Introduc on to Python

Introduc on to Python

Python is a high-level, interpreted programming language known for its simplicity and readability.
Created by Guido van Rossum in 1991, Python emphasizes code readability with its clean syntax and
indenta on. It is widely used for web development, data analysis, ar ficial intelligence, scien fic
compu ng, automa on, and more.

Advantages of Python

1. Simple syntax similar to English, making it beginner-friendly.

2. Used in various domains like web development, data science, AI, etc.

3. Access to a wide range of libraries like NumPy, Pandas, and TensorFlow.

4. Python is free and has a large community.

5. Write once, run anywhere on different pla orms.

Disadvantages of Python

1. Python is slower than compiled languages like C++.

2. Not ideal for memory-intensive applica ons.

3. Less suited for mobile applica on development.

Applica ons of Python

 Web Development: Frameworks like Django and Flask.

 Data Science: Libraries like Pandas, NumPy, and Matplotlib.

 Ar ficial Intelligence & Machine Learning: TensorFlow, PyTorch.

 Automa on: Scripts for automa ng repe ve tasks.

 Game Development: Libraries like Pygame.

Python Syntax and Example

Basic Syntax:

 Python uses indenta on to define blocks of code instead of curly braces {}.

 Variables are dynamically typed (no need to declare types).

Example: Print a message

print("Hello, World!")

Iden fica on with Rules

In programming, iden fica on refers to recognizing specific elements or en es based on a set of

Rule:

 Variables must begin with a le er (A-Z or a-z) or an underscore _.

 Cannot start with a digit.

 Can contain le ers, digits, and underscores.

 Python is case-sensi ve, so myVar and myvar are different.

Example:

# Valid variables

name = "Anshu"

_age = 25

number1 = 100

# Invalid variables

1name = "Bob"

my-name = "Charlie"

Explain the iden fica on error with suitable example.

An iden fica on error occurs in Python when the interpreter cannot recognize or correctly iden fy a
variable, keyword, or structure due to improper syntax, misuse, or naming conflicts.

Name = "Anshu"

print (name)

Python Variables

What is a Variable?

A variable in Python is a container used to store data. It acts as a name or reference for a memory
loca on where the data is stored. Variables make it easy to reuse and manipulate data in a program.

Rules for Naming Variables

1. Must start with a le er (A-Z or a-z) or an underscore _.

2. Cannot start with a digit (e.g., 1name is invalid).

3. Can contain le ers, digits, and underscores.

4. Cannot use Python keywords like if, while, class.

Syntax

variable_name = value

Examples

name = "Anshu" # String

price = 10.5 # Float

is_valid = True # Boolean

Type of Variable:

Global and Local Variables

 Global Variable: Declared outside func ons and accessible anywhere.

 Local Variable: Declared inside a func on and accessible only within that func on.

Example:

x = "global"

def my_func on():

x = "local"

print(x) # Output: local

my_func on()

print(x) # Output: global

Data Types in Python

Python provides built-in data types to classify the type of data a variable holds. These data types
determine the opera ons that can be performed on the variable.

Types of Data Types

1. Numeric Types

 int: Represents integers (whole numbers).

 float: Represents decimal numbers.

 complex: Represents complex numbers (e.g., a + bj).

Example:

x = 10 # int

y = 10.5 # float

z = 3 + 4j # complex

print(type(x)) # Output: <class 'int'>

print(type(y)) # Output: <class 'float'>

print(type(z)) # Output: <class 'complex'>

2. Text Type

 str: Represents strings (sequences of characters).

print(type(name)) # Output: <class 'str'>

3. Sequence Types

 list: Ordered and mutable collec on.

 tuple: Ordered but immutable collec on.

 range: Represents a sequence of numbers.

Example:

my_list = [1, 2, 3] # list

my_tuple = (1, 2, 3) # tuple

my_range = range(5) # range

print(type(my_list)) # Output: <class 'list'>

print(type(my_tuple)) # Output: <class 'tuple'>

print(list(my_range)) # Output: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]

4. Boolean Type

 bool: Represents True or False.

