Types of Computer for Organization

Two main categories of computers are personal computers and computer

for organizations. Here we will discuss about different types of computer for
organizations.
However, personal computer is used by a single person at a time where
organizational computers can be used by an organization where it has to
handle the need of many users at the same time.
Computer usage in organizations has changed dramatically in the last few
decades.
The vast majority of organizations now rely on computers for their day-to-
day operations.
This has led to a number of benefits for organizations, including increased
efficiency, improved communication, and increased productivity.
One of the most important benefits of using computers in organizations is
increased efficiency.
Computers are incredibly efficient at processing information.
This allows organizations to quickly and easily gather and analyze data.
This information can then be used to make decisions and improve the
organization’s performance.
Improved communication is another major benefit of using computers in
organizations.
Computer for organization
Computer for organizations which is mostly used by large companies or
institutions like business or schools, colleges, universities etc are very
powerful.
Generally, it is found at the heart of an organization’s network.
In an organizational computer, each user interacts with the computer
through his own device. There are several types of computer for
organizations.
As we are becoming technology dependent day by day and computer is the
heart of technology, we have to think about some strong computers by
which we can do our daily tasks together with our stuff.
Organizational computers serve the purpose of doing personal works
together. Because, several users can use organizational computer at a
time.
Main 4 types of computer for organization
We have divided the computer to main 2 types which is personal and
organizational computers.
Actually organizational computer refers to any computer system that is
designed for used by several people of an organization or different
organization at the same time.
Here we will discuss about main 4 types of computer for organization. Let’s
see the list bellow;
These are all example of computer for organizations.
1. Network Server
Network server is very common types of computer for organizations.
Today, most organizations network are based on personal computers.
Individual users have their own desktop computers and it is connected to
one or more centralized computers called network server.
A network server is usually a powerful personal computer with special
software and equipment that enable it to function as the primary computer
in the network.
PC based network server
PC based networks server offers companies a great deal of flexibility.
Large organizations may have hundreds of individual servers working
together at the heart of their network called clusters or server. Network
servers may not even remarkable standard PCs.
A PC based server gives user flexibility to do different kinds of tasks. This
is because PCs are general purpose machines, designed to be used in
many ways.
For example, some users may rely on time server for e-mail access, some
may use it to preform accounting tasks, and others may use it to perform
word processing or database management jobs.
The server can support these processes, and many others, while storing
information and programs for many people to use.
Depending on how the network is set up, users may be able to access the
server in multiple ways.
Most users have a standard desktop PC on their desk that is permanently
connected to the network.
Mobile users may be able to connect a notebook PC or a handheld device
to the network by wireless means.
When they are away from the office, users may be able to use
the internet as a means of connecting to the company’s network servers.
2. Mainframe computer
Mainframe computer is also a common types of computer for
organizations such as insurance companies and banks, where many
people frequently need to use the same data.
In a traditional mainframe environment, each user accesses the
mainframe’s resources through a device called a terminal.

Types of terminal in mainframe computer

There are two types of terminal in mainframe computer. These are given
bellow;
 Dumb terminal
 Intelligent terminal
a. Dumb terminal
Dumb terminal does not process or store data. It is simply an input/output
device that functions as a window into a computer located somewhere else.
b. Intelligent terminal
Intelligent terminal can perform some processing operations but it usually
does not have any storage.
In some mainframe environment workers can use a standard personal
computer to access the mainframe.
Mainframes are large, powerful systems. The largest mainframes can
handle the processing needs of thousands of users at any given moment.
Most mainframe computers are designed to handle only specific set of
tasks. You may have introduced with a mainframe system without even
knowing it.
For example, if you have ever visited an airline’s website to reserve a seat
on a flight, you probably conducted a transaction with a mainframe
computer.
It is a widely used types of computer for organizations.
3. Microcomputers
Microcomputers are another very common types of computer for
organizations which are first released in the 1960s.
Microcomputer got their name because of their small size compared to
other computers of the day.

