The Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale (SSHWS) classifies hurricanes—which in the Western

Hemisphere are tropical cyclones that exceed the intensities of tropical depressions and tropical storms—into
five categories distinguished by the intensities of their sustained winds. This measuring system was formerly
known as the Saffir–Simpson Africa and moved across the Atlantic. Four days later, Tropical Depression
Thirteen developed about 980 mi (1,580 km) east-southeast of Antigua, which quickly intensified into Tropical
Storm Laura. Wind shear prohibited further intensification as the storm moved across the northern Leeward
Islands, the Dominican Republic, and later Cuba. Laura entered the Gulf of Mexico later on August 25, where it
became a hurricane around 12:00 UTC that day. Laura then began a period of rapid intensification, and over
a 24-hour period ending at 00:00 UTC on August 27, it intensified by about 65 mph (105 km/h), to Category 4
strength. At that time, Laura l lation of its flights. The Red Cross shelter on Huldah Avenue was on stand-by in
the event of flooding. The government set up facilities for shelter with proper protocol for COVID-19 for people
with the virus isolating at home. All Government events on October 5–6 were cancelled, including Older
Person's Month activities.[14]

 When and there is no news of its copla.

 'Cuban Arabic.' This is a short but very energetic dance, it is written in six eighths and its genre is
zapateado. It is danced linked by the waist and with the free hand up, it is always done in the game
of two couples or in even numbers that evolve, heel and valsean with very fast turns and running
almost the entire stage, it is repeated several times, it concludes with a strong blow and displace the
public, asking for applause.
 'Campechito retrechero.' It is the diminutive affectionate together with the traditional expression
that means the contagious joy and the carefree limitlessness of the Campeche spirit, given name to
this typical jarana. The dancers embellish themselves with their heels and infect the spectator, with
the bullanguera chant of an ancient town that has managed to project a personality across seas and
continents.
 'Baile del Almud.' Set of mestizo sounds that naturalized in Yucatán and Campeche, acquired the
name of jarana; The skillful heel and shot at 6x8 pace make it very lucid. When running on a bushel,
its beauty becomes more significant, when the music is interrupted, the dancers continue to zap,
taking turns in this fate, and demonstrating their ability.
Gastronomy
[edit]

Gastronomy is one of the best in Mexico. Remembering the "Cruise Poet" Yucatecan,
Campeche's deep admirer:

"Two things have Campeche that cause admiration: His pickled branch ... And his rich Cazón
Bread."
Among its dishes is the seafood cocktail, pickled fish, and Cazón bread. Other dishes include the
Sierra Frita, the Pámpano in Verde, as well as appetizers from region such as panuchos and
tamales coladas, among others.

 Pan de cazón: a stacked, casserole dish consisting of tortillas, beans and dogfish with a tomato-
based habanero sauce.
 Cazón empanadas
 Aguas frescas: (horchata, Jamaica, black tea)
 Coconut shrimp
 Green branch
Fairs and cultural events
[edit]

 Bread Fair: In the month of March

 Carnival: it is celebrated in the month of February without a definite date, for more than 450 years.
The oldest carnival in the country begins with the funeral walk and the burning of bad mood,

[22]
represented by a rag doll.

 San Román Fair: from September 14 to 30. It begins with the descent of the Black Christ from the
Church of the homonymous neighborhood.
 San Francisco Fair: held from October 4 to 19.
 International Cervantino Festival.
 Cultural Festival of the historic center: it takes place in December
 Expoindustrial
Media
[edit]

Press
[edit]

 Tribuna de Campeche
 Novedades de Campeche
 Crónica de Campeche
 El Sur de Campeche
 El Expreso de Campeche
 Campeche Hoy
 La N de Campeche
 Semanario Horizonte
 La Opinión
 Por Esto!
Television
[edit]
 XHCAM-


TDT ...24 ( 7.1

HD ) - Azteca 7
24 (7.2 SD)


