Day_7 C-Programming

(RECAP OF PREVIOUS DAY)

Strings: Introduction, initializing strings, accessing string elements, Array of strings,
Passing strings to functions, String functions like strlen, strcat, strcmp, strcpy, strrev and
other string functions.

1. Introduction to Strings
●​ A string in C is a one-dimensional array of characters terminated by a null character
(\0).
●​ Strings are used to store text data.

Example:
char str[] = "Hello, World!";

Here:

●​ str is a string of size 14 (13 characters + 1 null character \0).

2. Initializing Strings
Strings can be initialized in multiple ways:

Method 1: Using a String Literal

char str1[] = "Hello";

Method 2: Character by Character

char str2[6] = {'H', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', '\0'};

Method 3: Using scanf or gets (deprecated)

char str3[20];
scanf("%s", str3); // Note: Stops reading at whitespace
3. Accessing String Elements
●​ Strings are arrays, so elements can be accessed using indices.

Example:
char str[] = "C Programming";
printf("First character: %c\n", str[0]); // Output: C
printf("Fifth character: %c\n", str[4]); // Output: r

4. Array of Strings
An array of strings is a 2D array where each row represents a string.

Example:
#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
char colors[3][10] = {"Red", "Green", "Blue"};
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
printf("Color %d: %s\n", i + 1, colors[i]);
}
return 0;
}

Output:

Color 1: Red
Color 2: Green
Color 3: Blue

5. Passing Strings to Functions

Strings can be passed to functions as arguments.

Example:
#include <stdio.h>
void printString(char str[]) {
printf("String: %s\n", str);
}

int main() {
char message[] = "Hello, Functions!";
printString(message);
return 0;
}

Output:

String: Hello, Functions!

6. Common String Functions in C

The <string.h> library provides various functions for string manipulation.

1. strlen: Calculate the length of a string

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

int main() {
char str[] = "C Programming";
printf("Length: %zu\n", strlen(str)); // Output: 13
return 0;
}

2. strcpy: Copy one string to another

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

int main() {
char source[] = "Hello";
 char destination[10];
strcpy(destination, source);
printf("Copied String: %s\n", destination); // Output: Hello
return 0;
}

3. strcat: Concatenate two strings

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

int main() {
char str1[20] = "Hello";
char str2[] = " World";
strcat(str1, str2);
printf("Concatenated String: %s\n", str1); // Output: Hello World
return 0;
}

4. strcmp: Compare two strings

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

int main() {
char str1[] = "Apple";
char str2[] = "Orange";
int result = strcmp(str1, str2);
if (result == 0)
printf("Strings are equal\n");
else if (result < 0)
printf("%s comes before %s\n", str1, str2);
else
printf("%s comes after %s\n", str1, str2);
return 0;
}
5. strrev: Reverse a string

strrev is not part of the standard C library but is available in some compilers (e.g., Turbo C).
You can implement it yourself:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

void reverseString(char str[]) {

int n = strlen(str);
for (int i = 0; i < n / 2; i++) {
char temp = str[i];
str[i] = str[n - i - 1];
str[n - i - 1] = temp;
}
}

int main() {
char str[] = "Reverse Me";
reverseString(str);
printf("Reversed String: %s\n", str); // Output: eM esreveR
return 0;
}

6. strncpy: Copy first N characters

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

int main() {
char source[] = "Hello";
char destination[10];
strncpy(destination, source, 3);
destination[3] = '\0'; // Ensure null termination
printf("Copied String: %s\n", destination); // Output: Hel
return 0;
}
7. strchr: Find the first occurrence of a character

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

int main() {
char str[] = "Locate the first 't'.";
char *pos = strchr(str, 't');
if (pos)
printf("Found 't' at position: %ld\n", pos - str);
else
printf("Character not found\n");
return 0;
}

8. strstr: Find a substring

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

int main() {
char str[] = "Find the substring here.";
char *substr = strstr(str, "substring");
if (substr)
printf("Substring found at position: %ld\n", substr - str);
else
printf("Substring not found\n");
return 0;
}

