JavaScript_4

Part 1: JavaScript Basics
. OVERVIEW
What is JavaScript?
Javascript is a dynamic computer programming language. It is lightweight and most commonly used as a part
of web pages, whose implementations allow client-side script to interact with the user and make dynamic
pages. It is an interpreted programming language with object-oriented capabilities.
JavaScript was first known as LiveScript, but Netscape changed its name to JavaScript, possibly because of the
excitement being generated by Java. JavaScript made its first appearance in Netscape 2.0 in 1995 with the
name LiveScript. The general-purpose core of the language has been embedded in Netscape, Internet Explorer,
and other web browsers.
The ECMA-262 Specification defined a standard version of the core JavaScript language.
∙ JavaScript is a lightweight, interpreted programming language. ∙ Designed for creating
network-centric applications.
∙ Complementary to and integrated with Java.
∙ Complementary to and integrated with HTML.
∙ Open and cross-platform.
Client-Side JavaScript
Client-side JavaScript is the most common form of the language. The script should be included in or referenced
by an HTML document for the code to be interpreted by the browser.
It means that a web page need not be a static HTML, but can include programs that interact with the user,
control the browser, and dynamically create HTML content.
The JavaScript client-side mechanism provides many advantages over traditional CGI server-side scripts. For
example, you might use JavaScript to check if the user has entered a valid e-mail address in a form field.
The JavaScript code is executed when the user submits the form, and only if all the entries are valid, they
would be submitted to the Web Server.
JavaScript can be used to trap user-initiated events such as button clicks, link navigation, and other actions that
the user initiates explicitly or implicitly.
Advantages of JavaScript
The merits of using JavaScript are:
∙ Less server interaction: You can validate user input before sending the page off to the server. This saves
server traffic, which means less load on your server.
∙ Immediate feedback to the visitors: They don't have to wait for a page reload to see if they have forgotten
to enter something.
∙ Increased interactivity: You can create interfaces that react when the user hovers over them with a mouse
or activates them via the keyboard.
∙ Richer interfaces: You can use JavaScript to include such items as drag and-drop components and sliders to
give a Rich Interface to your site visitors.
Limitations of JavaScript
We cannot treat JavaScript as a full-fledged programming language. It lacks the following important features:
∙ Client-side JavaScript does not allow the reading or writing of files. This has been kept for security reason.
∙ JavaScript cannot be used for networking applications because there is no such support available.
∙ JavaScript doesn't have any multithreading or multiprocessor capabilities.
Once again, JavaScript is a lightweight, interpreted programming language that allows you to build interactivity
into otherwise static HTML pages.
JavaScript Development Tools

One of major strengths of JavaScript is that it does not require expensive development tools. You can start with
a simple text editor such as Notepad. Since it is an interpreted language inside the context of a web browser,
you don't even need to buy a compiler.
To make our life simpler, various vendors have come up with very nice JavaScript editing tools. Some of them
are listed here:
∙ Microsoft FrontPage: Microsoft has developed a popular HTML editor called FrontPage. FrontPage also
provides web developers with a number of JavaScript tools to assist in the creation of interactive websites.
∙ Macromedia Dreamweaver MX: Macromedia Dreamweaver MX is a very popular HTML and JavaScript
editor in the professional web development crowd. It provides several handy components, integrates well with
databases, and conforms to new standards such as XHTML and XML.
∙ Macromedia HomeSite 5: HomeSite 5 is a well-liked HTML and JavaScript editor from Macromedia that can
be used to manage personal websites effectively.
Where is JavaScript Today?

The ECMAScript Edition 5 standard will be the first update to be released in over four years. JavaScript 2.0
conforms to Edition 5 of the ECMAScript standard, and the difference between the two is extremely minor.
The specification for JavaScript 2.0 can be found on the following site: http://www.ecmascript.org/
Today, Netscape's JavaScript and Microsoft's JScript conform to the ECMAScript standard, although both the
languages still support the features that are not a part of the standard.
avaScript can be implemented using JavaScript statements that are placed within the <script>... </script>
HTML tags in a web page.
You can place the <script> tags, containing your JavaScript, anywhere within you web page, but it is normally
recommended that you should keep it within the <head> tags.
The <script> tag alerts the browser program to start interpreting all the text between these tags as a script. A
simple syntax of your JavaScript will appear as follows.
<script ...>
JavaScript code
</script>
The script tag takes two important attributes:
∙ Language: This attribute specifies what scripting language you are using. Typically, its value will be javascript.
Although recent versions of HTML (and XHTML, its successor) have phased out the use of this attribute.
∙ Type: This attribute is what is now recommended to indicate the scripting language in use and its value
should be set to "text/javascript".
So your JavaScript syntax will look as follows.

<script language="javascript" type="text/javascript">
JavaScript code
</script>
Your First JavaScriptCode

Let us take a sample example to print out "Hello World". We added an optional HTML comment that surrounds
our JavaScript code. This is to save our code from a browser that does not support JavaScript. The comment
ends with a "//-- >". Here "//" signifies a comment in JavaScript, so we add that to prevent a browser from
reading the end of the HTML comment as a piece of JavaScript code. Next, we call a function document.write
which writes a string into our HTML document.
This function can be used to write text, HTML, or both. Take a look at the following code.
<html>
<body>

</script>
</body>
</html>
This code will produce the following result:

Hello World!
Whitespace and Line Breaks

JavaScript ignores spaces, tabs, and newlines that appear in JavaScript programs. You can use spaces, tabs, and
newlines freely in your program and you are free to format and indent your programs in a neat and consistent
way that makes the code easy to read and understand.
Semicolons are Optional

Simple statements in JavaScript are generally followed by a semicolon character, just as they are in C, C++, and
Java. JavaScript, however, allows you to omit this semicolon if each of your statements are placed on a
separate line. For example, the following code could be written without semicolons.

</script>
But when formatted in a single line as follows, you must use semicolons:

</script>
Note: It is a good programming practice to use semicolons.
Case Sensitivity
JavaScript is a case-sensitive language. This means that the language keywords, variables, function names, and
any other identifiers must always be typed with a consistent capitalization of letters.
So the identifiers Time and TIME will convey different meanings in JavaScript.
NOTE: Care should be taken while writing variable and function names in JavaScript.
Comments in JavaScript
JavaScript supports both C-style and C++-style comments. Thus:
∙ Any text between a // and the end of a line is treated as a comment and is ignored by JavaScript.
∙ Any text between the characters /* and */ is treated as a comment. This may span multiple lines.
∙ JavaScript also recognizes the HTML comment opening sequence  is not recognized by JavaScript so it should be written as //-->.
Example
The following example shows how to use comments in JavaScript.