The capabilities of microcomputer are somewhere between those of

mainframes and personal computers.
For this, microcomputers are often called midrange computers.
Like mainframe computers, microcomputers can handle much more input
and output than personal computes can.
The most powerful microcomputers can serve the input and output needs
of hundreds of users at a time.
Users can access a central microcomputer through a terminal or a
standard powerful PC or any other desktop computer.
4. Supercomputers
Supercomputers are the most powerful types of computers for
organization and physically they are the largest types of computer for
organizations.

These systems can process huge amounts of data, and the fastest
supercomputers can perform more than one trillion calculations per
second.
A supercomputer can house thousands of processors.
Supercomputers are ideal for handling large and highly complex problems
that require extreme calculating power.
For example, supercomputers are used in mapping of the human genome,
forecasting weather, and modeling complex processes like nuclear fission
etc.

IMPACT OF COMPUTER ON SOCIETY

INTRODUCTION:

Everyone knows that this is the age of computer and vast majority of
people are using computer. Development of science and technology has
direct effect on our daily life as well as in our social life. Computer
technology has made communication possible from one part of the world to
the other in seconds. They can see the transactions in one part of the world
while staying in the other part. Computer development is one of the
greatest scientific achievements of the 20th century. Computers are used in
various fields as well as in teaching and learning. Some of the major
impacts of computer on society are listed below.

1) USES OF COMPUTER IN SCIENCE AND FIELDS:

Scientists use computers to develop theories, collect, analyze and test the
data, and exchange of information electronically with colleagues around the
world. Powerful computers can be used to generate detailed studies of how
earthquake affect buildings or how pollution affects weather. Satellite based
science applications have not been possible without the use of computer.
Computers are being used for research space.

2) USES OF COMPUTER IN EDUCATIONAL FIELDS:

Nowadays, mostly all schools, colleges, and universities are giving more
emphasis to computer education including it in their curriculum. In these
institutions in addition to giving solely computer education, computers have
become essential for teaching other subjects as well. Classrooms and
libraries are efficiently utilizing computers to make the education much
more interesting. Unlike recorded television shows, computer aided
education and computer based training packages are making learning
much more interactive.

3) USES OF COMPUTERS IN COMMUNICATION:

Electronic Mail is a facility supported by computers to send messages from

one place to another. Email facilitates sending the messages from one
person to different persons by the aid of computer and telephone line. Here
each person/user has mail box which is accessed via terminals or
workstations within the system by entering an account number and a
password.

4) USES OF COMPUTERS IN ENGINEERING AND MANUFACTURING

FIELDS:

The architects and engineers are extensively used computer in designing

and drawing. Computers can create objects that can be viewed from all the
three dimensions. By using the techniques like virtual reality, architects can
explore houses that have been designed but not built. Automobile, aircraft,
aerospace and ship designers use computer aided designing technique in
the design of various types of vehicles. The manufacturing factories are
using computerized robot to perform risky jobs. Besides, computer aided
manufacturing can be used in designing and planning the product.

5) USES OF COMPUTERS IN BANKING FIELDS:

In the field of banking and finance, computers are extensively used. People
can use the ATM services twenty four hours of the day in order to deposit
and withdraw cash. When the different branches of bank are connected
through the computer networks; then inter branch transactions can be done
by the computers without any delay.

6) USES OF COMPUTER IN HEALTH CARE:

The addition of computers to the health care system was done with one
goal in mind, Efficiency. Computers have helped nurses and doctors keep
track of various items ranging from work schedules to patient's scheduled
appointments. They not only handle the logistics of hospitals, but also
medical implications, such as X-rays and surgery equipment. The specific
advancements that computers have brought to everyday hospital life can
be seen in four different categories i.e. clinical implication, administration,
research and community settings.