7. Summary of String Functions

Function Purpose
 strlen Calculate the length of a string

strcpy Copy one string to another

strncpy Copy the first N characters of a string

strcat Concatenate two strings

strcmp Compare two strings

strchr Find the first occurrence of a character

strstr Find a substring within a string

strrev Reverse a string (if supported)

Program to input a string and print it:​

#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
char str[100];
printf("Enter a string: ");
scanf("%s", str);
printf("You entered: %s\n", str);
return 0;
}

Program to count the number of characters in a string (without strlen):​

#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
char str[100];
int count = 0;
printf("Enter a string: ");
scanf("%s", str);
while (str[count] != '\0') {
 count++;
}
printf("Length of the string: %d\n", count);
return 0;
}

Program to reverse a string:​

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main() {
char str[100], temp;
int i, j;
printf("Enter a string: ");
scanf("%s", str);
int n = strlen(str);
for (i = 0, j = n - 1; i < j; i++, j--) {
temp = str[i];
str[i] = str[j];
str[j] = temp;
}
printf("Reversed string: %s\n", str);
return 0;
}

Program to check if a string is a palindrome:​

#include <string.h>
int main() {
char str[100];
 int i, n, flag = 1;
printf("Enter a string: ");
scanf("%s", str);
n = strlen(str);
for (i = 0; i < n / 2; i++) {
if (str[i] != str[n - i - 1]) {
flag = 0;
break;
}
}
if (flag)
printf("The string is a palindrome.\n");
else
printf("The string is not a palindrome.\n");
return 0;
}

String Functions
Program to implement strlen:​
​

#include <stdio.h>
int stringLength(char str[]) {
int count = 0;
while (str[count] != '\0') {
count++;
}
return count;
}
int main() {
char str[100];
printf("Enter a string: ");
scanf("%s", str);
 printf("Length of the string: %d\n", stringLength(str));
return 0;
}

Program to concatenate two strings (without strcat):​

#include <stdio.h>
void stringConcat(char str1[], char str2[]) {
int i = 0, j = 0;
while (str1[i] != '\0') {
i++;
}
while (str2[j] != '\0') {
str1[i] = str2[j];
i++;
j++;
}
str1[i] = '\0';
}
int main() {
char str1[100], str2[50];
printf("Enter first string: ");
scanf("%s", str1);
printf("Enter second string: ");
scanf("%s", str2);
stringConcat(str1, str2);
printf("Concatenated string: %s\n", str1);
return 0;
}

Program to compare two strings (without strcmp):​

​
 #include <stdio.h>
int stringCompare(char str1[], char str2[]) {
int i = 0;
while (str1[i] != '\0' && str2[i] != '\0') {
if (str1[i] != str2[i]) {
return str1[i] - str2[i];
}
i++;
}
return str1[i] - str2[i];
}
int main() {
char str1[100], str2[100];
printf("Enter first string: ");
scanf("%s", str1);
printf("Enter second string: ");
scanf("%s", str2);
int result = stringCompare(str1, str2);
if (result == 0)
printf("Strings are equal.\n");
else if (result < 0)
printf("String 1 comes before String 2.\n");
else
printf("String 1 comes after String 2.\n");
return 0;
}

Program to find the first occurrence of a character (using strchr):​

​

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main() {
char str[100], ch;
 printf("Enter a string: ");
scanf("%s", str);
printf("Enter the character to search for: ");
scanf(" %c", &ch);
char *pos = strchr(str, ch);
if (pos)
printf("Character found at position: %ld\n", pos - str);
else
printf("Character not found.\n");
return 0;
}

Program to find all occurrences of a substring (using strstr):​

​

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main() {
char str[100], substr[50];
printf("Enter the main string: ");
scanf("%s", str);
printf("Enter the substring to search: ");
scanf("%s", substr);
char *pos = strstr(str, substr);
if (!pos) {
printf("Substring not found.\n");
return 0;
}
while (pos) {
printf("Substring found at position: %ld\n", pos - str);
pos = strstr(pos + 1, substr);
}
return 0;
}
Program to count vowels, consonants, digits, and spaces in a string:​
​

