UNIT I

DATA BASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Q1 DEFINE DATA BASE :
A database is a collection of organized information, or data, that's stored electronically in a computer
system. Databases can contain any type of data, including words, numbers, images, videos, and files.
A database is usually controlled by a database management system (DBMS)

Q2 DEFINE DBMS
A database management system (DBMS) is a software tool that allows users to store, manage, and retrieve data in a
database. DBMSs can be used to organize and access large amounts of data quickly and efficiently. They can also help
ensure data accuracy, availability, and accessibility.

Q3 DISCUSS ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF DATA BASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Advantage :
1. Improved data security.

2. Redundancy problem can be solved.

3. Has a very high security level.
4. Presence of Data integrity.
5. Support multiple users.
6. Avoidance of inconsistency.
7. Enforcement of standards
 8. Unauthorized persons are not allowed to access the database because of security credentials.
9. Provide backup of data
10. Tunability :Tuning means adjusting something to get a better performance.
11. Data can be shared between authorized users of the database in DBMS.

12. Improved decision making.

13. Better data sharing facility.

14. Data Abstraction : data can be understood easily .

15. Data organization: A DBMS provides a systematic approach to organizing data in a structured way.

16. Concurrency and maintained Atomicity

17. Scalability and flexibility

Disadvantages of DBMS
1. Complexity

2. Size The functionality of DBMS makes use of a large piece of software which occupies megabytes of disk space.
3. Higher impact of a failure
4. Cost of DBMS The cost of DBMS varies significantly depending on the environment and functionality provided.
5. Regular updates
6. Staff Training and Expense
7. Cost of Data Conversion:
8. Unavailability: Distributed DBMS can be unavailable in case of system failure.

9. Compatibility: DBMS software may not be compatible with other software

10. License fee
Q 4 What is Data Base Administrator and discuss its role of functions :
A Database Administrator (DBA) is an individual or person responsible for controlling, maintaining, coordinating, and operating a database management
system.

Roles and functions of Data Base Administrator

1. Software installation and maintenance: DBAs install and maintain software.
2. Data extraction, transformation, and loading: DBAs extract, transform, and load data
3. Backing up and recovering: DBAs ensure that data can be restored in the event of a system failure
4. Monitoring performance: DBAs monitor the performance of databases
5. Manages Data Integrity and Security:
6. Database Design: DBA is held responsible for logical, physical design, external model design,
7. Query Processing Performance: DBA enhances query processing by improving speed, performance, and accuracy.
8. Responsible for deciding on access methods and data storage.
9. Investigating if any error is been found in the data.
10. Controlling and handling all periodic dumps of data.
11. Supervising reorganization of the databases.
12. Supervising of restart and recovery procedures in case of any event failure.
13. Documentation and training.
14. Troubleshooting. When problems arise, the DBA is the focal point for resolution, including troubleshooting,
15. Collaboration and integration.
16. Optimizing database performance.
 17. Using the right tools.
18. Data move: A database administrator has the responsibility of moving a database set, say from a physical base to a cloud
base
19. Database patch:
In times of new upgrades for database software, the database administrator has the responsibility of ensuring that the
database system functions perfectly and works to close up any gaps in the new update.

20 Capacity planning:

A database administrator has the responsibility of planning for increased capacity, in case of sudden growth in database need .

Skills needed by a database administrator

1. Good communication skills
2. Good problem-solving skills
3. Good understanding of query language(s) for database operations
4. Sufficient knowledge of Windows and Linux command operations
5. Sufficient knowledge of database design
6. Sufficient knowledge of database management systems
7. Good understanding of database tools
Q 5 Discuss various data base languages :
Database language refers to the specific types of commands or instructions used to communicate with a database. It helps users or applications to create, manage,
update, and retrieve data from a database.
1. Data Definition Language (DDL)
o DDL stands for Data Definition Language. It is used to define database structure or pattern.
o It is used to create schema, tables, indexes, constraints, etc. in the database.
o Using the DDL statements, you can create the skeleton of the database.
o Data definition language is used to store the information of metadata like the number of tables and schemas, their names, indexes, columns in each table,
constraints, etc.
tasks that come under DDL:
o Create: It is used to create objects in the database.
o Alter: It is used to alter the structure of the database.
o Drop: It is used to delete objects from the database.
o Truncate: It is used to remove all records from a table.
o Rename: It is used to rename an object.
o Comment: It is used to comment on the data dictionary.