</script>
3.ENABLING
All the Modernn browsers come with built-in support for JavaScript. Frequently, you may need to enable or
disable this support manually. This chapter explains the procedure of enabling and disabling JavaScript support
in your browsers: Internet Explorer, Firefox, chrome, and Opera.
JavaScript in Internet Explorer

Here are the steps to turn on or turn off JavaScript in Internet Explorer: ∙ Follow Tools -> Internet
Options from the menu.
∙ Select Security tab from the dialog box.
∙ Click the Custom Level button.
∙ Scroll down till you find the Scripting option.
∙ Select Enable radio button under Active scripting.
∙ Finally click OK and come out.
To disable JavaScript support in your Internet Explorer, you need to select Disable radio button under Active
scripting.
JavaScript in Firefox
Here are the steps to turn on or turn off JavaScript in Firefox: ∙ Open a new tab -> type about: config in the
address bar. ∙ Then you will find the warning dialog. Select I’ll be careful, I promise! ∙ Then you will find
the list of configure options in the browser. ∙ In the search bar, type javascript.enabled.
∙ There you will find the option to enable or disable javascript by right clicking on the value of that option ->
select toggle.
If javascript.enabled is true; it converts to false upon clicking toogle. If javascript is disabled; it gets enabled
upon clicking toggle.
JavaScript in Chrome
Here are the steps to turn on or turn off JavaScript in Chrome:
∙ Click the Chrome menu at the top right hand corner of your browser. ∙ Select Settings.
∙ Click Show advanced settings at the end of the page.
∙ Under the Privacy section, click the Content settings button.
∙ In the "Javascript" section, select "Do not allow any site to run JavaScript" or "Allow all sites to run JavaScript
(recommended)".
JavaScript in Opera
Here are the steps to turn on or turn off JavaScript in Opera:
∙ Follow Tools-> Preferences from the menu.
∙ Select Advanced option from the dialog box.
∙ Select Content from the listed items.
∙ Select Enable JavaScript checkbox.
∙ Finally click OK and come out.
To disable JavaScript support in Opera, you should not select the Enable JavaScript checkbox.
Warning for Non-JavaScript Browsers

If you have to do something important using JavaScript, then you can display a warning message to the user
using <noscript> tags.
You can add a noscript block immediately after the script block as follows:
<html>
<body>


</script>
<noscript>
Sorry...JavaScript is needed to go ahead.
</noscript>
</body>
</html>
Now, if the user's browser does not support JavaScript or JavaScript is not enabled, then the message from
</noscript> will be displayed on the screen.
4. Placement
There is a flexibility given to include JavaScript code anywhere in an HTML document. However the most
preferred ways to include JavaScript in an HTML file are as follows:
∙ Script in <head>...</head> section.
∙ Script in <body>...</body> section.
∙ Script in <body>...</body> and <head>...</head> sections. ∙ Script in an external file and then include in
<head>...</head> section.
In the following section, we will see how we can place JavaScript in an HTML file in different ways.
JavaScript in <head>...</head> Section

If you want to have a script run on some event, such as when a user clicks somewhere, then you will place that
script in the head as follows.
<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">

</script>
</head>
<body>
Click here for the result
<input type="button" onclick="sayHello()" value="Say Hello" /> </body>
</html>
This code will produce the following results:

Click here for the result
Say Hello
JavaScript in <body>...</body> Section

If you need a script to run as the page loads so that the script generates content in the page, then the script
goes in the <body> portion of the document. In this case, you would not have any function defined using
JavaScript. Take a look at the following code.
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>

</script>
<p>This is web page body </p>
</body>
</html>
This code will produce the following results:
Hello World
This is web page body
JavaScript in <body> and <head> Sections

You can put your JavaScript code in <head> and <body> section altogether as follows.
<html>
<head>

</script>
</head>
<body>

</script>
<input type="button" onclick="sayHello()" value="Say Hello" /> </body>
</html>
This code will produce the following result.

HelloWorld
Say Hello
JavaScript in External File

As you begin to work more extensively with JavaScript, you will be likely to find that there are cases where you
are reusing identical JavaScript code on multiple pages of a site.
You are not restricted to be maintaining identical code in multiple HTML files. The script tag provides a
mechanism to allow you to store JavaScript in an external file and then include it into your HTML files.
Here is an example to show how you can include an external JavaScript file in your HTML code using script tag
and its src attribute.
<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript" src="filename.js" ></script> </head>
<body>
.......
</body>
</html>
To use JavaScript from an external file source, you need to write all your JavaScript source code in a simple text
file with the extension ".js" and then include that file as shown above.
For example, you can keep the following content in filename.js file and then you can use sayHello function in
your HTML file after including the filename.js file.
}
JavaScript Datatypes
5. VARIABLES
One of the most fundamental characteristics of a programming language is the set of data types it supports.
These are the type of values that can be represented and manipulated in a programming language.
JavaScript allows you to work with three primitive data types: ∙ Numbers, e.g., 123,
120.50 etc.
∙ Strings of text, e.g. "This text string" etc.
∙ Boolean, e.g. true or false.
JavaScript also defines two trivial data types, null and undefined, each of which defines only a single value. In
addition to these primitive data types, JavaScript supports a composite data type known as object. We will
cover objects in detail in a separate chapter.
Note: Java does not make a distinction between integer values and floating point values. All numbers in
JavaScript are represented as floating-point values. JavaScript represents numbers using the 64-bit floating-
point format defined by the IEEE 754 standard.
JavaScript Variables
Like many other programming languages, JavaScript has variables. Variables can be thought of as named
containers. You can place data into these containers and then refer to the data simply by naming the
container.
Before you use a variable in a JavaScript program, you must declare it. Variables are declared with the var
keyword as follows.

</script>
You can also declare multiple variables with the same var keyword as follows:

</script>
Storing a value in a variable is called variable initialization. You can do variable initialization at the time of
variable creation or at a later point in time when you need that variable.
For instance, you might create a variable named money and assign the value 2000.50 to it later. For another
variable, you can assign a value at the time of initialization as follows.

</script>
Note: Use the var keyword only for declaration or initialization, once for the life of any variable name in a
document. You should not re-declare same variable twice.
JavaScript is untyped language. This means that a JavaScript variable can hold a value of any data type. Unlike
many other languages, you don't have to tell JavaScript during variable declaration what type of value the
variable will hold. The value type of a variable can change during the execution of a program and JavaScript
takes care of it automatically.
JavaScript Variable Scope

The scope of a variable is the region of your program in which it is defined. JavaScript variables have only two
scopes.
∙ Global Variables: A global variable has global scope which means it can be defined anywhere in your
JavaScript code.
∙ Local Variables: A local variable will be visible only within a function where it is defined. Function parameters
are always local to that function.
Within the body of a function, a local variable takes precedence over a global variable with the same name. If
you declare a local variable or function parameter with the same name as a global variable, you effectively hide
the global variable. Take a look into the following example.