7) USES OF COMPUTERS IN BUSINESS AND INDUSTRIES:

Many of today's successful small companies simply would not exist with
computer technology. Each, year hundreds of thousands of individuals
launch the business based at their homes or small office locations. They
depend on computers companies. These tools enable business owners to
handle tasks such as accounting, inventory management, marketing,
payroll, and many others. Businesses are also using the networking of
computers, where a number of computers are connected together to share
the data and information. Use of Email and internet has changed the ways
of being used business. Nowadays, computers are used to design the
product, ship and process control in the industries. As a result, small
business and industries become most self sufficient, competitive and
reduce their operating expenses.

POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE IMPACT OF COMUTER ON SOCIETY:

There are also some Positive and Negative impact of computers on society
which are listed below;

POSITIVE IMPACTS:
• Any professional individual like doctors, engineers, businessmen etc.
undergo a change in their style or working pattern after they get the
knowledge of computer.

• An individual becomes more competent to take a decision due to the

computer because all the information required to take the decision is
provided by the computer on time. As a result, any individuals or institutions
get success very fast.

• The person working at the managerial level becomes less dependent on

low level staff like clerks and accountants. Their accessibility to the
information increases tremendously. This improves their working patters
and efficiency, which benefit the organization and ultimately affects the
society positively.

• In common life also, an individual gets benefited with computer

technology. When airports, hospitals, banks, departmental stores have
been computerized, people get quick service due to the computer system.

• Computers have created new fields of employment. These employments

are in the field of designing, manufacturing, teaching etc.

NEGATIVE IMPACTS:

• Due to any reasons, if the data stored in the computer is lost, the person
responsible for handling the computer will have to tolerate a lot.

• People do not use their mind for common arithmetic, which gradually
results in loss of their numerical ability.

• Today, any person who does not have the knowledge of computer is
considered the second class citizens.

• People have fear that growing children may lose their common sense
abilities like numerical ability due to total dependence on computers.

• Due to the computerization workload for the employees reduces many

times. As a result, many organizations may require removing some of its
employees. It produces the dissatisfaction and lack of security among the
employees. Due to this, employees do not corporate with the organization.
As a result, the output can be disastrous.
• As a result of introduction of new technology in an organization, the
organization may need to spend a tremendous amount on the training of its
employees.

COMPUTERS IN OUR DAILY LIFE

INTRODUCTION

The computer has brought about a quantum leap in our daily life, and
dependence on computer has increased to occupy an essential position in
every home and every company. All transactions in various fields have
been shifted to be digitalized or to be electronic, as education depends on
computers and technological development to improve its performance and
results, as well as health fields and other fields. Computer has become one
of the most important sources of knowledge, as the computer is connected
to the Internet and browsing all sources of science and knowledge, whether
written, audio or visual, and they can be downloaded onto the computer
and find it at any time. The current century is the age of information
revolution, as the computer has turned into a basic element of life for
humans.

2. COMPUTER FUNCTIONS

The following are the four main functions that a computer performs, which
constitute the reasons for the existence of this device and how it works:
Data Input: It is the first function a computer performs, during which datais
entered into the computer through various input devices; such as keyboard,
mouse, and other input devices, and the process of enteringdata can be
completed automatically through what is known as automating source data,
through which special tools are used to collect data automatically, and then
send it directly to the computer. Data Processing: It is the main function
that the computer performs, during which raw data entered is processed in
order to convert it into information to be used by its user, and this function
is done by the central processing unit (CPU) and random access memory
(RAM).

Data Output: It is the process by which the processed data is extractedand

converted into useful information for the user, and this information is
extracted through the output devices available through the computer; such
as paper printer, speaker devices, screen, and other types of output
devices. Data and Information Storage: It is the fourth and final function of
the computer, as data and information are processed via computer memory
and saved on a storage unit known as the hard disk to be usable at any
time, and such data and information can also be saved via external storage
tools; such as optical disks.

3. CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER The computer has a set of

characteristics that distinguish it from other electronicdevices, and these
characteristics are as follows: Speed : the computer is characterized by its
ability to process data at a high speed, reaching the point of processing
millions of commands per second. Accuracy : It is considered one of the
most important characteristics of a computer, as it can perform orders and
instructions that come to it with a high degree of accuracy and efficiency
without any error. Durability : The computer is characterized by its high
ability to work continuously without fatigue or change in its accuracy level.
Storage : The computer can store large amounts of data and information
across several storage devices for retrieval when needed. Versatility : The
computer is used to perform different tasks almost simultaneously; for
example, you can start typing via a computer word processing program and
listen to music using the music players on the device simultaneously
4. TYPES & EFFICIENCY OF COMPUTERS Computers can be classified
according to their efficiency and ability to process data into five different
types, as follows: Personal Computer: It is a computer that contains a
medium-power microprocessor present on a single chip in the device, and
is used to process some simple computer applications; like word
processing and playing games. Workstation Computer: It is a computer that
is closer to a personal device, but it is characterized by a greater ability to
process advanced applications; such as Auto CAD, and other types of
applications that require more processing capacity. Mini Computer: It is a
computer with greater processing capabilities morethan its predecessors,
despite its small size, and this type of device can be used by about 250
users at one time. Mainframe Computer: It is a computer with very large
capabilities. It can provide computer services to thousands of users at the
same time, and it ispossible to run many programs simultaneously so that
they are processed and dealt with all at the same time.

Super Computer: It is the fastest and most powerful type of computer in the
world, as it can process millions of commands per second, so these
expensive devices are used in applications that require a great deal of
digital analysis, such as applications of weather forecasting, scientific
simulation, and nuclear energy researches.
5. MAIN PARTS OF COMPUTER There are many basic components in the
computer, which enables it to perform its tasks, and these parts are as
follows: Processor: It is the part that receives inputs via the computer, then
processes it to obtain the required output, and the processor is concerned
with dealing with all instructions issued by the basic system units, and the
processor in the computer is known as Central Processing Unit (CPU).
Memory: It provides rapid access to data in the computer, where
information is retrieved from it instead of from storage units on thedevice,
and the computer contains different types of memory; such as read-only
memory (ROM) and random access memory (RAM). Motherboard: It is the
physical part through which the components of a computer are linked
together. Storage Device: They are the devices responsible for storing data
permanently via the computer, such as the hard disk. Input Devices: They
are the devices through which the user can communicate with the
computer and enter data to it. Output Devices: They are the devices
through which output of processingthat takes place through the device is
seen, and the most famous example is the computer screen.
6. IMPORTANCE OF COMPUTERS IN OUR DAILY LIFE Education The
computer has a great contribution in the field of education in schools and
universities, as it uses hard and magnetic disks to explain lessons and
deliver information to students. The student can also keep information to
retrieve it at a later time. Computers equipped with the Internet provide
important information and connect all students around the world. The
concept of smart classes and e-books are only possible because of
computers. Medicine The computer is used in hospitals, clinics and health
centers to book appointments and make files for patients. It can also be
used in surgeries, and this information is quickly retrieved, as well as
preserving patient information, medications taken by the patient and the
patient’s health development. Internet The computer is used to access the
Internet, and with the help of the Internetyou keep in touch with your friends
and family. Computers provide this easilyto us, and the Internet is also
used to search for information, all you have to dois type a word in the
search engine and open many pages to provide all the information about
the word. Also, you can watch movies, videos, and news on computers
connected to the Internet. Entertainment The computer is also used as a
means of entertainment, as it can give us a lot of options when it comes to
entertainment. You can play a fun game, listen to music, watch movies and
videos, or chat with your friends. Accounts The computer is used in
calculations, data storage and analysis in banks, commercial centers and
shops, and it can also be used at home to calculate the family budget.
Industry The industry has come to rely heavily on computers, as factories
have used computers to operate modern machines and equipment in order
to ensure a high level of quality in production. Transportation The computer
is used in the field of transportation, where the routes of transportlines are
controlled, booking tickets for travel via the Internet, as well as booking
airline tickets anywhere in the world. The computer is used to control the
means of transport, determine departure times and aircraft directions, in
addition to storing information for workers in transport and communications
sector. Companies and Banks Banks use computers to maintain accounts
and manage transactions and securities. Banks also provide banking
services facilities, maintain records of their customers online, and also help
customers check the balance of their account, and conduct financial
transactions over the Internet easily and quickly. Furthermore, people also
use computers to facilitate their working lives, by paying bills, managing
home budgets, watching movies and listening to songs. They can also use
free online applications for communication and information exchange
purposes, such as: social media, Skype, and moreover. Computers canbe
used in every area of life, such as: medical, industrial, airline, and weather
forecasting. Life Sciences Computers can be used in life sciences, through
the use of sensors and other devices that the computer can understand.
The computer has tremendous speed in analyzing complex operations, as
it can perform calculations that may take many years to complete by
humans, but computers get it done within a few days. There are several
examples of computer uses in life sciences; including medical imaging,
genomics, drug design and discovery, assistive technology, and simulation.

