A presentation on HVAC basics

- Kunal Chaudhari
Heating, ventilation and air-conditioning is the technology behind indoor and vehicular
environmental comfort. It’s goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air
quality (IAQ). HVAC system design is a sub discipline of Mechanical Engineering, and
based on the principles of Thermodynamics, Fluid Mechanics, and Heat Transfer.
▪ Heat, q is thermal energy transferred from a hotter system to a cooler system.
▪ Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the atoms or molecules
in the system.
▪ The zeroth law of thermodynamics says that no heat is transferred between two
objects in thermal equilibrium i.e. when they are at the same temperature. Heat is
transferred from higher to lower temperature.
▪ We can calculate the heat released or absorbed using the specific heat capacity C,
the mass of the substance m, and the change in temperature ΔT
q=m×C×ΔT
▪ Psychometrics or Psychrometry are terms used to
describe the field of engineering concerned with the
determination of physical and thermodynamic
properties of gas-vapor mixtures.
▪ Psychrometric Properties:
▪ Dry-bulb Temperature (DBT) : The dry-bulb temperature is

the temperature indicated by a thermometer exposed to the
air in a place sheltered from direct solar radiation.
▪ Wet-bulb Temperature (WBT) : The thermodynamic wet-

bulb temperature is a thermodynamic property of a mixture
of air and water vapor.
▪ Relative Humidity (RH): The ratio of the vapor pressure of

moisture in the sample to the saturation pressure at the dry
bulb temperature of the sample.
▪ Dew Point Temperature: The saturation temperature of the moisture present in the sample of air.
▪ Humidity
▪ Specific humidity: It is defined as the proportion of the mass of water vapor per unit mass of the moist air sample (dry air plus the water
vapor); it is closely related to humidity ratio and always lower in value.
▪ Absolute humidity: The mass of water vapor per unit volume of air containing the water vapor. This quantity is also known as the water
vapor density.
▪ Specific Enthalpy: It quantifies the total energy of both the dry air and water vapour per kilogram of dry air.
▪ Specific Volume: The total volume of both the dry air and water vapour per unit mass of dry air.
▪ The Psychrometric Ratio: Is the ratio of the heat transfer coefficient to the product of mass transfer coefficient
and humid heat at a wetted surface.
▪ Humid Heat: Is the constant-pressure specific heat of moist air, per unit mass of the dry air.
▪ Pressure: Many psychrometric properties are dependent on pressure concept - vapor pressure of water &
atmospheric pressure at the location of the sample.
▪ The Vapour Compression Refrigeration Cycle involves four components:
1. Compressor,
2. Condenser,
3. Expansion Valve/ Throttle Valve, and
4. Evaporator.
Reversing the Carnot Cycle reverses the direction of heat and work interactions. VCR
eplained thermodynamically as the Reverse Carnot Cycle below:
▪ Volume Units
Centimeter Meter Liters Inch Foot US Imperial

Cube Cube Cube Cube gallons gallons
Cm3 m3 L In3 Ft3 US Gal Imp. Gal
1 0.000001 0.001 0.061024 0.000035 0.000264 0.00022
1000000 1 1000 61024 35 264 220

1000 0.001 1 61 0.035 0.264201 0.22
16.4 0.000016 0.016387 1 0.000579 0.004329 0.003605
28317 0.028317 28.31685 1728 1 7.481333 6.229712

3785 0.003785 3.79 231 0.13 1 0.832701
4545 0.004545 4.55 277 0.16 1.20 1
158970 0.15897 159 9701 6 42 35

▪ Volumetric Liquid Flow Units
Liter/second Liter/minute Meter Foot US

Foot cube/hour gallons/minute
cube/hour cube/minute
L/sec L/min M3/hr ft3/min ft3/hr gal/min

1 60 3.6 2.119093 127.1197 15.85037
0.016666 1 0.06 0.035317 2.118577 0.264162
0.277778 16.6667 1 0.588637 35.31102 4.40288
0.4719 28.31513 1.69884 1 60 7.479791
0.007867 0.472015 0.02832 0.01667 1 0.124689
0.06309 3.785551 0.227124 0.133694 8.019983 1
0.00184 0.110404 0.006624 0.003899 0.2339 0.029165
▪ Temperature Conversion Formulas
Degree Celsius (°C) (°F - 32) x 5/9