</script>
It will produce the following result:

Local
JavaScript Variable Names

While naming your variables in JavaScript, keep the following rules in mind.
∙ You should not use any of the JavaScript reserved keywords as a variable name. These keywords are
mentioned in the next section. For example, break or boolean variable names are not valid.
∙ JavaScript variable names should not start with a numeral (0-9). They must begin with a letter or an
underscore character. For example, 123test is an invalid variable name but _123test is a valid one.
∙ JavaScript variable names are case-sensitive. For example, Name and name are two different variables.
JavaScript Reserved Words

A list of all the reserved words in JavaScript are given in the following table. They cannot be used as JavaScript
variables, functions, methods, loop labels, or any object names.
abstract else Instanceof switch
boolean enum int synchronized
break export interface this
byte extends long throw
case false native throws
catch final new transient
char finally null true
class float package try
const for private typeof
continue function protected var
debugger goto public void
default if return volatile
delete implements short while
do import static with
double in super
6. OPERATORS
What is an Operator?
Let us take a simple expression 4 + 5 is equal to 9. Here 4 and 5 are called operands and ‘+’ is called the
operator. JavaScript supports the following types of operators.
∙ Arithmetic Operators
∙ Comparison Operators
∙ Logical (or Relational) Operators
∙ Assignment Operators
∙ Conditional (or ternary) Operators
Let’s have a look at all the operators one by one.
Arithmetic Operators
JavaScript supports the following arithmetic operators:
Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20, then:

S. No. Operator and Description
1 + (Addition)
Adds two operands
Ex: A + B will give 30
2 - (Subtraction)
Subtracts the second operand from the first
Ex: A - B will give -10
3 * (Multiplication)
Multiply both operands
Ex: A * B will give 200
4 / (Division)
Divide the numerator by the denominator
Ex: B / A will give 2
5 % (Modulus)
Outputs the remainder of an integer division
Ex: B % A will give 0
6 ++ (Increment)
Increases an integer value by one
Ex: A++ will give 11

7 -- (Decrement)
Decreases an integer value by one
Ex: A-- will give 9
Note: Addition operator (+) works for Numeric as well as Strings. e.g. "a" + 10 will give "a10".
Example
The following code shows how to use arithmetic operators in JavaScript.
<html>
<body>

</script>
<p>Set the variables to different values and then try...</p> </body>

</html>
Output
a + b = 43
a - b = 23
a / b = 3.3
a%b=3
a + b + c = 43Test
a++ = 33
b-- = 10
Set the variables to different values and then try...
Comparison Operators
JavaScript supports the following comparison operators:

S.No Operator and Description
1 == (Equal)
Checks if the value of two operands are equal or not, if yes, then the
condition becomes true.
Ex: (A == B) is not true.
2 != (Not Equal)
Checks if the value of two operands are equal or not, if the values are not
equal, then the condition becomes true.
Ex: (A != B) is true.
3 > (Greater than)
Checks if the value of the left operand is greater than the value of
the right operand, if yes, then the condition becomes true. Ex: (A
> B) is not true.
4 < (Less than)
Checks if the value of the left operand is less than the value of the right
operand, if yes, then the condition becomes true.
Ex: (A < B) is true.
5 >= (Greater than or Equal to)
Checks if the value of the left operand is greater than or equal to the value
of the right operand, if yes, then the condition becomes true.
Ex: (A >= B) is not true.
6 <= (Less than or Equal to)
Checks if the value of the left operand is less than or equal to the value of
the right operand, if yes, then the condition becomes true.
Ex: (A <= B) is true.

Example
The following code shows how to use comparison operators in JavaScript.
<html>
<body>

</script>
<p>Set the variables to different values and different operators and then try...</p>
</body>
</html>
(a == b) => false
(a < b) => true
(a > b) => false
(a != b) => true
(a >= b) => false
(a <= b) => true
Set the variables to different values and different operators and then try...
Logical Operators
JavaScript supports the following logical operators:

S. Operator and Description
No
1 && (Logical AND)
If both the operands are non-zero, then the condition becomes true. Ex: (A
&& B) is true.
2 || (Logical OR)
If any of the two operands are non-zero, then the condition becomes true.
Ex: (A || B) is true.
3 ! (Logical NOT)
Reverses the logical state of its operand. If a condition is true, then the Logical
NOT operator will make it false.
Ex: ! (A && B) is false.
Try the following code to learn how to implement Logical Operators in JavaScript.
<html>
<body>

</script>
</body>
</html>
Output
(a && b) => false
(a || b) => true
!(a && b) => true
Bitwise Operators
JavaScript supports the following bitwise operators:

S Operator and Description
.
N
o
1 & (Bitwise AND)
It performs a Boolean AND operation on each bit of its integer arguments.
Ex: (A & B) is 2.
2 | (BitWise OR)
It performs a Boolean OR operation on each bit of its integer arguments.
Ex: (A | B) is 3.
3 ^ (Bitwise XOR)
It performs a Boolean exclusive OR operation on each bit of its integer arguments.

Exclusive OR means that either operand one is true or operand two is true, but not
both.
Ex: (A ^ B) is 1.
4 ~ (Bitwise Not)
It is a unary operator and operates by reversing all the bits in the operand.
Ex: (~B) is -4.
5 << (Left Shift)
It moves all the bits in its first operand to the left by the number of places
specified in the second operand. New bits are filled with zeros. Shifting a value left
by one position is equivalent to multiplying it by 2, shifting two positions is
equivalent to multiplying by 4, and so on.
Ex: (A << 1) is 4.
6 >> (Right Shift)
Binary Right Shift Operator. The left operand’s value is moved right by the number
of bits specified by the right operand.
Ex: (A >> 1) is 1.
7 >>> (Right shift with Zero)
This operator is just like the >> operator, except that the bits shifted in on the left
are always zero.
Ex: (A >>> 1) is 1.
Example
Try the following code to implement Bitwise operator in JavaScript.
<html>
<body>

</script>
</body>
</html>
(a & b) => 2
(a | b) => 3
(a ^ b) => 1
(~b) => -4
(a << b) => 16
(a >> b) => 0
Assignment Operators
JavaScript supports the following assignment operators:
S. Operator and Description
No
1 = (Simple Assignment )
Assigns values from the right side operand to the left side operand Ex: C
= A + B will assign the value of A + B into C
2 += (Add and Assignment)
It adds the right operand to the left operand and assigns the result to the left
operand.
Ex: C += A is equivalent to C = C + A
3 -= (Subtract and Assignment)
It subtracts the right operand from the left operand and assigns the result to
the left operand.
Ex: C -= A is equivalent to C = C - A
4 *= (Multiply and Assignment)
It multiplies the right operand with the left operand and assigns the result to
the left operand.
Ex: C *= A is equivalent to C = C * A
5 /= (Divide and Assignment)
It divides the left operand with the right operand and assigns the result to the
left operand.
Ex: C /= A is equivalent to C = C / A
6 %= (Modules and Assignment)
It takes modulus using two operands and assigns the result to the left operand.
Ex: C %= A is equivalent to C = C % A
Note: Same logic applies to Bitwise operators, so they will become <<=, >>=, >>=, &=, |= and ^=.
Example
Try the following code to implement assignment operator in JavaScript.
<html>
<body>

</script>
</body>
</html>
Output
Value of a => (a = b) => 10
Value of a => (a += b) => 20
Value of a => (a -= b) => 10
Value of a => (a *= b) => 100
Value of a => (a /= b) => 10
Value of a => (a %= b) => 0
Miscellaneous Operators
We will discuss two operators here that are quite useful in JavaScript: the conditional operator (? :) and the
typeof operator.
Conditional Operator (? :)
The conditional operator first evaluates an expression for a true or false value and then executes one of the
two given statements depending upon the result of the evaluation.
S Operator and Description
.
N
o
1 ? : (Conditional )
If Condition is true? Then value X : Otherwise value Y
Example
Try the following code to understand how the Conditional Operator works in JavaScript.
<html>
<body>

</script>
</body>
</html>
Output
((a > b) ? 100 : 200) => 200
((a < b) ? 100 : 200) => 100
typeof Operator
The typeof operator is a unary operator that is placed before its single operand, which can be of any type. Its
value is a string indicating the data type of the operand.
The typeof operator evaluates to "number", "string", or "boolean" if its operand is a number, string, or boolean
value and returns true or false based on the evaluation.
Here is a list of the return values for the typeof Operator.