7. DISADVANTAGES OF COMPUTER USE

Health Damages Sitting for long periods of time at a computer may cause
wrist pain, as a result of frequent use of the mouse and keyboard. It may
also lead to dryness and redness of the eyes as a result of constantly
looking at the screen. You should pay attention when using the computer
for long periods, take frequent breaks and move from one place to another
and practicing exercises. Learning Skills Although the computer provides
advanced educational programs, the continuous use of it affects the
strength of concentration, and thus affects the ability to learn. Games and
other forms of entertainment provided by the computer lead to harm the
mind and distract the attention. Frequent switching between programs and
games makes it difficult to concentrate. For long periods of time, this could
negatively affect the students and their tracks of studies. Addiction
Computer addiction is a common thing in recent times, which negatively
affectschildren and adults alike. It can develop when the child is left to
spend a long time in front of the computer screen. This leads the child to
avoid physical activities and social interaction. While spending more time
on the computer, parents have to determine a specific time to spend it on
the computer, with attention to the type of games and programs that
children use. Social Isolation A user should not rely on the computer as the
only means for self-entertainment or social communication, as computers
connected to the Internet consume a lot of time without the person noticing
that, and this may cause some people to addiction or social isolation.
Additionally, it may cause depression when the person compares himself
with other persons from the photos that others post on social media. Lack
of Attention & Distraction Computers connected to the Internet facilitate
access to information instantlyand quickly, which makes a person able to
multitask, but it leads to be distracted, which leads to reduce productivity
and commit more mistakes, andto feel frustrated when the inability to reach
the desired results easily. Waste of Time and Energy There is no doubt that
many people use computers without the need for a positive purpose, as
many people may spend their time playing games and chatting for a long
period of time, which causes a waste of time and energy, as most people
now spend a lot of time on social networking sites, such as Facebook and
Twitter, or in sending long text messages through smartphones, which is a
bad factor for their health, and also has negative effects on social life.

Data security Computers enable access to data stored on the computer by

unauthorized persons to access this data, as it has posed many serious
data security problems.
Tips to Prevent Computer Harms Do not continue to look at the computer
screen for more than 40 minutes. It is necessary to take breaks for 5
minutes. It is preferable to take a tour on foot and wash the face with cold
water. Continuing to blink eyes from 20 to 30 times per minute. Do not use
glasses while using a computer without consulting a specialist,even if these
glasses are used to treat some eye diseases. Make sure to rotate the eye
in an anti-clockwise direction for 4 or 5 timesafter every hour of working in
front of a computer screen. Close the eye firmly for 5 seconds, then open it
as wide as possible.