Organizational Behavior &

Management
LECTURE-3
Organizational Behaviour
Organizations
▪ Group or groups of people who work interdependently to
achieve a common purpose or goal

Organizational Behavior
▪ The study of what people think, feel, and do in and
around organizations
 Organizational Behavior

A field of study that investigates the

impact that individuals, groups, and
structure have on behavior within
organizations, for the purpose of
applying such knowledge toward
improving an organization’s
effectiveness.

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What is Organizational
Behavior?
Organizational behavior (OB) is the study of:
◦ Human behavior in organizational settings
◦ The interface between human behavior and the
organization
◦ The organization itself

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 Organizational Behavior
According to Stephen P Robins:

“Organizational behavior is a systematic study of the

actions and attitudes that people exhibits within
organization ”.
Historical Evaluation of
organizational Behavior:
➢Formal study of organization behavior began in 1890’s
following industrial revolution movement.

➢In 1890’s F. W. Taylor identified the positive effect of

precise instructions, goal setting and reward or motivation.
These ideas became scientific management, considered as
the beginning of the formal study of organization behavior.
Scientific Management:
Scientific Management is based on the belief that productivity is
maximized when organisations are rationalised with precise sets of
instructions based on time and motion.
F. W. Taylor is often called as “Father of Scientific Management ”.

Four principles of Scientific Management:

1.Studying task using time and motion study.
2.Scientifically select, train and develop workers.
3.Managers provide detailed instructions.
4.Divide work between workers and managers.
Human Resources Movement:

Failure of Scientific Management gave birth to HR Movement.

Characterised by heavy emphasis on workers co-operation and
morale.
People are treated as human beings and not machines, giving
more importance to their needs and problems.
 ▪Soft skills:

▪ Employers seek candidate with technical and well-

developed soft skills. Soft skills include:

▪Thinking Skills – (critical thinking, reasoning, problem

solving, decision making)

▪Socio-economic Skills – (interpersonal relations,

teamwork, communication, empathy, self-discipline, self-
awareness).
 Why Study OB?
The primary benefit of studying organizational behavior
(OB) for managers is:

Gaining insight into attitudes, behaviors, and

dynamics within the organization

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3. To predict: Predicting future behavior of employees

The primary objective of the goal of predicting behavior

in organizational behavior (OB) is to anticipate future
behavior patterns and trends .

Usually, managers would have the capacity to predict

why the employees are committed to the organization
or not.
4. To control: Implementing strategies to shape
behavior and achieve organizational goals.

The final goal of organizational behavior is to control

and develop a friendly atmosphere for the organization.

Since managers are responsible for the overall

performance of an organization, they must develop
workers’ teamwork, skill and commitment.

Managers should take necessary action for themselves.

Approaches of Organizational Behavior

In today’s working world a thorough

understanding of the various approaches
of organizational behavior is important for
managers and leaders to effectively
manage their employees and achieve
organizational objectives.
Approaches to OB
1. Human Relation Approach:

This approach emphasizes the manager’s role changes

from control of employees to active support of their
growth and performance.

This approach recognizes the fact that people are the

central resource in any organization, and that they should
be developed towards higher levels of competency,
creativity, and fulfillment.
Contingency Approach

Tailoring management practices to specific situations

(sometimes called the situational approach) is based on

the premise that methods or behaviors which work
effectively in one situation fail in another.
Productivity which is the ratio of output to input, is a
measure of an organization’s effectiveness. It also reveals
the manager’s efficiency in optimizing resource
utilization. The higher the numerical value of this ratio,
the greater the efficiency.
Systems Approach to Organizational Behavior views the
organization as a complex systems with interrelated
parts.

This approach gives managers a way of looking at the

organization as a whole person, whole group, and the
whole social system.

The systems approach tells us that the activity of any

segment of an organization affects every other segment.
OB and Related Disciplines
SUBJECT CONTRIBUTION IN ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOUR
Psychology Perception, personality, motivation and learning
Sociology Nature and functions of groups in organizations
Anthropology Culture, norms, values and ethics in organizations
Political Science Power and politics in organizations
Communication Studies Nature and function of business communication
 Psychology
The science that seeks to measure, explain, and sometimes
change the behavior of humans and other animals.

Understanding human attitudes, behavior, motivations,

personality, perception.
Psychology focuses on the individual level by seeking to
measure, explain, and sometimes change behaviors in
individuals. This area of study offers insights in such areas
as learning, training, decision making, and employee
selection.
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 Sociology- relationship between individuals and their
environment.

The study of people in relation to their fellow human beings.

Sociology - offers insights into group dynamics, social

structures, organizational culture.

Sociologists’ main contribution to OB is through offering a

better understanding of group behavior. It looks more at
how a group operates within an organizational system.

One key area that sociologists contribute to in OB is culture,

a key factor in OB studies.
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Anthropology
- A study of the culture and practices in different
societies

- Anthropological perspectives help organizations

navigate cultural differences, develop inclusive
practices, and promote diversity and equity in the
workplace.
 Levels of OB Analysis
Work behaviors are examined at different levels:

1. Individual level
2. Group level
3. Organizational level

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1. Individual Level
▪This level of work behavior examination helps
managers understand how assumptions, perceptions,
and personality influence individual work behavior

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 2. Group Level
▪Group level provides insight into the challenges of
leadership, teamwork, decision making, power and
conflict.

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 3. Organizational Level
▪ This level helps explain how organization learn & adapt
to changing competitive economical, social & political
conditions.

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 Individual Level Group Level of Organizational
of Analysis Analysis Level of Analysis

▪Personality ▪Leadership ▪Changing competitive

▪Assumption ▪Decision Making ▪Social
▪Perception ▪Conflict Management ▪Economic and
▪Stress Management ▪Political conditions
Organizational Behavior Issues/
Challenges in Health care
1.Communication Challenges:
In healthcare settings, effective communication is critical for
patient care, collaboration among healthcare professionals, and
organizational efficiency.

However, communication breakdowns, such as poor information

sharing, and unclear instructions, can lead to medical errors,
delays in treatment, and patient dissatisfaction.

2.Interprofessional Conflict:
Interprofessional conflicts may arise due to role ambiguity,
disagreements over patient care decisions. Addressing these
conflicts requires effective conflict resolution strategies, such as
open communication, mutual respect, and collaboration.
3. Workplace Stress and Burnout:
Healthcare professionals often experience high levels of
stress and burnout due to demanding workloads, long
hours, emotional demands, and exposure to traumatic
events.

Burnout can lead to decreased job satisfaction, impaired

performance, and increased turnover rates, impacting
both individual well-being and organizational
effectiveness.
4. Patient-Centered Care:

Providing patient-centered care requires healthcare organizations to

prioritize the needs, preferences, and values of patients and their
families.

5. Workplace Diversity and Inclusion:

Healthcare organizations serve diverse patient populations and
employ staff from various cultural, ethnic, and socioeconomic
backgrounds.
6. Ethical Dilemmas:
Healthcare professionals often encounter ethical
dilemmas related to patient autonomy, confidentiality,
informed consent, and end-of-life care.

Organizational cultures that prioritize cost-cutting

measures or productivity targets over ethical principles
can create moral distress among staff and compromise
patient care quality.
THANK YOU