- a+
 Cathedral, its end is large and studied.
 'Campechanita Habanera.' This dance is a classic Havana or Cuban chain. It goes back to the year
of 1861 and was danced in all the salons of the time; The dance opens with the salt shaker that
characterizes the campechanos and concludes with a zapateado to finish off.
 'Syrup Gatuno.' Piece considered to be large classic, is a cat; its importance is that only in Campeche
survives in its three versions, because it was condemned to disappear for not agreeing to the customs of
its time.
 'The Fandango.' They are large classic, based in Campeche, since the 18th century, and is still in some
regions. Because of its idea of disorder and hustle and bustle, it is interpreted in very lively and cheerful
ways without making a couple or defining with whom you dance, all dance and zap in confusion, marking
and challenging with heel strokes who is closest indifferent to the opposite sex. It retains the Spanish style
very marked, it is written in three-beat measure and there is no news of its copla.
 'Cuban Arabic.' This is a short but very energetic dance, it is written in six eighths and its genre is
zapateado. It is danced linked by the waist and with the free hand up, it is always done in the game of two
couples or in even numbers that evolve, heel and valsean with very fast turns and running almost the
entire stage, it is repeated several times, it concludes with a strong blow and displace the public, asking for
applause.
 'Campechito retrechero.' It is the diminutive affectionate together with the traditional expression that means
the contagious joy and the carefree limitlessness of the Campeche spirit, given name to this typical jarana.
The dancers embellish themselves with their heels and infect the spectator, with the bullanguera chant of
an ancient town that has managed to project a personality across seas and continents.
 'Baile del Almud.' Set of mestizo sounds that naturalized in Yucatán and Campeche, acquired the name
of jarana; The skillful heel and shot at 6x8 pace make it very lucid. When running on a bushel, its beauty
 becomes more significant, when the music is interrupted, the dancers continue to zap, taking turns in this
fate, and demonstrating their ability.
Gastronomy
[edit]

Gastronomy is one of the best in Mexico. Remembering the "Cruise Poet" Yucatecan, Campeche's deep
admirer:

"Two things have Campeche that cause admiration: His pickled branch ... And his rich Cazón Bread."
Among its dishes is the seafood cocktail, pickled fish, and Cazón bread. Other dishes include the Sierra Frita,
the Pámpano in Verde, as well as appetizers from region such as panuchos and tamales coladas, among
others.

 Pan de cazón: a stacked, casserole dish consisting of tortillas, beans and dogfish with a tomato-based
habanero sauce.
 Cazón empanadas
 Aguas frescas: (horchata, Jamaica, black tea)
 Coconut shrimp
 Green branch
Fairs and cultural events

e
of Champotón.
In 1546, when
the conquest of
Yucatan
seemed to be
over, Montejo
and his wife
traveled to San
Francisco de
Campeche to
meet with his
son and his
nephew. The
Maya had
organized in
secret, and a
great rebellion
broke out on the
night of 8
November 1546
(5 Cimi 19 Xul,
end of
the Mesoameric
an Long Count
calendar).
Montejo’s son
and nephew
took up arms to
end the
rebellions the
following
year. [11]
Viceroyalty period
[edit]

The Temple and Convent of San Francisco (1540) — one of the

oldest in the Americas — built on the site of the first mass in mainland Mexico in 1517
Like most cities
constructed by
the Spanish
conquistadors,
the city of
Campeche was
designed in a
standard
military fashion
based on a grid
plan, with
[12]

a Plaza de
Armas near its
center. Aroun
[13]

d this main
square were
located
the Campeche
Cathedral,
the Royal
Audience and
the houses of
the highest-
ranking officials.
A pillory — a
column that
served as a
symbol of
Spanish power
and justice —
stood in the
center of the
plaza. The jail,
the municipal
palace and the
defense tower
would be built
soon after. The
market was
located around
a smaller plaza.
The Spanish
residents lived
and worked
near the main
square, in the
current
neighborhood of
San Román,
while the
indigenous
Maya people
lived in the old
pre-Hispanic
settlements —
currently the
neighborhoods
of San
Francisco and
Siete de
Agosto. The
Naboríos,
indigenous
Mexicans who
arrived with the
conquistadors,
occupied the
San Román
neighborhood,
while th
Tropical Storm Theta

[edit]

Tropical storm (SSHWS)

 Duration November 10 – November 15

Peak intensity 70 mph (110 km/h) (1-min);

987 mbar (hPa)

