Types of Operating System

1. Batch Processing System

⚫ TheOSin the early computers wasfairly simple.

⚫ Its major task wasto transfer control automatically from one job to the next.
⚫ TheOSwasalwaysresident in memory.
⚫ Tospeed up processing,operators batched together jobs with similar
requirement/needs andran them through the computer asagroup.Thus, the
programmers would leave their programs with the operator.
⚫ The operator would sort programs into batches with similar requirements and,asthe
computer became available, wouldrun each batch.
⚫ The output from eachjob wouldbe sent backto the appropriate
programmer.
Memory layout of Batch System

Operating System

User ProgramArea
Batch Processing Operating System
JOBS Batch
JOBS

JOBS JOBS

JOBS

Monitor
OPERATING SYSTEM
HARDWARE
Advantages:
 Batch processing system is particularly useful for operations that require the computer or a
peripheral device for an extended period of time with very little user interaction.
 Increased performance asit was possible for job to start as soon as previous job is finished
without any manual intervention.
 Priorities can be set for different batches.

Disadvantages:
 No interaction is possible with the user while the program is being executed.
 In this execution environment , the CPU is often idle, because the speeds of the
mechanical I/O devices are intrinsically slower than are those of electronic devices.
3. Multiprogramming System
⚫ The most important aspect of job scheduling is the ability to multi-program.
⚫ Multiprogramming increases CPU utilization by organizing jobs so that CPU always has
one to execute.
⚫ The idea is as follows:The operating system keeps several jobs in memory
simultaneously.This set of jobs is a subset of the jobs kept in the job-pool. Since the
number of jobs that can be in the job pool.
⚫ The operating system picks and begins to execute one of the jobs in the memory.
⚫ Eventually, the job may have to wait for some task, such as an I/O operation, to
complete.
⚫ In a multiprogramming system, the OS simply switches to, and executes another
job.When that job needs to wait, the CPU is switched to another job and so on. Eventually
the first job finishes waiting and gets the CPU back.
⚫ Aslong as at-least one job needs to execute, the CPU is never idle.
Multiprogramming (Continued…)
⚫ Multiprogramming is the first instance where the OS must make decisions for
the users ( Making this decision is Job Scheduling ).
⚫ All the jobs that enter the system are kept in the job pool.This pool consists of all
processes residing on disk awaiting allocation of main memory.
⚫ If several jobs are ready to run at the same time, the system must choose
among them. Making this decision is job scheduling.
⚫ Finally multiple jobs running concurrently require that their ability to affect one
another be limited in all phases of the operating system, including process scheduling,
disk storage and memory management.
Memory layout for multiprogramming system

Operating System

Job 1
Job 2
Job 3
Job 4
Job 5
Memory layout for multiprogramming system
Main Memory
Operating System
Writing
Program A
Secondary output data
Disk Program B

Execution in progress
Storage Program C
(Waiting for CPU)

CPU
Three different states of jobs in multiprogramming

New Job is allocated the Job

Job Ready CPU for execution Running Processing
completed

Job must wait for

I/O completed I/O completion
4. Multitasking System
⚫ Technically, multitasking is same as multiprogramming.
⚫ In a multitasking OS, a single user can execute multiple programs at
the same time.
⚫ Multitasking is the system’s capability to work one or more than one job or
process at the same time. It means that whenever a job needs to perform
I/O operations, the CPU can be used for executing some other job or
process that is also residing in the system and is ready to use the CPU.
⚫ NOTE:
The term multiprogramming is used for multi-user systems i.e.,
systems that are simultaneously used by many users such as mainframe
and server class system.
The term multitasking is used for single user system i.e., systems that
are used by only one user at a time such as personal computer or a
notebook.
Multitasking System (Continued…)
⚫ Thus multitasking is the method of processing the
multiple tasks concurrently in a single user system.
⚫ For Example:Auser is running separate program in 4 different
windows at the same time.The program in window 1 could be
printing a document, he program in window 2 could be
displaying an e-mail of user, a spreadsheet program in window 3
could be preparing sales report and compilation of a program is
in progress in window 4. in this manner, a user may work on
many tasks at the same time.Thus, progress of different tasks can
be viewed on different windows in a multitasking system.
⚫ There are two types of multitasking:
1. Cooperative Multitasking
2. Pre-emptive Multitasking
 Types of Multitasking System
1. Cooperative Multitasking. In Cooperative Multitasking, a
program can acquire the CPU for the required amount of time.A
program can share CPU with any other program that is executing
simultaneously.
2. Pre-emptive Multitasking. In Pre-emptive Multitasking the OS
allocates particular time to a program.The CPU is preempted if a
higher priority job arrives in a system.
 Comparison between
Multiprogramming and Multitasking
Sr. Multiprogramming Multitasking
No.
1. It is used for multi-user It is used for single user
systems i.e., the systems systems i.e., the systems that
that are used by many users are used only by one user a
at the same time. same time.