Type String Returned by typeof
Number "number"
String "string"
Boolean "boolean"
Object "object"
Function "function"
Undefined "undefined"
Null "object"
Example
The following code shows how to implement typeof operator.
<html>
<body>

</script>
</body>
</html>
Result => B is String

Result => A is Numeric
7.
7. IF ELSE
While writing a program, there may be a situation when you need to adopt one out of a given set of paths. In
such cases, you need to use conditional statements that allow your program to make correct decisions and
perform right actions.
JavaScript supports conditional statements which are used to perform different actions based on different
conditions. Here we will explain the if..else statement.
FlowChartof if-else
The following flow chart shows how the if-else statement works.
JavaScript supports the following forms of if..else statement: ∙ if statement
∙ if...else statement
∙ if...else if... statement
if Statement
The ‘if’ statement is the fundamental control statement that allows JavaScript to make decisions and execute
statements conditionally.
Syntax
The syntax for a basic if statement is as follows:
if (expression){
Statement(s) to be executed if expression is true
}
Here a JavaScript expression is evaluated. If the resulting value is true, the given statement(s) are executed. If
the expression is false, then no statement would be not executed. Most of the times, you will use comparison
operators while making decisions.
Example
Try the following example to understand how the if statement works.
<html>
<body>

</script>
<p>Set the variable to different value and then try...</p> </body>

</html>
Qualifies for driving

Set the variable to different value and then try...
if...else Statement
The ‘if...else’ statement is the next form of control statement that allows JavaScript to execute statements in a
more controlled way.
Syntax
The syntax of an if-else statement is as follows:
if (expression){
}else{
Statement(s) to be executed if expression is false
}
Here JavaScript expression is evaluated. If the resulting value is true, the given statement(s) in the ‘if’ block, are
executed. If the expression is false, then the given statement(s) in the else block are executed.
Example
Try the following code to learn how to implement an if-else statement in JavaScript.
<html>
<body>

</script>

</html>
Output
Does not qualify for driving
if...else if... Statement

The ‘if...else if...’ statement is an advanced form of if…else that allows JavaScript to make a correct decision
out of several conditions.
Syntax
The syntax of an if-else-if statement is as follows:
if (expression 1){
Statement(s) to be executed if expression 1 is true
}else if (expression 2){
}else if (expression 3){
}else{
Statement(s) to be executed if no expression is true
}
There is nothing special about this code. It is just a series of if statements, where each if is a part of the else
clause of the previous statement. Statement(s) are executed based on the true condition, if none of the
conditions is true, then the else block is executed.
Try the following code to learn how to implement an if-else-if statement in JavaScript.
<html>
<body>

</script>

</html>
Output
Maths Book
8. Switch Case
You can use multiple if...else…if statements, as in the previous chapter, to perform a multiway branch.
However, this is not always the best solution, especially when all of the branches depend on the value of a
single variable.
Starting with JavaScript 1.2, you can use a switch statement which handles exactly this situation, and it does so
more efficiently than repeated if...else if statements.
FlowChart
The following flow chart explains a switch-case statement works.
The objective of a switch statement is to give an expression to evaluate and several different statements to
execute based on the value of the expression. The interpreter checks each case against the value of the
expression until a match is found. If nothing matches, a default condition will be used.
switch (expression)
{
case condition 1: statement(s)
break;
case condition 2: statement(s)
break;
...
case condition n: statement(s)
break;
default: statement(s)
}
The break statements indicate the end of a particular case. If they were omitted, the interpreter would
continue executing each statement in each of the following cases.
We will explain break statement in Loop Control chapter.
Example
Try the following example to implement switch-case statement.

<html>
<body>

</script>

</html>
Output
Entering switch block
Good job
Exiting switch block
Break statements play a major role in switch-case statements. Try the following code that uses switch-case
statement without any break statement.
<html>
<body>

</script>

</html>
Output
Entering switch block
Good job
Pretty good
Passed
Not so good
Failed
Unknown grade
Exiting switch block
While Loop
While writing a program, you may encounter a situation where you need to perform an action over and over
again. In such situations, you would need to write loop statements to reduce the number of lines.
JavaScript supports all the necessary loops to ease down the pressure of programming.
The while Loop

The most basic loop in JavaScript is the while loop which would be discussed in this chapter. The purpose of a
while loop is to execute a statement or code block repeatedly as long as an expression is true. Once the
expression becomes false, the loop terminates.
Syntax
The syntax of while loop in JavaScript is as follows:

while (expression){
}
Example
Try the following example to implement while loop.

<html>
<body>

</script>

</html>
Output
Starting Loop Current Count : 0

Current Count : 1
Current Count : 2
Current Count : 3
Current Count : 4
Current Count : 5
Current Count : 6
Current Count : 7
Current Count : 8
Current Count : 9
Loop stopped!
The do...whileLoop
The do...while loop is similar to the while loop except that the condition check happens at the end of the loop.
This means that the loop will always be executed at least once, even if the condition is false.
Flow Chart
The flow chart of a do-while loop would be as follows: The syntax for do-while loop in JavaScript is as follows:
do{
Statement(s) to be executed;
} while (expression);
Note: Don’t miss the semicolon used at the end of the do...while loop.
Example
Try the following example to learn how to implement a do-while loop in JavaScript.
<html>
<body>

</script>

</html>
Output
Starting Loop
Current Count : 0
Current Count : 1
Current Count : 2
Current Count : 3
Current Count : 4
Loop Stopped!
The for Loop

The ‘for’ loop is the most compact form of looping. It includes the following three important parts:
∙ The loop initialization where we initialize our counter to a starting value. The initialization statement is
executed before the loop begins.
∙ The test statement which will test if a given condition is true or not. If the condition is true, then the code
given inside the loop will be executed, otherwise the control will come out of the loop.
∙ The iteration statement where you can increase or decrease your counter.
You can put all the three parts in a single line separated by semicolons.
Syntax
The syntax of for loop is JavaScript is as follows:
for (initialization; test condition; iteration statement){ Statement(s) to
be executed if test condition is true }
Example
Try the following example to learn how a for loop works in JavaScript.
<html>
<body>

