Lecture 3_Power System Fundamentals B

LECTURE 3
Balanced Three Phase Circuits
In the fig. above, ideal conditions are assumed i.e. source and line
impedances are neglected.
The 3 phase load is balanced i.e. the phase impedances are equal. 2
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As long as the source voltages, load and
line impedances are balanced, the line
currents will also be balanced and they sum
up to zero.
Ia + Ib + Ic = In = 0
For all other cases the currents will not be

balanced and a current will flow in the
neutral.
The line current is equal to the phase
current for a star connected system.
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Y/∆ or ∆/Y Conversions for Balanced Loads
 Two circuits are electrically equivalent if they draw the same line
current and power when connected to the same line voltage.
 Consider a balanced Y-connected load having an impedance Z1 in

each phase as shown in Fig. (a).
 Let the equivalent ∆-connected load have an impedance of Z2 in each

phase as shown in Fig. (b).
 Since the two circuits are equivalent, the impedance between any two
corresponding terminals of the two circuits is the same.
 Considering terminals 1 and 2,
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3-phase Balanced Loads in Parallel
 In a 3-phase supply system, it is quite common to have balanced ∆ and Y loads
connected in parallel. Rarely the loads are all ∆ -connected or all Y-connected. The
problems on such parallel loads can be solved by one of the following three ways :
i. All the Y-loads in the problem may be converted into equivalent ∆ loads. Then
these loads in parallel (all now being ∆ loads) can be treated on a single-phase
basis (line-to-neutral) to find the various circuit values e.g., currents, power factor
etc.
ii. All the ∆ loads in the problem may be converted into equivalent Y loads and
treated as in (i) above. Out of the above two methods, usually the latter is
preferred because it is more convenient to handle Y-connection.
iii. A still shorter and more commonly used method is to treat each load on a
complete 3-phase basis. The active, reactive and apparent powers in each 3-phase
load are determined.
 The various characteristic quantities (e.g., power factor, line current etc.) can be
easily determined for the combined loads.
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Practice Question
 Qn. 1: Three star-connected impedances Z1 = (20 + j 37.7) Ω per phase are connected in
parallel with three delta connected impedances Z2 = (30 – j 159.3) Ω per phase. The line
voltage is 398 V. Find (i) the total line current (ii) circuit power factor (iii) active power
and reactive power taken by the combination.
 Qn. 2: Each phase of a star-connected load consists of a coil of resistance 20Ω and
inductance 0.07 H. The load is connected to a 415V, 3-phase, 50Hz supply. Calculate :(i)
The line current, the power and the power factor (ii) The capacitance per phase of a delta-
connected capacitor bank which would improve the overall power factor to unity.
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Solution Qn. 1
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Solution Qn. 2
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Practice Question
 In the circuit shown in Fig. below, find the line current and total
power.
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Solution
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Components
• Change of base: Sometimes it is necessary to convert pu quantities from one base
to another e.g. if the impedances in a power system have been given in p.u. and
the bases chosen are different from those used to determine the p.u. quantities.
• The new p.u. values are determined as follows:
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• NB: Unless otherwise specified, base voltage in a 3-ϕ system is the line-to-line
voltage and base VA is the total 3-ϕ base VA.
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Choice of Base Values
• We need base values for all quantities: Power, Voltage,
• Current, Impedance, Admittance
• Base values do not have to be the same for all equipment inthe system.
However, a wise choice helps simplify the analysis
Rules for choosing base values
• Choose ONE base power for the entire system e.g. total system MVA, largest
MVA or any round figure
• Choose ONE base voltage for one voltage level e.g. rated voltage for a
section. Base voltages for other sections assigned as per transformer turns
ratio.
• Other base values are chosen to get the same relations between per unit
quantities as between actual quantities. 29
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Advantages of p.u. system
1. If the base quantities are properly specified the ideal transformer

winding can be eliminated as the electrical parameters are the same
when referred on either side of the transformer.
2. Device parameters tend to lie within a relatively narrow range

hence it is easy to detect errors.
3. Per unit phase quantities are the same as per unit line quantities
regardless of connection. Minimises confusion.
4. There is a significantly reduced computational effort.
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Lecture 3_Power System Fundamentals B

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Lecture 3_Power System Fundamentals B

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LECTURE 3

Balanced Three Phase Circuits

For all other cases the currents will not be

 Consider a balanced Y-connected load having an impedance Z1 in

 Let the equivalent ∆-connected load have an impedance of Z2 in each

 Considering terminals 1 and 2,

• We need base values for all quantities: Power, Voltage,

• Current, Impedance, Admittance

Rules for choosing base values

1. If the base quantities are properly specified the ideal transformer

2. Device parameters tend to lie within a relatively narrow range

4. There is a significantly reduced computational effort.

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