Data Manipulation Language (DML)

DML stands for Data Manipulation Language. It is used for accessing and manipulating data in a database. It handles user requests.

Tasks that come under DDL:

o Select: It is used to retrieve data from a database.

o Insert: It is used to insert data into a table.

 o Update: It is used to update existing data within a table.
o Delete: It is used to delete all records from a table.
o Merge: It performs UPSERT operation, i.e., insert or update operations.
o Call: It is used to call a structured query language or a Java subprogram.
o Explain Plan: It has the parameter of explaining data.
o Lock Table: It controls concurrency.

Data Control Language (DCL)

o DCL stands for Data Control Language. It is used to retrieve the stored or saved data.
tasks that come under DCL:
o Grant: It is used to give user access privileges to a database.
o Revoke: It is used to take back permissions from the user.

Transaction Control Language (TCL)

TCL is a language which manages the transactions within the database. It is used to execute the changes made by the data
manipulation language statements. The TCL commands are: Commit, Rollback.
Q6 Explain Data Base Users
A Database User is defined as a person who interacts with data daily, updating, reading, and modifying the given data. Databa se users can access and
retrieve data from the database through the Database Management System (DBMS) applications and interfaces.

Naive / Parametric End Users

Parametric End Users are the unsophisticated who don’t have any DBMS knowledge but they frequently use the database applicati ons in their daily life to
get the desired results. For example, Railway’s ticket booking users are naive users. Clerks in any bank is a naive user

Sophisticated Users
Sophisticated users can be engineers, scientists, business analyst, who are familiar with the database. They can develop thei r own database applications
according to their requirement. They don’t write the program code but they interact the database by wri ting SQL queries directly through the query
processor.
Application Programmers
Application Programmers also referred as System Analysts or simply Software Engineers, are the back-end programmers who writes the code for the
application programs. They are the computer professionals. These programs could be written in Programming langua ges such as Visual Basic, Developer, C,
FORTRAN, COBOL etc

Specialized users
Specialized users are sophisticated users who write specialized database application that does not fit into the traditional data-processing framework. Among
these applications are computer aided-design systems, knowledge-base and expert systems etc.

Q 7 EXPLAIN DATA MODEL IN DBMS

A data model in a database management system (DBMS) defines how data is organized, stored, and accessed, and the relationships between data components. Data models
are a fundamental part of software development and analytics, and they help ensure that data is formatted consistently across systems.
Data models are created using diagrams, symbols, and text, and they typically reflect business and application requirements. They can be created from scratch, or extracted
from existing systems through reverse-engineering.

Data models are created using diagrams, symbols, and text, and they typically reflect business and application requirements. They can be created from scratch, or extracted
from existing systems through reverse-engineering. Data models are expected to change over time as business needs change.
Data Model gives us an idea that how the final system will look like after its complete implementation. It defines the data elements and the relationships between the data
elements.
Some types of data models:
• Relational model: The most common model, which organizes data into tables
• Hierarchical model: Organizes data in a tree-like structure with one-to-many relationships
• Network model: Similar to the hierarchical model, but allows many-to-many relationships between linked records

• ENTITY RELATIONAL MODEL

 • Relational Model
• The data in this model is kept in the form of a table that is two-dimensional. All of the data is kept in the form of rows and
COLUMNS

Advnatages of Relational Model

• Simple: This model is more simple as compared to the network and hierarchical model.
• Scalable: This model can be easily scaled as we can add as many rows and columns we want.
• Structural Independence: We can make changes in database structure without changing the way to access the data. When we can make changes to the databa se
structure without affecting the capability to DBMS to access the data we can say that structural independence has been achieved.

Disadvantages of Relational Model

Hardware Overheads: For hiding the complexities and making things easier for the user this model requires more powerful hardware computers and data storage
devices.
Hierarchical Data Base Model :

A hierarchical database model is a way to organize data in a tree-like structure, with records linked together by links

Advantages of Hierarchical Model

• It is very simple and fast to traverse through a tree-like structure.
• Any change in the parent node is automatically reflected in the child node so, the integrity of data is maintained.
Disadvantages of Hierarchical Model
• Complex relationships are not supported.
• If a parent node is deleted then the child node is automatically deleted.
Network Model

The main difference between this model and the hierarchical model is that any record can have several parents in the network model. It uses a graph instead of a
hierarchical tree.