</script>

</html>
Output
Starting Loop
Current Count : 0
Current Count : 1
Current Count : 2
Current Count : 3
Current Count : 4
Current Count : 5
Current Count : 6
Current Count : 7
Current Count : 8
Current Count : 9
Loop stopped! Set the variable to different value and then try...
The for...in loop is used to loop through an object's properties. As we have not discussed Objects yet, you may
not feel comfortable with this loop. But once you understand how objects behave in JavaScript, you will find
this loop very useful.
Syntax
The syntax of ‘for..in’ loop is:
for (variablename in object){
statement or block to execute
}
In each iteration, one property from object is assigned to variablename and this loop continues till all the
properties of the object are exhausted.
Example
Try the following example to implement ‘for-in’ loop. It prints the web browser’s Navigator object.
<html>
<body>

</script>
<p>Set the variable to different object and then try...</p> </body>

</html>
Output
Navigator Object Properties
serviceWorker
webkitPersistentStorage
webkitTemporaryStorage
geolocation
doNotTrack
onLine
languages
language
userAgent
product
platform
appVersion
appName
appCodeName
hardwareConcurrency
maxTouchPoints
vendorSub
vendor
productSub
cookieEnabled
mimeTypes
plugins
javaEnabled
getStorageUpdates
getGamepads
webkitGetUserMedia
vibrate
getBattery
sendBeacon
registerProtocolHandler
unregisterProtocolHandler
Exiting from the loop!
Set the variable to different object and then try...
JavaScript provides full control to handle loops and switch statements. There may be a situation when you
need to come out of a loop without reaching at its bottom. There may also be a situation when you want to
skip a part of your code block and start the next iteration of the look.
To handle all such situations, JavaScript provides break and continue statements. These statements are used to
immediately come out of any loop or to start the next iteration of any loop respectively.
The break Statement

The break statement, which was briefly introduced with the switch statement, is used to exit a loop early,
breaking out of the enclosing curly braces.
Example
The following example illustrates the use of a break statement with a while loop. Notice how the loop breaks
out early once x reaches 5 and reaches to document.write (..) statement just below to the closing curly brace:
<html>
<body>

</script>

</html>
Output
Entering the loop
2
3
4
5
Exiting the loop!
We have already seen the usage of break statement inside a switch statement.
The continueStatement
The continue statement tells the interpreter to immediately start the next iteration of the loop and skip the
remaining code block. When a continue statement is encountered, the program flow moves to the loop check
expression immediately and if the condition remains true, then it starts
the next iteration, otherwise the control comes out of the loop.
Example
This example illustrates the use of a continue statement with a while loop. Notice how the continue statement
is used to skip printing when the index held in variable x reaches 5.
<html>
<body>

</script>

</html>
Output
Entering the loop

2
3
4
6
7
8
9
10
Exiting the loop!
Using Labels to Control the Flow

Starting from JavaScript 1.2, a label can be used with break and continue to control the flow more precisely. A
label is simply an identifier followed by a colon (:) that is applied to a statement or a block of code. We will see
two different examples to understand how to use labels with break and continue.
Note: Line breaks are not allowed between the ‘continue’ or ‘break’ statement and its label name. Also, there
should not be any other statement in between a label name and associated loop.
Try the following two examples for a better understanding of Labels.
Example 1
The following example shows how to implement Label with a break statement.
<html>
<body>

</script>
</body>
</html>
Output
Entering the loop!
Outerloop: 0
Innerloop: 0
Innerloop: 1
Innerloop: 2
Innerloop: 3
Outerloop: 1
Innerloop: 0
Innerloop: 1
Innerloop: 2
Innerloop: 3
Outerloop: 2
Outerloop: 3
Innerloop: 0
Innerloop: 1
Innerloop: 2
Innerloop: 3
Outerloop: 4
Exiting the loop!
Example 2
The following example shows how to implement Label with continue.
<html>
<body>

</script>
</body>
</html>
Output
Entering the loop!

Outerloop: 0
Innerloop: 0
Innerloop: 1
Innerloop: 2
Outerloop: 1
Innerloop: 0
Innerloop: 1
Innerloop: 2
Outerloop: 2
Innerloop: 0
Innerloop: 1
Exiting the loop!

1.charAt(x)
This function will return the character at the x position within the string.
1 //charAt(x)
2 var myString = 'jQuery FTW!!!';
3 console.log(myString.charAt(7));
4 //output: F
Moving on with this article on Javascript String functions, Let’s have a look
at the next one.
2.charCodeAt(x)
This function will return the unicode value of the character at position ‘x’
within the string.
//charAt(position)
1
var message="jquery4u"
2
//alerts "q"
3 alert(message.charCodeAt(1))
4 //output: 113
3.concat(v1,v2..)
This function combines one or more strings(argv1,v2 etc) into existing one.
1 //concat(v1, v2,..)
2 var message="Sam"
3 var final=message.concat(" is a"," hopeless romantic.")
4 //alerts "Sam is a hopeless romantic."
alert(final)
5
4.fromCharcode(c1,c2)
Function will return a string created by using specified sequence of unicode
values(argc1,c2).
1 //fromCharCode(c1, c2,...)
2 console.log(String.fromCharCode(97,98,99,120,121,122))
3 //output: abcxyz
4 console.log(String.fromCharCode(72,69,76,76,79))
//output: HELLO
5
5.indexOf(substr, [start])
Searches and (if found) returns the index number of the searched
character or substring within the string. If not found, -1 is returned. “Start” is an
optional argument specifying the position within string to begin the search.
Default is 0.
1 //indexOf(char/substring)
2 var sentence="Hi, my name is Sam!"
3 if (sentence.indexOf("Sam")!=-1)
4 alert("Sam is in there!")
Moving on with this article on Javascript String functions
6.lastIndexOf(substr, [start])
Searches and (if found) returns the index number of the searched
character or substring within the string. Searches the string from end to the
beginning. If not found, -1 is returned. “Start” is an optional argument specifying
the position within string to begin the search. Default is string.length-1.
1 //lastIndexOf(substr, [start])
2 var myString = 'javascript rox';
3 console.log(myString.lastIndexOf('r'));
4 //output: 11
7.match(regexp)
Executes a search for a match within a string based on a regular
expression. It returns an array of information or null if no match is found.
1
//match(regexp) //select integers only
2
var intRegex = /[0-9 -()+]+$/;
3
4 var myNumber = '999';
5 var myInt = myNumber.match(intRegex);
6 console.log(isInt);
7 //output: 999
8
9 var myString = '999 JS Coders';
var myInt = myString.match(intRegex);
10
console.log(isInt);
11 //output: null
12
Moving on with this article on Javascript String functions, let’s understand
replace function.
8.replace(regexp/substr, replacetext)
Searches and replaces the regular expression (or sub string) portion
(match) with the replaced text instead.
1
//replace(substr, replacetext)
2 var myString = '999 JavaScript Coders';
3 console.log(myString.replace(/JavaScript/i, "jQuery"));
4 //output: 999 jQuery Coders
5
6 //replace(regexp, replacetext)
7 var myString = '999 JavaScript Coders';
console.log(myString.replace(new RegExp( "999", "gi" ), "The"));
8
//output: The JavaScript Coders
9
10.slice(start, [end])
This function returns a substring of the string based on the “start” and
“end” index arguments, NOT including the “end” index itself. “End” is optional,
and if none is specified, the slice includes all characters from “start” to end of
the string.
1 //slice(start, end)
2 var text="excellent"
3 text.slice(0,4) //returns "exce"
4 text.slice(2,4) //returns "ce"
Moving on with this article on Javascript String functions
11.split(delimiter, [limit])
This will split a string into many according to the specified delimiter, and
returns an array containing each element. The optional “limit” is an integer that
lets you specify the maximum number of elements to return.
1 //split(delimiter)
var message="Welcome to jQuery4u"
2
//word[0] contains "We"
3 //word[1] contains "lcome to jQuery4u"
4 var word=message.split("l")
5 //output We,come to jQuery4u
12.substr(start, [length])
This function returns the characters in a string beginning at “start” and

