Network Analysis

Electronics and Communication

Engineering Department

Jabalpur Engineering College

Jabalpur M.P.

Lt. Sunil K Singh

Asst.Prof
 Network Analysis
2 First Order Circuits
A first-order circuit is characterized by a first-order differential equation.
A first-order circuit can only contain one energy storage element (a
capacitor or an inductor). The circuit will also contain resistance. So there
are two types of first-order circuits:
 RC circuit
 RL circuit
There are two ways to excite the ckt.
1. By initial conditions of the energy storage elements in the ckt. & these
ckts are so called as Source-free circuit . i.e. energy is initially stored in
the Capacitor or Inductor. The response of these ckts is called as Natural
Response.
Lt. Sunil K Singh JEC Jabalpur
 Network Analysis
3

A source-free circuit is one where all independent

sources have been disconnected from the circuit
after some switch action. The voltages and currents
in the circuit typically will have some transient
response due to initial conditions(initial capacitor
voltages and initial inductor currents)..

Lt. Sunil K Singh JEC Jabalpur

 Network Analysis
4 2. The second way of exciting first-order circuits is by independent
sources. The independent sources we will consider are dc sources,
sinusoidal and exponential sources. The response of these ckts is
called as Forced Response.
The two types of first-order circuits and the two ways of
exciting them add up to the four possible situations. Which we will
see later on. The natural response or transient response (due to initial
conditions of the energy storing elements present in the ckt. ) is
the circuit’s temporary response that will die out with time.

RESPONSE
The forced response or steady-state response (due to the
independent energy sources ) is the behaviour of the circuit a
long time after an external excitation is applied.
Lt. Sunil K Singh JEC Jabalpur
 Network Analysis
5

Applications Modeled by a 1st Order RC Circuit

 Computer RAM
A dynamic RAM stores ones as charge on a capacitor.
The charge leaks out through transistors modeled by
large resistances.
The charge must be periodically refreshed.

Lt. Sunil K Singh JEC Jabalpur

 Network Analysis
6
Important Concepts

The differential equation

Forced (particular) and natural
(complementary) solutions
The time constant
Transient and steady-state
waveforms

Lt. Sunil K Singh JEC Jabalpur

 Network Analysis
7
SOURCE-FREE RC CIRCUITS
A source-free RC circuit occurs when its dc source is suddenly
disconnected. The energy already stored in the capacitor is released
to the resistors.
Consider the RC circuit shown below. Note that it is source-free
because no sources are connected to the circuit for t > 0. Use KCL
to find the differential equation:
Consider a series combination of a resistor and an initially
charged capacitor, as shown in Fig. (The resistor and
capacitor may be the equivalent resistance and equivalent
capacitance of combinations of resistors and capacitors.)
Our objective is to determine the circuit response
Lt. Sunil K Singh JEC Jabalpur
 Network Analysis
8 Assume that at time t = 0, the capacitor has initial voltage is V0
i.e. v(0) = V0
and v(t) is the voltage across capacitor.
Applying KCL at the top node of the circuit in Fig.,
iC + iR = 0
By definition, iC = C dv/dt and iR = v/R.
Thus,
or
or This is a first-order differential equation.
Integrating both side at t=0, v(0) = V0 =A
ln then 0
/

Or ln 0
/𝝉
where time const.
/
Or This is natural response of the ckt.
i.e.The natural response of a ckt refers to the behavior of the ckt itself, with no external
sources of excitation. Lt. Sunil K Singh JEC Jabalpur
 Network Analysis
9
Interpretation of t
The time constant of a circuit is the time required for the response to
decay by a factor of 1/e or 36.8 percent of its initial value.
 -1/ t is the initial slope of an exponential with an initial value of 1.

Implications of the Time Constant

 Should the time constant be large or small:
Computer RAM
A sample-and-hold circuit
An electrical motor
A camera flash unit
Lt. Sunil K Singh JEC Jabalpur
 Network Analysis
10

Slower Decay
Faster Decay

Lt. Sunil K Singh JEC Jabalpur

 Network Analysis
11 SOURCE-FREE RL CIRCUITS
A source-free RL circuit occurs when its dc source is suddenly
disconnected. The energy already stored in the inductor is released
to the resistors.
Consider the RL circuit shown below. Note that it is source-free
because no sources are connected to the circuit for t > 0. Use KVL
to find the differential equation:
Consider a series combination of a resistor and an initially
charged inductor, as shown in Fig. (The resistor and
inductor may be the equivalent resistance and equivalent
inductance of combinations of resistors and inductors.)
Our objective is to determine the circuit response

Lt. Sunil K Singh JEC Jabalpur

 Network Analysis
12 Assume that at time t = 0, the inductor has initial current is I0
i.e. i(0) = I0
Applying KVL in the loop,
vL + vR = 0
Thus,
or
or
Integrating both side
( )

0
( )
Or where time const.
/
Or 0 This is natural response of the ckt.

