challenge
-given that culture is a complex blend of
many indigenous and colonial cultures and
varies widely across regions, and the
average citizen is almost as ignorant of
other Philippine cultures as foreigners are.
Challenges for Cultural Literacy in the Philippines
What kinds of knowledge constitute cultural literacy? Is it knowing facts,names,and
dates,or it is something more experential like being familiar with a story or a
particular song?
If culture is more "caught than taught" should literacy be one of the goals of
education? If yes, howdoes one teach it?
Whose cultures must we be literate in to be considered "cilturally literate"? Who

decides which cultures are included and ehich ones are excluded,and on what
bases?
Is cultural literacy education simply means for the dominant culture to express its
dominance over minority cultures?
How is cultural literacy to be assessed and evaluated? How can we know someone
is "culturally literate"?
Multicultural
literacy
MULTICULTURAL
LITERACY
as a set of skills and knowledge. It is difficult
to define because of how it changes
depending on the contexts which is it
discussed.
Context-based Definitions of Multicultural Literacy....
In America
-knowing or identifying the poly-ethnic origins of knowledge with the express goal
of fostering equality, diversity and social justice. This is in direct response to the
"Euro-centric” or "white-dominant" traditions of education that in the eyes of
American cultural minorities (particularly the blacks), is form of racial injustice.
In Europe
-Comes more in the form of Intercultural Communication Competence (ICC) (Dusi
Messetti and Steinbach, 2014) or a composite of skills, abilities, attitudes, personality
patterns, etc. necessary for clear and productive communication with cultures other
than our own.
-It’s define as a complex of abilities needed to perform effectively and appropriately

when interacting with others who are linguistically and culturally different from
oneself. Fantini (2006)
Multicultural
Literacy
-As the knowledge and skills necessary to ensure that
any communication with a culture different from our
own is clear, productive, and respectful such that their
differences are celebrated and neither culture is
demeaned or treated as inferior.
THE SKILLS AND KNOWLEDGE REQUIRED.....
Be selfless
Know that good and useful things can (and
do) come from those different from us
Be willing to compromise
Accepts that there are limits
“Remember as you keep learning you will start to

understand more about each culture even the ideas that
aren’t so easy”
Issues in Teaching
Multicultural
Literacies in the
Philippines
1
Conflicting
Requirements for
Peace
2
Nationalistic
and Regional
Pushback
3
The Persistence
of the Problem
4
The Question
of Value
A majority of research on
multicultural literacy stems from the
West, specifically on the United States,
and focuses on teaching teachers to
be more multicultural in their
pedagogies
Learn about other cultures
Familiarize yourself with how
discrimination and prejudice
appear in your own culture.
As you are, so will you behave.
Model more, tell more.
THANK
YOU!!!

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Globalization and

The idea that foreign-owned business

1. it creates a small highly paid class of elites to manage these

2. Profits from these investments are repatriated, rather than invested in

3. Foreign capital tends to concentrate land ownership among the very

4. Host tend to create political and economic climates favorable to foreign

There are some forms of economic dependence/Interdependence,

Expressive culture, as the term suggests,

The Philippine Statistics Authority 1. Socio-economic migration

Philippine Cultural Education Program (PCEP), which

Designed to make cultural education accessible to all sectors of

Whose cultures must we be literate in to be considered "cilturally literate"? Who

-It’s define as a complex of abilities needed to perform effectively and appropriately

“Remember as you keep learning you will start to

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