2. It refers to concurrent It refers to concurrent

execution of multiple jobs execution of multiple jobs of
that may be of same user or same user.
different users.
5. Multiprocessing/ Parallel/Tightly Coupled System
⚫ Most systems to date are single-processor systems; that is they have only one main CPU.
However, multiprocessor systems ( also known as parallel systems or tightly
coupled systems ) are growing in importance.
⚫ Such systems have more than one processor in close communication, sharing
the computer bus, the clock, and sometimes memory and peripheral
devices.
⚫ Multiprocessor systems have three main advantages:
1. Increased throughput : Byincreasing the number of processors, we hope more work
done in less time.The speed-up of N processors is not N; rather it is less than N.When
multiprocessors cooperate on a task, a certain amount of overhead is incurred in keeping
all the parts working correctly.This overhead, plus contention for shared resources,
lowers the expected gain from additional processors.
2. Economy of Scale: Multiprocessor systems can save more money than multiple single
processor systems, because they can share peripherals, mass storage, and power supplies
. If several programs operate on same set of data, it is cheaper to store those data on one
disk and to have all the processors share them, than to have many computers with local
disks &many copies of the data.
 Multiprocessing System (Continued…)
3. Increased reliability. If functions can be distributed properly
among several processors, then the failure of one processor will not
halt the system, only slow down it. If we have ten processors and one
fails, then each of the remaining nine processors must pick up a share
of the work of the failed processor.Thus, the entire system runs only
10 percent slower, rather failing altogether.This ability to continue
providing service proportional to the level of surviving hardware is
called graceful degradation. Systems designed for graceful
degradation are also called fault tolerant.
Types of multiprocessor systems
1. Symmetric Multiprocessing
2. Asymmetric Multiprocessing
Types of multiprocessor systems
Differences between Symmetric and Asymmetric Multiprocessing
Sr. Symmetric Multiprocessing Asymmetric Multiprocessing
No.

1 In SMP,each processor runs an InASMP,each processor is assigned a specific

identical copy of the OS, and these task.
copies communicate with one another
as needed.
2 SMPmeans that all processors are Amaster processor controls the system; the
peers; no master-slave relationship other processors either look to the master for
exists between processors. instruction or have predefined tasks.This
scheme defines master-slave relationship.

3 Each processor concurrently runs a The master processor schedules and allocates
copy of the operating system. work to the slave processors.
Differences between Symmetric and Asymmetric
Multiprocessing
Comparison between Multiprogramming and
Multiprocessing
6. Real-TimeOperating Systems (RTOS)
⚫ Areal-time operating system (RTOS) is an operating system (OS) intended to
serve real-time applications that process data as it comes in, typically without buffer
delays. Processing time requirements (including any OS delay) are measured in tenths of
seconds or shorter increments of time.
⚫ Real time operating systems are generally special-purpose ones designed to run embedded
or specialized systems.
⚫ These systems often operate in environments where there are significant constraints on
hardware design and often narrow tasks that need to be done with great accuracy and
speed.
⚫ Real time systems are used in military, engineering, medical, and data communications
systems (among others).
⚫ Example :Typical examples of real-time systems includeAirTraffic Control Systems,
Networked Multimedia Systems, Command Control Systems etc.
Advantages:
⚫ BetterThroughput
⚫ Time taken for response is less
Disadvantages
⚫ Very Costly
⚫ Large memory required
7. Distributed/ Loosely coupled Systems
⚫ Distributed Operating System is one of the important type of operating
system.
⚫ Multiple central processors are used by Distributed systems to serve multiple
real-time applications and multiple users. Accordingly, Data processing jobs
are distributed among the processors.
⚫ Processors communicate with each other through various communication lines
(like high-speed buses or telephone lines). These are known as loosely coupled
systems or distributed systems. Processors in this system may vary in size and
function. They are referred as sites, nodes, computers, and so on.
Advantages
⚫ With resource sharing facility, a user at one site may be able to use the
resources available at another.
⚫ Speedup the exchange of data with one another via electronic mail.
⚫ Failure of one site in a distributed system doesn’t affect the others, the
remaining sites can potentially continue operating.
⚫ Better service to the customers.
⚫ Reduction of the load on the host computer.
⚫ Reduction of delays in data processing.
8. Time Sharing Operating System
⚫ Atime sharing system allows many users to share the computer resources
simultaneously. In other words, time sharing refers to the allocation
of computer resources in time slots to several programs simultaneously. For example
a mainframe computer that has many users logged on to it.
⚫ Each user uses the resources of the mainframe -i.e. memory, CPU etc.The users feel
that they are exclusive user of the CPU, even though this is not possible with one CPU
i.e. shared among different users.
⚫ The time sharing systems were developed to provide an interactive use of the computer
system. Atime shared system uses CPU scheduling and multi-programming to provide
each user with a small portion of a time-shared computer. It allows many users to share
the computer resources simultaneously. As the system switches rapidly from one user to
the other, a short time slot is given to each user for their executions.

⚫ The time sharing system provides the direct access to a large number of users where
CPU time is divided among all the users on scheduled basis.The OS allocates a set of
time to each user.When this time is expired, it passes control to the next user on the
system.The time allowed is extremely small and the users are given the impression that
they each have their own CPU and they are the sole owner of the CPU.This short
period of time during that a user gets attention of the CPU; is known as a time slice or a
quantum.The concept of time sharing system is shown in figure.
⚫ The time-shared systems are more complex than the multi-programming systems. In
time-shared systems multiple processes are managed simultaneously which requires an
adequate management of main memory so that the processes can be swapped in or
swapped out within a short time.