through the specified number of characters, “length”. “Length” is optional, and if
omitted, up to the end of the string is assumed.
1 //substring(from, to)
2 var text="excellent"
3 text.substring(0,4) //returns "exce"
4 text.substring(2,4) //returns "ce"
13.substring(from, [to])
It returns the characters in a string between “from” and “to” indexes, NOT
including “to” itself. “To” is optional, and if omitted, up to the end of the string is
assumed.
1 //substring(from, [to])
3 myString = myString.substring(0,10);
4 console.log(myString)
//output: javascript
5
14.toLowerCase()
This will return the string with all of its characters converted to lowercase.
1 //toLowerCase()
2 var myString = 'JAVASCRIPT ROX';
3 myString = myString.toLowerCase();
//output: javascript rox
5
15.toUpperCase()
This will return the string with all of its characters converted to uppercase.
1 //toUpperCase()
3 myString = myString.toUpperCase();
//output: JAVASCRIPT ROX
5
16. includes()
It is used to check whether a string contains the specified string or
characters.
1 //includes()
2 var mystring = "Hello, welcome to Modern";
3 var n = mystring.includes("Modern");
4 //output: True
17. endsWith()
This function checks whether a string ends with specified string or
characters.
1 //endsWith()
2 var mystr = "List of javascript functions";
3 var n = mystr.endsWith("functions");
4 //output: True
18. repeat()
This returns a new string with a specified number of copies of an existing
string.
1 //repeat()
2 var string = "Welcome to Modern";
3 document.write(string.repeat(2));
//output: Welcome to Modern Welcome to Modern
4
19. trim()
This function removes whitespace from both ends of a string.
1 //trim()
2 var str = " Hello Modern! ";
3 alert(str.trim());
13. FU
Function
A function is a group of reusable code which can be called anywhere in your program. This eliminates the need
of writing the same code again and again. It helps programmers in writing modular codes. Functions allow a
programmer to divide a big program into a number of small and manageable functions.
Like any other advanced programming language, JavaScript also supports all the features necessary to write
modular code using functions. You must have seen functions like alert() and write() in the earlier chapters. We
were using these functions again and again, but they had been written in core JavaScript only once.
JavaScript allows us to write our own functions as well. This section explains how to write your own functions
in JavaScript.
Function Definition
Before we use a function, we need to define it. The most common way to define a function in JavaScript is by
using the function keyword, followed by a unique function name, a list of parameters (that might be empty),
and a statement block surrounded by curly braces.
Syntax
The basic syntax is shown here.

</script>
Example
Try the following example. It defines a function called sayHello that takes no parameters:

</script>
Calling a Function
To invoke a function somewhere later in the script, you would simply need to write the name of that function
as shown in the following code.
<html>
<head>
function sayHello()
{
document.write ("Hello there!");
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<p>Click the following button to call the function</p>
<form>
<input type="button" onclick="sayHello()" value="Say Hello"> </form>
<p>Use different text in write method and then try...</p> </body>

</html>
Output
Click the following button to call the function
Say Hello
Function Parameters
Till now, we have seen functions without parameters. But there is a facility to pass different parameters while
calling a function. These passed parameters can be captured inside the function and any manipulation can be
done over those parameters. A function can take multiple parameters separated by comma.
Example
Try the following example. We have modified our sayHello function here. Now it takes two parameters.
<html>
<head>
function sayHello(name, age)
{
document.write (name + " is " + age + " years old.");
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<form>
<input type="button" onclick="sayHello('Zara', 7)" value="Say Hello"> </form>
<p>Use different parameters inside the function and then try...</p> </body>
</html>
Say Hello
Use different parameters inside the function and then try...
The returnStatement
A JavaScript function can have an optional return statement. This is required if you want to return a value from
a function. This statement should be the last statement in a function.
For example, you can pass two numbers in a function and then you can expect the function to return their
multiplication in your calling program.
Example
Try the following example. It defines a function that takes two parameters and concatenates them before
returning the resultant in the calling program.
<html>
<head>
function concatenate(first, last)
{
var full;
full = first + last;

return full;
}
function secondFunction()
{
var result;
result = concatenate('Zara', 'Ali');
document.write (result );
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<form>
<input type="button" onclick="secondFunction()" value="Call Function"> </form>
</html>
Output
Call Function
There is a lot to learn about JavaScript functions, however we have covered the most important concepts in
this tutorial.
Nested Functions
Prior to JavaScript 1.2, function definition was allowed only in top level global code, but JavaScript 1.2 allows
function definitions to be nested within other functions as well. Still there is a restriction that function
definitions may not appear within loops or conditionals. These restrictions on function definitions apply only
to function declarations with the function statement.
As we'll discuss later in the next chapter, function literals (another feature introduced in JavaScript 1.2) may
appear within any JavaScript expression, which means that they can appear within if and other statements.
Example Try the following example to learn how to implement nested functions.
<html>
<head>

</script>
</head>
<body>
<form>
<input type="button" onclick="secondFunction()" value="Call Function"> </form>
</html>
Output
Call Function
Function () Constructor
The function statement is not the only way to define a new function; you can define your function dynamically
using Function() constructor along with the new operator.
Note: Constructor is a terminology from Object Oriented Programming. You may not feel comfortable for the
first time, which is OK.
Syntax
Following is the syntax to create a function using Function() constructor along with the new operator.