On November 6, the NHC began monitoring a non-tropical area of disturbed weather in the central Atlantic for
possible gradual subtropical development.[118] A non-tropical low subsequently formed about 1,300 mi
(2,100 km) west-southwest of the Azores on November 8. The system became better organized as it began to
detach from a frontal boundary during the following day. At 00:00 UTC on November 10, it developed into
Subtropical Storm Theta. By 18:00 UTC that afternoon, the storm had transitioned into a tropical storm; it
simultaneously attained what would be its peak intensity, with maximum winds of 70 mph (110 km/h) and a
minimum pressure of 987 mbar (29.1 inHg). By the following morning, the effects of strong southwesterly shear
had weakened Theta somewhat, though it soon began to regain some strength, and by 00:00 UTC on
November 12, re-intensified to its earlier peak. Steady weakening occurred on November 13–14, as the storm
experienced strong northerly vertical shear. By 06:00 UTC on November 15, Theta had weakened to a tropical
depression about 120 mi (195 km) southwest of Madeira Island, and it degenerated to a remnant low six hours
later.[119]

Hurricane Iota
[edit]

Main article: Hurricane Iota

Category 4 hurricane (SSHWS)

 Duration November 13 – November 18

Peak intensity 155 mph (250 km/h) (1-min);

917 mbar (hPa)

A tropical wave exited the west coast of Africa on October 30, which eventually led to the formation of Tropical
Depression Thirty-One on November 13. The depression intensified into Tropical Storm Iota as it moved
westward through an area of warm waters and low wind shear. Iota rapidly intensified, becoming a hurricane on
November 15, and reaching its peak intensity

, while some counties reported damage to businesses and homes. Laura produced 16 tornadoes in the United
States, the most significant of them being an EF2 tornado in Randolph County, Arkansas. Altogether, there
were 81 storm related deaths. Of these, 47 were direct deaths associated with Laura, including 31 in Haiti, 9 in
the Dominican Republic, and 7 in the United States. There were also 34 indirect deaths, all of them in the
United States.[32]

Hurricane Marco
[edit]

Main article: Hurricane Marco (2020)

Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS)

 Duration August 21 – August 25

Peak intensity 75 mph (120 km/h) (1-min);

991 mbar (hPa)

Tropical Depression Fourteen developed on August 21 from a tropical wave near the coasts of Nicaragua and
Honduras. The system moved northwestward and intensified, becoming Tropical Storm Marco around
00:00 UTC on August 22, as it moved over the northwestern Caribbean. The storm strengthened further as it
moved through the Yucatán Channel.[66] Rainfall in western Cuba reached 5.72 in (145 mm) at Cape San
Antonio, causing flash flooding.[66][97] Marco became a hurricane on August 23 in the southeastern Gulf of
Mexico, with maximum sustained winds of 75 mph (120 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 991 mbar
(29.3 inHg). Stronger wind shear caused Marco to weaken to a tropical storm on August 24 as it was
approaching the coast of Louisiana. The storm turned westward and avoided moving ashore, degenerating into
a remnant low on August 25 without making landfall.[66] Heavy rains fell along parts of the Gulf Coast of the
United States between Florida and Mississippi, with up to 13.17 in (335 mm) of precipitation near Apalachicola,
Florida.[66] Floodwaters inundated many streets in Panama City Beach.[98] Overall, Marco left approximately
$35 million in damage throughout its path.[35]

Tropical Storm Omar

Y7CRCFYGH847I8UH I2UHG87B48CY278B784KUCH O8O3T48LVY H8VY39BV4
238492Y4H98;2424B438UEIBFCCGAF8TCGUB 8R8FGDB
F7EWGIDDJFVBMXMDYGDVBFGDVCDFGOUDVCBDEWRYFVKgfhbcj,knlfbizvjbadvb
wfvndc xvchvhdm dncx dw ndwkdvcxvuujwqkdsicvcuhdwnmndszcvivdwvmefvcl
the addition of higher categories to the scale, which would then set a maximum cutoff for Category 5, but none
have been adopted as of October 2024.