Lt. Sunil K Singh JEC Jabalpur

 Network Analysis
13

Example- Given vC(0) = 15 V. Find vC, vx , and ix for t > 0.

For time constant

Now 𝑒𝑞
x(0.1) = 0.4s

Req

For vX
𝑥 =12/(12+8)v(t) = 12/20(
𝑥
Finally 𝑥
Lt. Sunil K Singh JEC Jabalpur
 Network Analysis
14

Example- The switch is opens at t = 0, find v(t) for t ≥ 0

and wC(0).
For time constant
Now 𝑒𝑞
x(1/6) = 0.5s
𝐶

𝐶 t
For wC(0)
wC(0)= ½ CVC2(0)
= 5.33 J

Lt. Sunil K Singh JEC Jabalpur

15

Example- Given i(0)=10A.Calulate i(t), ix(t).

1
For Loop I 2

KVL -I
Ldi/dt-2ix=0 di/dt=4ix
For Loop II
-3i+4(i+2ix)+2ix=0
Or ix= -1/6 i
di/dt= 4(-1/6)
= -2/3i

i(t) =10 e-2/3tA

Lt. Sunil K Singh JEC Jabalpur
 Network Analysis
16

Example- Calculate the current iL .

Inductor behave like short ckt.
Total current from voltages source
= 24/(10 40)=3.0A
Initial current in inductor will
L(0)=3x(40/10+40)=2.4A.

Req= 10+40 = 50ohm

eq
/
L
= 2.4

Lt. Sunil K Singh JEC Jabalpur

 Network Analysis
17
STEP RESPONSE OF AN RC CIRCUIT
The step response of a circuit is its behaviour when the excitation is the step
function, which may be a voltage or a current source.
Consider the RC circuit in Fig.(a) which can be
replaced by the circuit in Fig. (b), where Vs is a constant,
dc voltage source. Again, select the capacitor voltage as
the circuit response to be determined. Assume an initial
voltage V0 on the capacitor, although this is not necessary
for the step response. Since the voltage of a capacitor (a)
cannot change instantaneously,
v(0−) = v(0+) = V0
where v(0−) is the voltage across the capacitor just
before switching and v(0+) is its voltage immediately after
switching. (b)
Lt. Sunil K Singh JEC Jabalpur
 Network Analysis
18
Applying KCL, we get

=0
=
where v is the voltage across the capacitor.
For t > 0
= , =1, for For t > 0

Or

Or

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 Network Analysis
19
Integrating both sides and substituting the initial conditions

ln{(v(t)-Vs}-ln(V0-Vs) = -t/RC +0
Or ln −

0
0 , t
This is known as the complete
Thus response of the RC circuit to a
0 sudden application of a dc
/𝝉 , t
0 voltage source, assuming the
capacitor is initiallycharged.
Lt. Sunil K Singh JEC Jabalpur
 Network Analysis
20
To find the step response of an RC circuit requires three steps
1. The initial capacitor voltage v(0).
2. The final capacitor voltage v(∞).
3. The time constant τ .
Example- The switch in Fig. has been in position
A for a long time. At t = 0, the switch
moves to B. Determine v(t) for t > 0 and
calculate its value at t = 1 s and 4 s.
For t < 0, the switch is at position A. Since v is
the same as the voltage across the 5-kresistor,
the voltage across the capacitor just before t = 0
is obtained by voltage division as

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 Network Analysis
21 /𝝉
0

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 Network Analysis
22
Example- In Fig. , the switch has been closed for a long time and is opened at t = 0. Find
i and v for all time.
By definition of the unit step function,

Lt. Sunil K Singh JEC Jabalpur

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For t

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 Network Analysis
24
Example- The switch in Fig.is closed at t = 0. Find i(t) and v(t) for all time. Note
that u(−t) = 1 for t < 0 and 0 for t > 0. Also, u(−t) = 1 − u(t).

Lt. Sunil K Singh JEC Jabalpur

 Network Analysis
25
Example- The switch in Fig. has been closed for a long time. It opens at t = 0. Find i(t)
for t > 0.