(K - 273.15)
Degree Fahrenheit (°F) (°C x 9/5) + 32
(1.8 x K) - 459.67
Kelvin (K) (°C + 273.15)
(°F + 459.67) ÷ 1.8
1. ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigeration & Air-Conditioning Engineers): ASHRAE develops
standards for both its members and others professionally concerned with refrigeration processes and
the design and maintenance of indoor environments. ASHRAE writes standards for the purpose of
establishing consensus for:
▪ 1) methods of test for use in commerce and
▪ 2) performance criteria for use as facilitators with which to guide the industry.
2. NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health): NIOSH is the federal agency responsible
for conducting research and making recommendations for the prevention of work-related injury and
illness. Mission of the NIOSH is to generate new knowledge in the field of occupational safety and
health and to transfer that knowledge into practice for the betterment of workers.
3. OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Act): This was passed to prevent workers from being killed or
seriously harmed at work. The law requires that employers provide their employees with working
conditions that are free of known dangers.
▪ Quantifying all sources of heat gain (+q) in a space for cooling.
▪ Quantifying all sources of heat loss (-q) in a space for heating.
▪ Heat Load Estimation allows the designer to understand the extent of heat to be
extracted or added to a space to achieve desired temperature.
▪ Sample Heat Load Calculation Sheet - Cooling (Delhi NCR Conditions) – ASHRAE
CLTD
A chiller is a machine that removes heat from a liquid via. a vapor-
compression or absorption refrigeration cycle. This liquid can then be
circulated through the building to AHUs, TFAUs etc.
Water Cooled Chillers

Water Cooled Condenser’s Heat Rejected into Condenser Water – finally
rejected in Environment through Cooling Towers OR Geothermal Process.
Air Cooled Chillers

Air Cooled Condenser’s Heat Rejected directed into Atmosphere through
condenser fans.
Chilled Water Air-Conditioning Plant Components
▪ Central Air Conditioning Plant
▪ Air Handling Units &

Treated Fresh Air Units
▪ Pumps
▪ Cooling Towers
How does a Chilled Water System work?
▪ The chiller basically removes heat from the water.

▪ It is used as a secondary refrigerant to remove heat
from the building.
▪ The chilled water circulates through a chilled water
loop and through coils located in air handlers.
▪ The chilled water absorbs the heat from the building. It
then returns to the chiller where the chiller removes the
heat from the water using refrigeration process.
PICV
District cooling systems produce chilled water, steam or hot water at a central plant and then pipe that
energy out (either underground or over rooftops) to buildings for air conditioning, space heating and water
heating. As a result, these buildings don't require their own chillers, air conditioners, boilers or furnaces.
▪ Indoor Air Quality or IAQ will no longer be about PM 2.5 alone. Unprecedented challenges posed by COVID-19 to the
human race would in time have far reaching consequences on the Global Economy. The human spirit will beat this
disease, but what impact this Pandemic would have on ‘Business Continuity’ is unclear at this point, at the beginning
of April’ 2020. What is clear though is that there is a need for alleviating the paranoia when the world goes back to
work, to school, to sporting events, to the cinema – practically when life goes back to normal. While immunity,
medication and vaccinations would be the norm in the near future to fight off this health emergency, there is a need
for Engineered Solutions to curtail such future outbreaks.
Fundamentals
▪ Viruses, Bacteria, Fungi, Allergens and other air-borne organic matter within buildings that pose health risks need
active Nano-level of filtration, with techniques that not only trap but also destroy the infection causing pathogens.
▪ Active disinfection of building interiors using air as a medium and taking the fight to the life threatening pathogens
which settle on surfaces, and eliminating them in the process.
▪ Sanitizing the ‘air-ways’ – ductwork and air distribution terminals.
▪ Dilution – through enhanced ventilation, maximizing fresh air intake as practically feasible.
▪ This will not only be essential for a healthy & safe indoor environment, but also critical to providing continuity to
businesses and health care facilities the world over.
SPEAKER CONNECT
KUNAL CHAUDHARI
+91 98106 12758
kunal@udayanchaudhari.com

A presentation on HVAC basics

Uploaded by

A presentation on HVAC basics

Uploaded by

- Kunal Chaudhari

▪ Dry-bulb Temperature (DBT) : The dry-bulb temperature is

▪ Wet-bulb Temperature (WBT) : The thermodynamic wet-

▪ Relative Humidity (RH): The ratio of the vapor pressure of

Centimeter Meter Liters Inch Foot US Imperial

1 0.000001 0.001 0.061024 0.000035 0.000264 0.00022

1000000 1 1000 61024 35 264 220

28317 0.028317 28.31685 1728 1 7.481333 6.229712

158970 0.15897 159 9701 6 42 35

Liter/second Liter/minute Meter Foot US

L/sec L/min M3/hr ft3/min ft3/hr gal/min

▪ Temperature Conversion Formulas

Degree Celsius (°C) (°F - 32) x 5/9

Water Cooled Chillers

Air Cooled Chillers

▪ Central Air Conditioning Plant

▪ Air Handling Units &

▪ The chiller basically removes heat from the water.

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