</script>
The Function() constructor expects any number of string arguments. The last argument is the body of the
function – it can contain arbitrary JavaScript statements, separated from each other by semicolons.
Notice that the Function() constructor is not passed any argument that specifies a name for the function it
creates. The unnamed functions created with the Function() constructor are called anonymous functions.
Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<!--
var func = new Function("x", "y", "return x*y;");
function secondFunction(){
var result;
result = func(10,20);
HTML DOM allows JavaScript to react to HTML events:

Reacting to Events
A JavaScript can be executed when an event occurs, like when a user clicks on an HTML element.
To execute code when a user clicks on an element, add JavaScript code to an HTML event attribute:
onclick=JavaScript
Examples of HTML events:
 When a user clicks the mouse

 When a web page has loaded
 When an image has been loaded
 When the mouse moves over an element
 When an input field is changed
 When an HTML form is submitted
 When a user strokes a key
In this example, the content of the <h1> element is changed when a user clicks on it:
1) Onclick.html
2) Onclktext.html
3) Onclkdate.html
4) Onclkdate2.html ( Assign Events Using the HTML DOM
The HTML DOM allows you to assign events to HTML elements using JavaScript:)
The onload and onunload Events

The onload and onunload events are triggered when the user enters or leaves the page.
The onload event can be used to check the visitor's browser type and browser version, and
load the proper version of the web page based on the information.
The onload and onunload events can be used to deal with cookies.
5) Onload.html
6) Onload2.html
The onchange Event

The onchange event is often used in combination with validation of input fields.
Below is an example of how to use the onchange. The upperCase() function will be called
when a user changes the content of an input field.
7) Onchange.html
The onmouseover and onmouseout Events
The onmouseover and onmouseout events can be used to trigger a function when the
user mouses over, or out of, an HTML element:
8) Onmouseover.html
The onmousedown, onmouseup and onclick Events

The onmousedown, onmouseup, and onclick events are all parts of a mouse-click. First when a
mouse-button is clicked, the onmousedown event is triggered, then, when the mouse-
button is released, the onmouseup event is triggered, finally, when the mouse-click is
completed, the onclick event is triggered.
9) Onmousedown.html
10) Onmousedown2.html
11) onfocus.html
Change the background-color of an input field when it gets focus.
HTML Constraint Validation

HTML5 introduced a new HTML validation concept called constraint validation.
HTML constraint validation is based on:
 Constraint validation HTML Input Attributes

 Constraint validation CSS Pseudo Selectors
 Constraint validation DOM Properties and Methods
Constraint Validation HTML Input Attributes
The value Attribute
The input value attribute specifies an initial value for an input field:
Example
Input fields with initial (default) values:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h1>The input value attribute</h1>
<p>The value attribute specifies an initial value for an input field:</p>
<form action="/action_page.php">
<label for="fname">First name:</label><br>
<input type="text" id="fname" name="fname" value="John"><br>
<label for="lname">Last name:</label><br>
<input type="text" id="lname" name="lname" value="Doe"><br><br>
<input type="submit" value="Submit">
</form>
</body>
</html>
The readonly Attribute

The input readonly attribute specifies that an input field is read-only.
A read-only input field cannot be modified (however, a user can tab to it, highlight it, and copy the text from it).
The value of a read-only input field will be sent when submitting the form!
Example
A read-only input field:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h1>The input readonly attribute</h1>
<p>The readonly attribute specifies that an input field should be read-only (cannot be changed):</p>
<input type="text" id="fname" name="fname" value="John" readonly><br>
</form>
</body>
</html>
The disabled Attribute

The input disabled attribute specifies that an input field should be disabled.
A disabled input field is unusable and un-clickable.
The value of a disabled input field will not be sent when submitting the form!
Example
A disabled input field:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h1>The input disabled attribute</h1>
<p>The disabled attribute specifies that an input field should be disabled (unusable and un-clickable):</p>
<input type="text" id="fname" name="fname" value="John" disabled><br>
</form>
</body>
</html>
The size Attribute

The input size attribute specifies the visible width, in characters, of an input field.
The default value for size is 20.
Note: The size attribute works with the following input types: text, search, tel, url, email, and password.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h1>The input size attribute</h1>
<p>The size attribute specifies the width (in characters) of an input field:</p>
<input type="text" id="fname" name="fname" size="50"><br>
<label for="pin">PIN:</label><br>
<input type="text" id="pin" name="pin" size="4"><br><br>
</form>
</body>
</html>
The maxlength Attribute

The input maxlength attribute specifies the maximum number of characters allowed in an input field.
Note: When a maxlength is set, the input field will not accept more than the specified number of characters.
However, this attribute does not provide any feedback. So, if you want to alert the user, you must write
JavaScript code.
Example
Set a maximum length for an input field:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h1>The input maxlength attribute</h1>
<p>The maxlength attribute specifies the maximum number of characters allowed in an input field:</p>
<input type="text" id="fname" name="fname" size="50"><br>
<label for="pin">PIN:</label><br>
<input type="text" id="pin" name="pin" maxlength="4" size="4"><br><br>
</form>
</body>
</html>
The min and max Attributes
The input min and max attributes specify the minimum and maximum values for an input field.
The min and max attributes work with the following input types: number, range, date, datetime-local, month,
time and week.
Tip: Use the max and min attributes together to create a range of legal values.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h1>The input min and max attributes</h1>
<p>The min and max attributes specify the minimum and maximum values for an input element.</p>
<label for="datemax">Enter a date before 1980-01-01:</label>
<input type="date" id="datemax" name="datemax" max="1979-12-31"><br><br>
<label for="datemin">Enter a date after 2000-01-01:</label>

<input type="date" id="datemin" name="datemin" min="2000-01-02"><br><br>
<label for="quantity">Quantity (between 1 and 5):</label>

<input type="number" id="quantity" name="quantity" min="1" max="5"><br><br>

</form>
</body>
</html>
The multiple Attribute

The input multiple attribute specifies that the user is allowed to enter more than one value in an input field.
The multiple attribute works with the following input types: email, and file.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h1>The input multiple attributes</h1>
<p>The multiple attribute specifies that the user is allowed to enter more than one value in an input field.</p>
<label for="files">Select files:</label>
<input type="file" id="files" name="files" multiple><br><br>
</form>
<p>To select multiple files, hold down the CTRL or SHIFT key while selecting.</p>
</body>
</html>
The pattern Attribute

The input pattern attribute specifies a regular expression that the input field's value is checked against, when the
form is submitted.
The pattern attribute works with the following input types: text, date, search, url, tel, email, and password.
Tip: Use the global title attribute to describe the pattern to help the user.
Tip: Learn more about regular expressions in our JavaScript tutorial.
Example
An input field that can contain only three letters (no numbers or special characters):
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h1>The input pattern attribute</h1>
<p>The pattern attribute specifies a regular expression that the input element's value is checked against.</p>
<label for="country_code">Country code:</label>
<input type="text" id="country_code" name="country_code" pattern="[A-Za-z]{3}" title="Three letter country
code"><br><br>
</form>
<p><strong>Note:</strong> The pattern attribute of the input tag is not supported in Safari 10 (or earlier).</p>
</body>
</html>
The placeholder Attribute

The input placeholder attribute specifies a short hint that describes the expected value of an input field (a sample
value or a short description of the expected format).
The short hint is displayed in the input field before the user enters a value.
The placeholder attribute works with the following input types: text, search, url, tel, email, and password.
Example
An input field with a placeholder text:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h1>The input placeholder attribute</h1>
<p>The placeholder attribute specifies a short hint that describes the expected value of an input field.</p>
<label for="phone">Enter a phone number:</label>
<input type="tel" id="phone" name="phone" placeholder="123-45-678" pattern="[0-9]{3}-[0-9]{2}-[0-9]
{3}"><br><br>
</form>
</body>
</html>
The required Attribute