Advantages of Network Model

• The data can be accessed faster as compared to the hierarchical model
• As there is a parent-child relationship so data integrity is present. Any change in parent record is reflected in the child record.
Disadvantages of Network Model
• Complex Model
• Any change like updation, deletion, insertion is very complex.
Entity-Relationship Model

Entity-Relationship Model or simply ER Model is a high-level data model diagram. In this model, we represent the real-world problem in the pictorial form to make it easy to
understand. It is also very easy for the developers to understand the system by just looking at the ER diagram.
ER diagram has the following three components:
• Entities: Entity is a real-world thing. It can be a person, place, or even a concept. Example: Teachers, Students, Course, Building, Department, etc are some of the
entities of a School Management System.
• Attributes: An entity contains a real-world property called attribute. This is the characteristics of that attribute. Example: The entity teacher has the property like
teacher id, salary, age, etc.
• Relationship: Relationship tells how two attributes are related. Example: Teacher works for a department.
Example:
In the above diagram, the entities are Teacher and Department. The attributes of Teacher entity are Teacher_Name, Teacher_id, Age, Salary, Mobile_Number. The attributes
of entity Department entity are Dept_id, Dept_name. The two entities are connected using the relationship. Here, each teacher works for a department.
Advantages of ER Model
• Simple: Conceptually ER Model is very easy to build. If we know the relationship between the attributes and the entities we can easily build the ER Diagram for the
model.

• Effective Communication Tool : This model is used widely by the database designers for communicating their ideas.
• Easy Conversion to any Model : This model maps well to the relational model and can be easily converted relational model by converting the ER model to the table.
This model can also be converted to any other model like network model, hierarchical model etc.
Disadvatages of ER Model
• No industry standard for notation: There is no industry standard for developing an ER model. So one developer might use notations which are not understood by
other developers.
• Hidden information: Some information might be lost or hidden in the ER model. As it is a high-level view so there are chances that some details of information
might be hidden.
• Bad Design: As the relational model is very easy to design and use. So the users don't need to know how the data is stored in order to access it. This ease of design
can lead to the development of a poor database which would slow down if the database grows.

Q 8 Discuss Characteristics of Database approach in DBMS

There are following characteristics :
1. Data Independence:- This refers to the ability to modify the structure of a database without impacting the programs that
access the data.
2. Data Integration:-. Data from different sources can be used easily
3. Centralized Control:
4. Consistency:- Changes can be made easily and correctely
5. Scalability : Scalability is one of the critical characteristics of the database approach, enabling databases to handle vast amounts of dat a and numerous users
without performance degradation.
6. Security: ensuring that data remains protected from unauthorized access, modification, or deletion.
7. Concurrent Access:- Simultaneous access of data
8. Data Modeling:- Represented through graphics
9. Data Integrity:- ensures the accuracy and consistency of data within the database
 10. Data Querying: Differents results can be obtained through query
11. Data Backup and Recovery:- To safeguard against data loss due to system failures or unexpected events, the database approach incorporates backup and
recovery mechanisms.
12. Data Replication: Important data are duplicated
13. Data Sharing : The database approach also emphasizes data sharing, enabling multiple users to access and update data simultaneously.

14Real World Entity

Q9 Discuss Data Independence

Data Independence in DBMS?

Data independence is a property of a database management system by which we can change

the database schema at one level of the database system without changing the database
schema at the next higher level.

Logical Data Independence

Logical data independence is primarily used when we want to change the conceptual schema
without affecting the external programs

examples of changes that can be made under logical data independence:

o Adding, removing, or modifying an attribute without having to rewrite existing applications

or programs.
o Combining two records into one.
o Splitting a record into two separate records.
Physical Data Independence

Physical data independence is primarily used to separate the conceptual level data from the
physical or internal levels. It is relatively easy to achieve and allows a user to change the physical
storage structure without affecting the conceptual schema.

examples of changes that can be made under physical data independence:

o Changing the indexing method.

o Modifying the data access method.
o Transitioning to a different data structure.
o Altering the file organization technique in a database.
o Switching to a new storage device, such as SSDs or Cloud Storage.
o Changing the encryption methods or data compression techniques.
o Relocating the database, for example, from a local server to a cloud server.