Module No.

Mechatronics
Introduction
Micro-Controller or MCU (Micro Controller Unit) is a single Integrated
Circuit (IC) that is typically used for a specific application and designed
to implement certain tasks. Products and devices that must be
automatically controlled in certain situations, like appliances, power
tools, automobile engine control systems, and computers are great
examples, but microcontrollers reach much further than just these
applications.

Micro-Processor is an electronic component that is used by

a computer to do its work. It is a central processing unit on a
single integrated circuit chip containing millions of very small
components including transistors, resistors, and diodes that work
together. Some microprocessors in the 20th century required several
chips. Microprocessors help to do everything from
controlling elevators to searching the Web. Everything a computer does
is described by instructions of computer programs, and microprocessors
carry out these instructions many millions of times a second.
Robotics Technology Robotics is an interdisciplinary sector of science
and engineering dedicated to the design, construction and use of
mechanical robots. Our guide will give you a concrete grasp of robotics,
including different types of robots and how they're being applied across
industries.

Discussion
Watch these First
1.) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TJzSHAtslyQ
2.) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U2vBsZbgw8M
3.) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qPdDorEs-LQ

 Difference between Micro-Controller and Micro-Processor

 Microprocessor consists of only a Central Processing

Unit, whereas Micro Controller contains a CPU,
Memory, I/O all integrated into one chip.
 Microprocessor is used in Personal Computers
whereas Micro Controller is used in an embedded
system.
 Microprocessor uses an external bus to interface to
RAM, ROM, and other peripherals, on the other hand,
Microcontroller uses an internal controlling bus.
 Microprocessors are based on Von Neumann model
Micro controllers are based on Harvard architecture
  Microprocessor is complicated and expensive, with a
large number of instructions to process but
Microcontroller is inexpensive and straightforward
with fewer instructions to process.

 Micro-Controller

Microcontroller Basics:

Any electric appliance that stores, measures, displays information or

calculates comprise of a microcontroller chip inside it. The basic
structure of a microcontroller comprise of:

1. CPU – Microcontrollers brain is named as CPU. CPU is the device

which is employed to fetch data, decode it and at the end complete
the assigned task successfully. With the help of CPU all the
components of microcontroller is connected into a single system.
Instruction fetched by the programmable memory is decoded by
the CPU.
2. Memory – In a microcontroller memory chip works same
as microprocessor. Memory chip stores all programs & data.
Microcontrollers are built with certain amount of ROM or RAM
(EPROM, EEPROM, etc) or flash memory for the storage of
program source codes.
3. Input/output ports – I/O ports are basically employed to interface or
drive different appliances such as- printers, LCD’s, LED’s, etc.
4. Serial Ports – These ports give serial interfaces amid
microcontroller & various other peripherals such as parallel port.
5. Timers – A microcontroller may be in-built with one or more timer
or counters. The timers & counters control all counting & timing
operations within a microcontroller. Timers are employed to count
external pulses. The main operations performed by timers’ are-
pulse generations, clock functions, frequency measuring,
modulations, making oscillations, etc.
6. ADC (Analog to digital converter) – ADC is employed to convert
analog signals to digital ones. The input signals need to be analog
for ADC. The digital signal production can be employed for
different digital applications (such as- measurement gadgets).
7. DAC (digital to analog converter) – this converter executes opposite
functions that ADC perform. This device is generally employed to
supervise analog appliances like- DC motors, etc.
8. Interpret Control- This controller is employed for giving delayed
control for a working program. The interpret can be internal or
external.
 9. Special Functioning Block – Some special microcontrollers
manufactured for special appliances like- space systems, robots,
etc, comprise of this special function block. This special block has
additional ports so as to carry out some special operations.

Types of Micro-Controller
 Bits
 Memory
 Instruction set
 Memory Architecture

Microcontroller Applications:

Microcontrollers are intended for embedded devices, in comparison

to the micro-processors which are used in PCs or other all-purpose
devices. Microcontrollers are employed in automatically managed
inventions and appliances like- power tools, implantable medical devices,
automobile engine control systems, , office machines, remote controls
appliances, toys and many more embedded systems. By dipping the size
and expenditure in comparison to a design that make use of a different
micro-processor, I/O devices and memory, micro-controllers formulate it
inexpensive to digitally control more & more appliances and operations.
Mixed signal micro-controllers are general; putting together analog
constituents required controlling non-digital electronic structures.