Example:

is_valid = True

print(type(is_valid)) # Output: <class 'bool'>

Understanding Python Blocks

A block in Python is a group of related statements intended to perform a specific task. Python uses
indenta on to define blocks of code, unlike many other programming languages that use curly
braces {}.

Characteris cs of Python Blocks

1. Indenta on Defines a Block

o Indenta on indicates the beginning and end of a block.

o Consistent use of spaces or tabs is mandatory to avoid errors.

2. Blocks are Nested

o Blocks can contain other blocks (e.g., if inside a for loop).

3. Logical Grouping

o Blocks group statements logically under control structures or func ons.

Types of Python Blocks

if age >= 18:

print("You are eligible to vote.")

else:

print("You are not eligible to vote.")

2. Loop Blocks
Defined by for or while loops.

for i in range(5):
print(i)
3. Func on Blocks
Defined using the def keyword.

def greet(name):
print("Hello,", name)
greet("Alice")

What do you mean by Python IDE? Explain in detail. (2021-22)

What is a Python IDE?

A Python IDE (Integrated Development Environment) is a so ware applica on that provides a

Popular Python IDEs

1. PyCharm:

o Developed by JetBrains, PyCharm is a powerful IDE for Python.

o Offers advanced features like debugging, tes ng, and integra on with frameworks
like Django.

2. Visual Studio Code (VS Code):

o A lightweight and versa le code editor with Python extensions.

o Provides features like IntelliSense, debugging, and Git integra on.

3. Jupyter Notebook:

o Best for data analysis and machine learning tasks.

o Allows combining code, text, and visualiza ons in a single document.

4. IDLE (Integrated Development and Learning Environment):

o A simple IDE bundled with Python, ideal for beginners.

o Includes a code editor and Python shell.

1. Auto-complete and debugging tools speed up development.

2. Syntax highligh ng and error detec on reduce coding mistakes.

3. Combines wri ng, tes ng, and debugging in one pla orm.

4. Supports version control systems for team projects.

Example: Wri ng Code in PyCharm

1. Open PyCharm and create a new project.

2. Write a simple Python program:

print("Hello, Python IDE!")

3. Save the file and run it directly using the "Run" bu on in the IDE.

Python Basic Operators

Operators in Python are special symbols or keywords used to perform opera ons on variables and
values. Python supports several types of operators that make it easy to perform mathema cal,
logical, or bitwise opera ons.

Types of Basic Operators

1. Arithme c Operators

Used for basic mathema cal opera ons.

Operator Descrip on Example

+ Addi on 5+3=8

- Subtrac on 5-3=2

* Mul plica on 5 * 3 = 15

/ Division 5 / 3 = 1.6667

// Floor Division 5 // 3 = 1

% Modulus (Remainder) 5 % 3 = 2

** Exponen a on 5 ** 3 = 125

Example:

a = 10

b=3

print(a + b)

print(a % b)
2. Comparison Operators

Used to compare two values and return a boolean (True or False).

Operator Descrip on Example

== Equal to 5 == 3 (False)

!= Not equal to 5 != 3 (True)

> Greater than 5 > 3 (True)

< Less than 5 < 3 (False)

>= Greater than or equal to 5 >= 3 (True)

<= Less than or equal to 5 <= 3 (False)

Example:

x=7

y = 10

print(x > y) # Output: False

print(x != y) # Output: True

3. Logical Operators

Used to combine condi onal statements.

Operator Descrip on Example

and Returns True if both condi ons are true (5 > 3) and (7 > 4) (True)

or Returns True if at least one condi on is true (5 > 3) or (7 < 4) (True)

not Reverses the result not(5 > 3) (False)

Example:

a = True

b = False

print(a and b) # Output: False

print(a or b) # Output: True

print(not a) # Output: False

4. Assignment Operators

Used to assign values to variables.

= x=5 -

+= x += 3 x=x+3

-= x -= 3 x=x-3

*= x *= 3 x=x*3

/= x /= 3 x=x/3

//= x //= 3 x = x // 3

%= x %= 3 x=x%3

**= x **= 3 x = x ** 3

Example:

x = 10

x += 5 # Equivalent to x = x + 5

print(x) # Output: 15

5. Bitwise Operators

Used to perform bit-level opera ons.