Lt. Sunil K Singh JEC Jabalpur

 Network Analysis
26 STEP RESPONSE OF AN RL CIRCUIT
Consider the RL circuit in Fig. (a), which may be
replaced by the circuit in Fig.(b). Again, our aim is to
find the inductor current i as the circuit response. Let the
response be the sum of the natural current and the forced
current,
(a)
i=in+if
We know that the natural response is always a decaying
exponential, that is,
in = Ae−t/τ, τ= L/R
where A is a constant to be determined.
(b)

Fig. An RL circuit with a

step input voltage.
Lt. Sunil K Singh JEC Jabalpur
 Network Analysis
27 The forced response is the value of the current a long time after the
switch in Fig.(a) is closed. We know that the natural response
essentially dies out after five time constants. At that time, the
inductor becomes a short circuit, and the voltage across it is zero.
The entire source voltage V appears across R. Thus, the forced
s

response is
if = Vs/R
Substituting in & if , We get the overall response which is given by
i=in+if = Ae−t/τ+Vs/R
Now determine the constant A from the initial value of i. Let I0 be the initial
current through the inductor, which may come from a source other than Vs .
Since the current through the inductor cannot change instantaneously,
i(0+) = i(0−) = I0
Lt. Sunil K Singh JEC Jabalpur
 Network Analysis
28 Thus at t=0, above equation becomes
I0=A+VS/R
Or A = I0- VS/R
i(t)=in+if = (I0- VS/R)e−t/τ+Vs/R
= Vs/R + (I0- VS/R)e−t/τ This the complete response of RL Circuit

The complete response may also be written as

+[ −t/τ

Where i(0) & are the initial & final values of i.

Thus for finding the step response of an RL ckt ,
we require three things:

Fig. Total response of the

RL circuit with initial
inductor current I0.
Lt. Sunil K Singh JEC Jabalpur
 Network Analysis
29
Example:-Find i(t) in the circuit shown in Fig. for t > 0.
Assume that the switch has been closed for a long time.
For t < 0, the 3- resistor is short-ckted, and the inductor
acts like a short circuit. The current through the inductor at
t = 0− (i.e., just before t = 0) is
i(0−) = 10/2 = 5 A
Since the inductor current cannot change instantaneously,
i(0) = i(0+) = i(0−) = 5 A
For t > 0, the switch is open. The 2- and 3- resistors are in series, so that
,

𝑒𝑞
+[ −t/τ

= 2+(5-2)e-15t = 2+3e-15tA, t>0

Lt. Sunil K Singh JEC Jabalpur
 Network Analysis
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Example:-At t = 0, switch S1 in Fig. is closed, and switch S2 is

closed 4 s later. Find i(t) for t > 0. Calculate i for t = 2 s and t = 5 s.
We need to consider the three time intervals t ≤ 0, 0 ≤ t ≤ 4,
and t ≥ 4 separately.
switches S1 and S2 are open so that i = 0. Since
the inductor current cannot change instantly,
i(0−) = i(0) = i(0+) = 0
0 ≤ t ≤ 4 S1 is closed so that the 4- and 6- resistors are in series. Hence,
assuming for now that S1 is closed forever,

Thus
s

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 Network Analysis
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S2 is closed; the 10-V voltage source is connected, and the circuit changes.
t≥4 This sudden change does not affect the inductor current because the current
cannot change abruptly. Thus, the initial current is
i(4) = i(4−) = 4(1 − e−8) 4 A
To find

s
/

Lt. Sunil K Singh JEC Jabalpur

 Network Analysis
32

Lt. Sunil K Singh JEC Jabalpur

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1.If v(0) = 20 V in the circuit in Fig.,

obtain v(t) for t > 0.

2.The switch in the circuit in Fig. has been closed for a

long time. At t = 0, the switch is opened. Calculate i(t) for t
> 0.

Lt. Sunil K Singh JEC Jabalpur

 Network Analysis
34 3. Find i(t) and v(t) for t > 0 in
the circuit of Fig. if i(0) = 10 A.

4. Calculate the capacitor voltage for t < 0 and

t > 0 for each of the circuits in Fig.

Lt. Sunil K Singh JEC Jabalpur

 Network Analysis
35 5. Determine v(t) for t > 0 in the circuit in Fig. if v(0) = 0.

6. Find v(t) for t < 0 and t > 0 in the circuit in Fig.

Lt. Sunil K Singh JEC Jabalpur