The input required attribute specifies that an input field must be filled out before submitting the form.
The required attribute works with the following input types: text, search, url, tel, email, password, date pickers,
number, checkbox, radio, and file.
Example
A required input field:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h1>The input required attribute</h1>
<p>The required attribute specifies that an input field must be filled out before submitting the form.</p>
<label for="username">Username:</label>
<input type="text" id="username" name="username" required>
</form>
<p><strong>Note:</strong> The required attribute of the input tag is not supported in Safari prior version 10.1.</p>
</body>
</html>
The step Attribute
The input step attribute specifies the legal number intervals for an input field.
Example: if step="3", legal numbers could be -3, 0, 3, 6, etc.
Tip: This attribute can be used together with the max and min attributes to create a range of legal values.
The step attribute works with the following input types: number, range, date, datetime-local, month, time and
week.
Example
An input field with a specified legal number intervals:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h1>The input step attribute</h1>
<p>The step attribute specifies the legal number intervals for an input element.</p>
<label for="points">Points:</label>
<input type="number" id="points" name="points" step="3">
</form>
</body>
</html>
The autofocus Attribute

The input autofocus attribute specifies that an input field should automatically get focus when the page loads.
Example
Let the "First name" input field automatically get focus when the page loads:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h1>The input autofocus attribute</h1>
<p>The autofocus attribute specifies that the input field should automatically get focus when the page loads.</p>
<input type="text" id="fname" name="fname" autofocus><br>
<input type="text" id="lname" name="lname"><br><br>
</form>
</body>
</html>
The autocomplete Attribute

The input autocomplete attribute specifies whether a form or an input field should have autocomplete on or off.
Autocomplete allows the browser to predict the value. When a user starts to type in a field, the browser should
display options to fill in the field, based on earlier typed values.
The autocomplete attribute works with <form> and the following <input> types: text, search, url, tel, email,
password, datepickers, range, and color.
Example
An HTML form with autocomplete on, and off for one input field:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h1>The autocomplete attribute</h1>
<p>The autocomplete attribute specifies whether or not an input field should have autocomplete enabled.</p>
<p>Fill in and submit the form, then reload the page to see how autocomplete works.</p>
<p>Notice that autocomplete is "on" for the form, but "off" for the e-mail field!</p>
<form action="/action_page.php" autocomplete="on">

<label for="fname">First name:</label>
<input type="text" id="fname" name="fname"><br><br>
<label for="lname">Last name:</label>
<input type="text" id="lname" name="lname"><br><br>
<label for="email">Email:</label>
<input type="email" id="email" name="email" autocomplete="off"><br><br>
</form>
</body>
</html>
JavaScript Form Validation
Data Validation
Data validation is the process of ensuring that user input is clean, correct, and useful.
Typical validation tasks are:
 has the user filled in all required fields?

 has the user entered a valid date?
 has the user entered text in a numeric field?
Most often, the purpose of data validation is to ensure correct user input.
Validation can be defined by many different methods, and deployed in many different ways.
Server side validation is performed by a web server, after input has been sent to the server.
Client side validation is performed by a web browser, before input is sent to a web server.
HTML form validation can be done by JavaScript.
If a form field (fname) is empty, this function alerts a message, and returns false, to prevent the form from being
submitted:
JavaScript Example
function validateForm() {
let x = document.forms["myForm"]["fname"].value;
if (x == "") {
alert("Name must be filled out");
return false;
}
}
The function can be called when the form is submitted:
HTML Form Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<script>
function validateForm() {
let x = document.forms["myForm"]["fname"].value;
if (x == "") {
alert("Name must be filled out");
return false;
</script>
</head>
<body>
<h2>JavaScript Validation</h2>
<form name="myForm" action="/action_page.php" onsubmit="return validateForm()" method="post">
Name: <input type="text" name="fname">
</form>
</body>
</html>
JavaScript Can Validate Numeric Input

JavaScript is often used to validate numeric input:
Please input a number between 1 and 10
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<p>Please input a number between 1 and 10:</p>
<input id="numb">
<button type="button" onclick="myFunction()">Submit</button>
<p id="demo"></p>
<script>
function myFunction() {
// Get the value of the input field with id="numb"
let x = document.getElementById("numb").value;
// If x is Not a Number or less than one or greater than 10
let text;
if (isNaN(x) || x < 1 || x > 10) {
text = "Input not valid";
} else {
text = "Input OK";
document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML = text;
</script>
</body>
</html>
Automatic HTML Form Validation

HTML form validation can be performed automatically by the browser:
If a form field (fname) is empty, the required attribute prevents this form from being submitted:
HTML Form Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<form action="/action_page.php" method="post">
<input type="text" name="fname" required>
</form>
<p>If you click submit, without filling out the text field,
your browser will display an error message.</p>
</body>
</html>
Automatic HTML form validation does not work in Internet Explorer 9 or earlier.

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Part 1: JavaScript Basics

∙ JavaScript is a lightweight, interpreted programming language. ∙ Designed for creating

∙ Complementary to and integrated with Java.

∙ Complementary to and integrated with HTML.

∙ Open and cross-platform.

∙ JavaScript doesn't have any multithreading or multiprocessor capabilities.

JavaScript Development Tools

Where is JavaScript Today?

So your JavaScript syntax will look as follows.

Your First JavaScriptCode

This code will produce the following result:

Whitespace and Line Breaks

Semicolons are Optional

Note: It is a good programming practice to use semicolons.

The following example shows how to use comments in JavaScript.

// This is a comment. It is similar to comments in C++

JavaScript in Internet Explorer

Options from the menu.

∙ Select Security tab from the dialog box.

∙ Click the Custom Level button.

∙ Scroll down till you find the Scripting option.

∙ Select Enable radio button under Active scripting.

∙ Finally click OK and come out.

∙ Click Show advanced settings at the end of the page.

∙ Under the Privacy section, click the Content settings button.

∙ Follow Tools-> Preferences from the menu.

∙ Select Advanced option from the dialog box.

∙ Select Content from the listed items.

∙ Select Enable JavaScript checkbox.

∙ Finally click OK and come out.

Warning for Non-JavaScript Browsers

<script language="javascript" type="text/javascript">

∙ Script in <head>...</head> section.

∙ Script in <body>...</body> section.

JavaScript in <head>...</head> Section

This code will produce the following results:

JavaScript in <body>...</body> Section

JavaScript in <body> and <head> Sections

This code will produce the following result.

JavaScript in External File

∙ Strings of text, e.g. "This text string" etc.

∙ Boolean, e.g. true or false.

JavaScript Variable Scope

It will produce the following result:

JavaScript Variable Names

JavaScript Reserved Words

boolean enum int synchronized

break export interface this

byte extends long throw

case false native throws

catch final new transient

char finally null true

class float package try

const for private typeof

continue function protected var

debugger goto public void

default if return volatile

delete implements short while

do import static with

∙ Logical (or Relational) Operators

∙ Conditional (or ternary) Operators

Let’s have a look at all the operators one by one.

Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20, then:

Adds two operands

Ex: A + B will give 30

Subtracts the second operand from the first

Ex: A - B will give -10

Multiply both operands

Ex: A * B will give 200

Divide the numerator by the denominator

Ex: B / A will give 2

Outputs the remainder of an integer division

Ex: B % A will give 0

Increases an integer value by one

Ex: A++ will give 11

Decreases an integer value by one