Important Questions Class 12 Maths Chapter 1 Relations

& Functions

Very Short Answer Questions [1 Mark Question]

Ans. Given, R = {(a, a³): a is a prime number less than 5} .

We know that 2 and 3 are the prime numbers less than 5.

Therefore, a can take values of 2 and 3.

R= {(2,2³), (3,3³)} = {(2,8), (3,27)}

Hence, the range of R is {8,27}.

Ques. If f: {1,3,4} {1,2,5} and g: {1,2,5} {1,3} given by f = {(1,2), (3,5), (4,1)} and g =
{(1,3), (2,3), (5,1)). Write down gof. [All India 2014]

Ans. The functions f: {1,3,4} {1,2,5} and g: {1,2,5} {1,3} are defined as,

f = {(1,2), (3,5), (4,1)}

and, g = {(1,3), (2,3), (5,1)}

gof (1) = g (f(1)} = g(2) = 3 [ since, f(1) = 2 and g(2) = 3]

gof(3) = g(f(3)) = g(5) = 1 [ since, f(3) = 5 and g(5) = 1]

gof (4) = g(f(4)) = g(1) = 3 [ since, f(4) = 1 and g(1) = 3]

Therefore, gof={(1,3), (3,1), (4,3)}.

Ques. Let R be the equivalence relation in the set A = {0,1,2,3,4,5} given by

R = {(a,b): 2 divides (a - b)}. Write the equivalence class [0]. [Delhi 2014]

Ans. Given, R = {(a, b):2 divides (a-b)}. Here, all even integers are related to zero, i.e. (0,
2),

(0, 4).

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Hence, the equivalence class of [0] = {2,4} .

Ques. If A={1,2,3}, B = {4, 5, 6, 7} and f = {(1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6)) is a function from A to B.
State whether f is one-one or not. [All India 2011]

Ans. Given, A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {4, 5, 6, 7}

Now, f: A→ B is defined as f = {(1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6)}

Therefore, f(1) = 4, f(2)= 5 and f(3) = 6.

It is seen that the images of distinct elements of A under f are distinct.So, f is one-one.

Ques. If: R R is defined by f(x) = 3x + 2, then define f[f(x)]. [Foreign 2011; Delhi 2010]

Ans. Given, f(x) = 3x + 2

Now, f[f(x)] = f(3x + 2) = 3(3x + 2) + 2 = 9x + 6 + 2 = 9x+8.

Ques. Write fog, if f: R→ R and g: R→ R are given by f(x) = |x| and g(x) = |5x-2|.
[Foreign 2011].

Ans. Given, f(x)= |x|, g(x) = 5x - 21 Now, fog (x) = f[g(x)] = f{|5x - 21}

Short Answer Questions [ 2 Marks Questions]

Ans. Given, the relation R is defined on the set of natural numbers, i.e.,

N as R = {(x, y) : x + 2y = 8}

To find the range of R, x + 2y = 8 can be rewritten as y= 8-x2

On putting x = 2, we get y = 8-22= 3

On putting x = 4, we get y = 2

On putting x = 6, we get y = 1

As, x, y N, then R= {(2, 3) (4, 2) (6, 1)}. Hence, the range of relation is {3, 2, 1}.

Ques. If f is an invertible function, defined as f(x) = 3x - 4 / 5 then write f-¹(x). [Foreign

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Ans. We are given f(x)=3x-4/5 which is invertible.

Let,

y= 3x - 4/ 5

5y = 3x - 4

X= 5y + 4/ 3

f-¹ (y) = 5y + 3/ 3 and f(x)= 5x +4/ 3

Ques.Show that the Signum Function f: R → R, given by

f(x)={ 1 for x greater than 0

0 for x=0 is neither one-one nor onto

-1 for x less than 0

Ans. In the given function f(x)={ 1 for x greater than 0

0 for x=0 is neither one-one nor onto

-1 for x less than 0

the value of f(x) is defined only for when x= -1, 0, 1.

For any other real number, say y=2, there is no corresponding element x. Therefore, the
function is not an onto function.

Also, for any value of x, say f1 or f2, the value will be the same image, that is, 1, 0, or -1.
Therefore, it is not a one to one function.

Hence, the given function is neither a one-one function nor an onto function.

Ques. State whether the function f: N→ N given by f(x) = 5x is injective, surjective or

Ans. f: N→ N is given by f (x) = 5x

Let x1, x2 ∈ N such that f (x1) = f (x2)

∴ 5 x1 = 5 x2

⇒ x1 x2

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∴ f is a one-one, or, an injective function.

Now, let y=f(x)

⇒y=5x

For y=1, x does not belong to N.

Therefore, the function is not an onto or surjective function.