Application of Microcontroller in Day to Day Life Devices:

 Light sensing & controlling devices

 Temperature sensing and controlling devices
 Fire detection & safety devices
 Industrial instrumentation devices
 Process control devices

Application of Microcontroller in Industrial Control Devices:

 Industrial instrumentation devices

 Process control devices

Application of Microcontroller in Metering & Measurement

Devices:
  Volt Meter
 Measuring revolving objects
 Current meter
 Hand-held metering systems

Example of a Micro-Controller hardware

Arduino is an open-source platform used for building electronics

projects. Arduino consists of both a physical programmable circuit board
(often referred to as a microcontroller) and a piece of software, or IDE
(Integrated Development Environment) that runs on your computer, used
to write and upload computer code to the physical board.
The Arduino platform has become quite popular with people just starting
out with electronics, and for good reason. Unlike most previous
programmable circuit boards, the Arduino does not need a separate piece
of hardware (called a programmer) in order to load new code onto the
board -- you can simply use a USB cable. Additionally, the Arduino IDE
uses a simplified version of C++, making it easier to learn to program.
Finally, Arduino provides a standard form factor that breaks out the
functions of the micro-controller into a more accessible package.

For more about Arduino visit www.arduino.cc

 Micro-Processor
A microprocessor is a component that performs the instructions
and tasks involved in computer processing. In a computer system, the
microprocessor is the central unit that executes and manages the logical
instructions passed to it.
A microprocessor may also be called a processor or central processing
unit, but it is actually more advanced in terms of architectural design and
is built over a silicon microchip.
The most important unit within a computer system and is responsible for
processing the unique set of instructions and processes. A
microprocessor is designed to execute logical and computational tasks
with typical operations such as addition/subtraction, inter-process and
device communication, input/output management, etc. A microprocessor
is composed of integrated circuits that hold thousands of transistors;
exactly how many depends on its relative computing power.

Microprocessors are generally classified according to the number of

instructions they can process within a given time, their clock speed
measured in megahertz and the number of bits used per instruction.

Types of Micro-processor
 CISC Microprocessor
 RISC Microprocessor
 Special Purpose processor
a. Coprocessor
b. Transistor Computer
c. Digital Signal Processor
d. Input/output Processor
e. Graphics Processor
f. Bit-Slice Micro-processors
g. Scalar and Superscalar Microprocessors
Applications of Microprocessors
 Instrumentation
It is very useful in the field of instrumentation. Frequency counters,
function generators, frequency synthesizers, spectrum analyses and
many other instruments are available, when microprocessors are used as
controller. It is also used in medical instrumentation.
 Control
Microprocessor based controllers are available in home appliances,
such as microwave oven, washing machine etc., microprocessors are
being used in controlling various parameters like speed, pressure,
temperature etc. These are used with the help of suitable transduction.
 Communication
Microprocessors are being used in a wide range of communication
equipments. In telephone industry, these are used in digital telephone
sets. Telephone exchanges and modem etc. The use of microprocessor in
television, satellite communication have made teleconferencing possible.
Railway reservation and air reservation system also uses this
technology. LAN and WAN for communication of vertical information
through computer network.
 Office Automation and Publication
Microprocessor based micro computer with software packages has
changed the office environment. Microprocessors based systems are
being used for word processing, spread sheet operations, storage etc.
The microprocessor has revolutionize the publication technology.
 Consumer
The use of microprocessor in toys, entertainment equipment and home
applications is making them more entertaining and full of features. The
use of microprocessors is more widespread and popular.Now the
Microprocessors are used in:

 Calculators
 Accounting system
 Games machine
 Complex Industrial Controllers
 Traffic light Control
 Data acquisition systems
 Multi user, multi-function environments
 Military applications
 Communication systems

Example Hardware of a Micro-processor

The latest Raspberry Pi device can do most of the daily tasks

that a decent computer is capable of doing. A microcontroller refers to an
integrated circuit device used to control other portions of an electronic
system, usually through a microprocessor unit. One question that lingers
on most people’s minds is whether a Raspberry Pi is a microcontroller.
The Raspberry Pi is not a microcontroller but is a
microprocessor instead. It is larger than the average microcontroller,
uses more power, has a clock speed of between 700MHz-1.5GHz, and a
RAM of between 1-8GB. Also, the Raspberry Pi, unlike microcontrollers,
can run both 32-bit and 64-bit.

To know more about the raspberry pi visit: www.raspberrypi.org

 Robotics
A Brief History of Robotics

The main era of robotic research and development was the mid-
20th century, primarily within an industrial environment where repetitive
movements and lifting of heavy objects made the use of machines over
humans attractive. Robots were mainly employed for tasks that were too
dirty, distant or dangerous for humans (Krebs and Volpe, 2013).

Joseph F. Engelberger and George Devol developed the first

industrially used robot, the Unimate, in 1961. This was a hydraulically
driven, programmable, 2 tonne robotic arm, adopted for automated die-
casting. Engelberger had an interest in service robotics particularly in
medical applications, and in 1984 he formed HelpMate Robotics. The
HelpMate was used to transport medical supplies around a hospital.