Operator Descrip on Example

& AND 5&3=1

` ` OR

^ XOR 5^3=6

~ NOT ~5 = -6

<< Le shi 5 << 1 = 10

>> Right shi 5 >> 1 = 2

Example:

a = 5 # Binary: 101

b = 3 # Binary: 011

print(a & b) # Output: 1 (Binary: 001)

print(a | b) # Output: 7 (Binary: 111)

6. Membership Operators

Used to check for membership in a sequence.

in Returns True if a value exists in a sequence 'a' in 'apple' (True)

not in Returns True if a value does not exist in a sequence 'x' not in 'apple' (True)

Example:

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

print("apple" in fruits) # Output: True

print("grape" not in fruits) # Output: True

Define Floor Division (//) in Python. (2023)

The floor division operator // in Python is used to perform division and return the largest integer
less than or equal to the result (i.e., the floor of the division result).

result = dividend // divisor

Example:

print(10 // 3) # Output: 3

print(-10 // 3) # Output: -4 (floored towards nega ve infinity)

Explain the Data Types in details.

Data types in Python represent the kind of data stored in a variable. Python provides various built-in
data types to handle different kinds of data efficiently.

1. Numeric Data Types

Python's numeric data types include:

 int: Represents integers (whole numbers, posi ve or nega ve).

 float: Represents floa ng-point numbers (decimal numbers).

 complex: Represents complex numbers (numbers with real and imaginary parts).

Declaring and Using Numeric Data Types

1. Integer (int)

 Represents whole numbers.

 No size limit in Python (depends on available memory).

Example:

x = 10

y = -50

print(type(x))
print(type(y))

sum_result = x + y

print(sum_result)

2. Float (float)

 Represents decimal numbers.

 Precision depends on the system (typically accurate up to 15-16 decimal places).

Example:

pi = 3.14159

temperature = -20.5

print(type(pi))

print(type(temperature))

average = (pi + temperature) / 2

print(average)

3. Complex (complex)

 Represents numbers with a real and an imaginary part.

 Syntax: a + bj (where a is the real part and b is the imaginary part).

Example:

z = 2 + 3j

w = 1 - 2j

print(type(z))

sum_result = z + w

print(sum_result)

Explain the concept of dynamic python program with suitable example. (2023-24)

Concept of Dynamic Python Program

A dynamic Python program refers to a program that can change its behaviour during run me. Unlike
sta c programming, where the structure and behaviour are defined beforehand, dynamic
programming involves flexibility in how the program func ons, adapts, and interacts with its
environment during execu on.

Key Features:

1. Dynamic Typing: Variables' types are determined during execu on.

2. Dynamic Memory Alloca on: Python handles memory management automa cally.

3. Dynamic Func onality: Func ons and variables can change during execu on.
 4. Dynamic Imports and Data Structures: Modules and data structures can be modified at
run me.

Example:

def dynamic_func on(value):

if isinstance(value, int):

return value * 2

elif isinstance(value, str):

return value[::-1]

elif isinstance(value, list):

return [x * 2 for x in value]

print(dynamic_func on(10))

print(dynamic_func on("hello"))

print(dynamic_func on([1, 2, 3]))

Differen ate between / and // operator with an example. (2023-24)

/ Operator // Operator
It is floa ng-point division. It is integer division (floor of the quo ent).
It performs division and returns the exact It performs division and rounds down to the
result. nearest integer.
It return both float and integer type. It return only integer type.
Ex: 7 / 3 = 2.3333333333333335 Ex: 7 // 3 = 2

Explain the Programming Cycle for Python in detail. (2021-22, 2022-23)

The Python programming cycle involves:

1. Planning: Define the problem, design the solu on (algorithm).

2. Coding: Write the code in Python, using an IDE.

3. Tes ng: Test the code thoroughly (unit, integra on, system).

4. Debugging: Find and fix errors.

5. Maintenance: Update, fix bugs, and adapt the program over me.