#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
char str[100];
int vowels = 0, consonants = 0, digits = 0, spaces = 0;
printf("Enter a string: ");
scanf(" %[^\n]", str);
for (int i = 0; str[i] != '\0'; i++) {
if ((str[i] >= 'a' && str[i] <= 'z') || (str[i] >= 'A' &&
str[i] <= 'Z')) {
if (str[i] == 'a' || str[i] == 'e' || str[i] == 'i' ||
str[i] == 'o' || str[i] == 'u' ||
str[i] == 'A' || str[i] == 'E' || str[i] == 'I' ||
str[i] == 'O' || str[i] == 'U') {
vowels++;
} else {
consonants++;
}
} else if (str[i] >= '0' && str[i] <= '9') {
digits++;
} else if (str[i] == ' ') {
spaces++;
}
}
printf("Vowels: %d, Consonants: %d, Digits: %d, Spaces: %d\n",
vowels, consonants, digits, spaces);
return 0;
}

Practice programs (Home Work)

1.​ Write a program to find the frequency of each character in a given string.
2.​ Write a program to count the number of words in a string.
3.​ Write a program to remove all vowels from a string.
4.​ Write a program to check if two strings are anagrams of each other.
5.​ Write a program to find the second most frequent character in a string.
6.​ Write a program to replace all occurrences of a given character with another character in
a string.
7.​ Write a program to find and replace a substring within a string.
8.​ Write a program to reverse each word in a string while keeping the word order intact.
9.​ Write a program to find the longest word in a string.
10.​Write a program to convert all lowercase letters in a string to uppercase and vice versa.
11.​Write a program to count the number of palindromic substrings in a string.
12.​Write a program to sort the characters of a string in alphabetical order.
13.​Write a program to check if a string contains only unique characters.
14.​Write a program to implement your own version of strtok to tokenize a string based on
a given delimiter.
15.​Write a program to calculate the edit distance (Levenshtein distance) between two
strings.
16.​Write a program to dynamically allocate memory for a string and reverse it.
17.​Write a program to merge two strings alternatively (e.g., merge "abc" and "123" to get
"a1b2c3").
18.​Write a program to remove duplicate characters from a string.
19.​Write a program to remove all whitespace characters from a string.
20.​Write a program to find the lexicographically smallest and largest substrings of a string.
21.​Write a program to implement strncmp to compare the first n characters of two strings.
22.​Write a program to implement strncat to concatenate the first n characters of one
string to another.
23.​Write a program to implement memcpy for copying a specified number of bytes between
two memory locations.
24.​Write a program to implement strrchr to find the last occurrence of a character in a
string.
25.​Write a program to implement strpbrk to find the first occurrence of any character from
one string in another string.
26.​Write a program to check if a string follows a given pattern (e.g., "aabb" matches pattern
"xxyy").
27.​Write a program to count the number of occurrences of a substring in a string.
28.​Write a program to find all permutations of a given string.
29.​Write a program to implement the KMP (Knuth-Morris-Pratt) string matching algorithm.
30.​Write a program to implement the Rabin-Karp string matching algorithm.
31.​Write a program to generate all possible substrings of a string.
32.​Write a program to compress a string using Run Length Encoding (e.g., "aaabbc"
becomes "a3b2c1").
33.​Write a program to check if a string can be rearranged to form a palindrome.
34.​Write a program to remove all characters from the first string that are present in the
second string.
35.​Write a program to count the number of times each word appears in a sentence.
36.​Write a program to reverse the order of words in a sentence (e.g., "C is fun" becomes
"fun is C").
37.​Write a program to find the first non-repeating character in a string.
38.​Write a program to calculate the longest prefix that is also a suffix in a string.
39.​Write a program to check if a string can be segmented into a space-separated sequence
of dictionary words.
40.​Write a program to generate all possible valid permutations of parentheses for a given n.
41.​Write a program to encode a string by shifting characters by a given value (Caesar
Cipher).
42.​Write a program to decode a Caesar Cipher string.
43.​Write a program to validate if a string is a valid email address.
44.​Write a program to parse a CSV file and extract specific data fields from it.
45.​Write a program to determine if a string is a valid hexadecimal number.