Robotics is a sub-domain of engineering and science that includes

mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, computer science, and
others. Robotics deals with the design, construction, operation, and use
of robots and computer systems for their control, sensory feedback, and
information processing. A robot is a unit that implements this interaction
with the physical world based on sensors, actuators, and information
processing. Industry is a key application of robots, or to be precise
Industry 4.0, where industrial robots are used.

Application and Benefits of Robotics

1.) Cobots (Collaborative Robts)
In a growing number of areas in industry, conventional industrial
robots are being replaced by or backed up with collaborative robots.
Cobots work together with humans in production processes and are no
longer kept separate from their human co-workers with protective
devices, like typical industrial robots. Compared to traditional industrial
robots, collaborative robots are smaller, can be used more flexibly, and
are easier to program.

2.) Industrial Robots

Industrial robots are programmable machines that are used to
handle, assemble, or process workpieces in the industrial environment.
Most of these robots consist of a robot arm, a gripper, various sensors,
and a control unit. They can also carry out actions autonomously
depending on how they are programmed. Global robot density has
increased significantly over the last years
Machines have played an important role in automated production
processes for more than 50 years to make workflows more efficient, safer,
faster, and more flexible. The first industrial robot, Unimate, was
integrated into the production process at General Motors in 1961. The
robot was used there to remove injection molding parts. In 1973, the first
industrial robot began working at VW in Wolfsburg, Germany. The in-
house development, nicknamed “Robby” by its human co-workers, was
used in the production process for the Passat.
3.) Automated Guided Vehicles
A driverless transport vehicle with its own drive that is controlled
automatically and guided without touch. AGVs are typically used to
transport materials in production facilities. In the industrial environment,
they represent the development from the traditional, bulky conveyor belt
to a space-saving, highly flexible solution. Warehouses are another
popular operating place for AGVs, where individual goods or large ranges
of goods are taken to defined packing stations where they are processed.
This type of robot generally moves at approx. 1-2 meters per second and
is able to transport payloads of up to roughly 2,000 kilograms.
4.) Service Robots
It is a machine that provides services for humans. A distinction is
made between use for private individuals and professional applications.
Vacuum cleaner and lawn mower robots have become established in the
private sphere

Some examples
1.1) Domestic Robots
1.2) Security Robots
1.3) Hospital Industry Robots
1.4) Agriculture Industry Robots
1.5) Toy Robots

5.) Humanoid Robots

Humanoid robots are machines that are designed to look like
humans. Joint positions and movements are inspired by the human
locomotor system. This is also clear by the fact that humanoid robots
usually move on two legs in an upright position. The main motive for
research and development in the field of humanoid robots is artificial
intelligence (AI).

6.) Artificial Intelligence

Artificial intelligence is the simulation of human intelligence
processes by machines, especially computer systems. Specific
applications of AI include expert systems, natural language processing,
speech recognition and machine vision.

REFERENCES
1.) https://www.totalphase.com/blog/2019/12/microcontroller-vs-
microprocessor-what-are-the-differences/#:~:text=Ultimately%2C
%20microcontrollers%20and%20microprocessors%20are,that
%20connects%20to%20external%20peripherals.
2.) https://www.guru99.com/difference-between-microprocessor-and-
microcontroller.html
3.) https://www.eletimes.com/microprocessor-vs-microcontroller-
what-is-the-difference
4.) https://www.electronicshub.org/microcontrollers/
5.) https://www.electricaltechnology.org/2020/05/types-of-
microcontrollers.html
6.) https://www.elprocus.com/microcontrollers-types-and-applications/
7.) https://www.eit.edu.au/resources/types-and-applications-of-
microcontrollers/
8.) https://www.electricaltechnology.org/2020/05/types-of-
microprocessors.html
9.) https://www.javatpoint.com/types-of-microprocessors
10.) https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/robotics
11.) https://builtin.com/robotics
12.) https://www.javatpoint.com/types-of-microcontroller
13.) https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/what-is-an-arduino/
all#:~:text=Arduino%20consists%20of%20both%20a,code%20to
%20the%20physical%20board.
14.) https://scanftree.com/microprocessor/Applications-of-
Microprocessors
15.) https://raspberrytips.com/is-raspberry-pi-a-microcontroller/
#:~:text=The%20Raspberry%20Pi%20is%20not,%2Dbit%20and
%2064%2Dbit.
16.) https://opensource.com/life/16/3/how-configure-raspberry-pi-
microcontroller
17.) https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/robotics
18.) https://www.infineon.com/cms/en/discoveries/fundamentals-
robotics/#:~:text=Robotics%20is%20a%20sub
%2Ddomain,sensory%20feedback%2C%20and%20information
%20processing.