History
[edit]

In 1971, the scale was developed by civil engineer Herbert Saffir and meteorologist Robert Simpson, who at
the time was director of the U.S. National Hurricane Center (NHC).[4] In 1973, the scale was introduced to the
general public,[5] and saw widespread use after Neil Frank replaced Simpson at the helm of the NHC in 1974.[6]

The scale was created by Herbert Saffir, a structural engineer, who in 1969 was commissioned by the United
Nations to study low-cost housing in hurricane-prone areas.[7] In 1971, while conducting the study, Saffir
realized there was no simple scale for describing the likely effects of a hurricane.[8] By using subjective damage-
based scales for earthquake intensity like the Modified Mercalli intensity scale or MSK-64 intensity scale and
the objective numerical gradation method of the Richter scale as models, he proposed a simplified 1–5 grading
scale as a guide for areas that do not have hurricane building codes. The grades were based on two main
factors: objective wind gust speeds sustaining for 2–3 seconds at an elevation of 9.2 meters, and subjective
levels of structural damage.[8][9]

Proposed Hurricane Damage Scale (UN 1974)[9] show

Saffir gave the proposed scale to the NHC for their use, where Simpson changed the terminology from "grade"
to "category", organized them by sustained wind speeds of 1 minute duration, and added storm surge height
ranges, adding barometric pressure ranges later on. In 1975, the Saffir-Simpson Scale was first published
publicly.[6][8][10]
In 2009, the NHC eliminated pressure and storm surge ranges from the categories, transforming it into a pure
wind scale, called the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale (Experimental) [SSHWS]. [11] The updated scale
became operational on May 15, 2010.[12] The scale excludes flood ranges, storm surge estimations, rainfall, and
location, which means a Category 2 hurricane that hits a major city will likely do far more cumulative damage
than a Category 5 hurricane that hits a rural area.[13] The agency cited examples of hurricanes as reasons for
removing "scientifically inaccurate" information, including Hurricane Katrina (2005) and Hurricane Ike (2008),
which both had stronger than estimated storm surges, and Hurricane Charley (2004), which had weaker than
estimated storm surge.[14] Since being removed from the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale, storm surge
prediction and modeling is handled by computer numerical models such as ADCIRC and SLOSH.

In 2012, the NHC extended the wind speed range for Category 4 by 1 mph in both directions, to 130–156 mph,
with corresponding changes in the other units (113–136 kn, 209–251 km/h), instead of 131–155 mph (114–
135 kn, 210–249 km/h). The NHC and the Central Pacific Hurricane Center assign tropical cyclone intensities
in 5 knot increments, and then convert to mph and km/h with a similar rounding for other reports. So an
intensity of 115 kn is rated Category 4, but the conversion to miles per hour (132.3 mph) would round down to
130 mph, making it appear to be a Category 3 storm. Likewise, an intensity of 135 kn (~155 mph, and thus
Category 4) is 250.02 km/h, which, according to the definition used before the change would be Category 5.[11]

To resolve these issues, the NHC had been obliged to incorrectly report storms with wind speeds of 115 kn as
135 mph, and 135 kn as 245 km/h. The change in definition allows storms of 115 kn to be correctly rounded
down to 130 mph, and storms of 135 kn to be correctly reported as 250 km/h, and still qualify as Category 4.
Since the NHC had previously rounded incorrectly to keep storms in Category 4 in each unit of measure, the
change does not affect the classification of storms from previous years.[11] The new scale became operational
on May 15, 2012.[15]

Categories
[edit]
Saffir–Simpson scale

TD TS C1 C2 C3 C4 C5

The scale separates hurricanes into five different categories based on wind. The U.S. National Hurricane
Center classifies hurricanes of Category 3 and above as major hurricanes. The Joint Typhoon Warning Center
classifies typhoons of 150 mph (240 km/h) or greater (strong Category 4 and Category 5) as super typhoons.
Most weather agencies use the definition for sustained winds recommended by the World Meteorological
Organization (WMO), which specifies measuring winds at a height of 33 ft (10.1 m) for 10 minutes, and then
taking the average. By contrast, the U.S. National Weather Service, Central Pacific Hurricane Center and
the Joint Typhoon Warning Center define sustained winds as average winds over a period of one minute,
measured at the same 33 ft (10.1 m) height,[16][17] and that is the definition used for this scale.

The five categories are described in the following subsections, in order of increasing intensity. [18] Example
hurricanes for each category are limited to those which made landfall at their maximum achieved category on
the scale.

Category 1
[edit]

See also: List of Category 1 Atlantic hurricanes and List of Category 1 Pacific hurricanes

Category 1
 Sustained win
Most recent landfall
ds

33–42 m/s
64–82 kn
119–153 km/h
74–95 mph

Osc
ar in 2024 at landfall in Cuba

Very dangerous winds will produce some damage

Category 1 storms usually cause no significant structural damage to most well-constructed permanent
structures. They can topple unanc