Ques. If f: R→ R is defined by f(x) = (3-x³)1/3, then find fof(x). [All India 2010]

Ans. Given, function is f:R→R such that,

f(x) = (3-x³)1/3

Now, fof (x) = f[f(x)] = f[(3 − x³)¹/³]

= [3-{(3-x³)1/3} 3] 1/3

= [3-(3-x³)]1/3 = (x³)1/3

=x

Long Answer Questions [3 Marks Questions]

Ans. Given, f(x)=x²-3x+2.

⇒f(f(x)) = f(x)²-3f(x) + 2.

=(x²-3x + 2)²-3(x²-3x+2)+2

Using (a-b+c)²=a² + b²+c²-2ab + 2ac-2ab

= (x²)² + (3x)² +2²- 2x2(3x) + 2x²(2) - 2x²(3x) - 3(x²-3x + 2) + 2

=x4 + 9x² + 4- 6x³ - 12x + 4x² - 3x² +9x -6 + 2

=x4 - 6x3 + 9x² + 4x² - 3x² - 12x + 9x− 6 + 2 + 4

=x4 - 6x³ + 10x² - 3x.

Ques. Given a non empty set X, consider P(X) which is the set of all subsets of X.
Define the relation R in P(X) as follows: For subsets A, B in P(X), A R B if and only if
A⊂B. Is R an equivalence relation on P(X)? Justify you answer.

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Ans. A R B means A⊂B

Here, relation is

R= {(A, B): A & B are sets, A⊂B}

Reflexive

Since every set is a subset of itself,

This implies, A⊂A

⇒(A, A)∈R.

Therefore, R is reflexive.

Symmetric

To check whether symmetric or not,

If (A, B)∈R, then (B,A)∈R

If (A, B)∈R,

Then, A⊂B.

But, B⊂A is not true

As all elements of A are in B, therefore, A⊂B.

But all elements of B are not in A.

So B⊂A is not true.

Therefore, R is not symmetric.

Transitive

Since (A, B)∈R & (B, C)∈R

If, A⊂B and B⊂C, then A⊂C.

⇒ (A,C)∈R

So, If (A, B)∈R & (B, C)∈R, then (A, C)∈R

Therefore, R is transitive.

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Hence, R is reflexive and transitive but not symmetric.

Therefore, R is not an equivalence relation since it is not symmetric.

Ques. Show that the relation R in the set {1, 2, 3} given by R= {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 2),
(2, 3)} is reflexive but neither symmetric nor transitive.

Ans. R={(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 2), (2, 3)}

Reflexive

If the relation is reflexive,then (a, a)∈R for every a∈(1, 2, 3).

Since (1, 1)∈R, (2, 2)∈R & (3, 3)∈R.

Therefore, R is reflexive

Symmetric

To check whether symmetric or not, If (a, b)∈R, then (b, a)∈R.

Here (1, 2)∈R, but (2, 1)∉R.

Therefore, R is not symmetric.

Transitive

To check whether transitive or not,

If (a,b)∈R & (b,c)∈R, then (a,c)∈R.

Here, (1, 2)∈R and (2, 3)∈R but (1, 3)∉R.

Therefore, R is not transitive.

Hence, R is reflexive but neither symmetric nor transitive.

Very Long Answer Questions [5 Marks Questions]

Ans. Here,

f(x) = |x|+x and g(x) = |x|-x

f(x)= { x+x, if x ≥ 0

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-x+x, if x < 0

f(x) = {2x, if x ≥ 0

0, if x<0

g(x) = { x-x,if x ≥ 0

-x-x, if x<0

or

g(x)= {0, if x ≥ 0

-2x, if x < 0

Thus for x ≥ 0, (gof)(x) = g(2x) = 0

and for x < 0, (gof)(x) = g(0) = 0

or

(gof)(x) =0 for all x∈R

Thus for x ≥ 0, (fog)(x) = f(0) = 2(0) = 0

and for x < 0,

(fog)(x) = f(-2x) = - 4x

or

(fog)(x) = { 0, if x ≥ 0

-4x, if x < 0

Ques. If A = R-{3} and B = R-{1}. Consider the function f: A→B defined by f(x) x-2/ x-3
for

all x∈A. Then show that f is bijective. Find f-¹(x). [Delhi 2012,2014]

Ans. Given, function is f: A→B, where A= R-{3}

and B=R-{1}, such that f(x)= x-2/x-3.

For One-one

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Let f(x1) = f(x2), for all x1, x2∈ A

⇒x2-2/ x1-3= x2-2/ x2-3

⇒(x1 - 2) (x2-3) = (x1-2)(x? - 3)

⇒ x1x2 - 3x1 -2x2 + 6 = x1x2 - 3x1 - 2x2 +6

⇒- 3x12x2 = - 3x1 - 2x2

- 3 (x1 - x2)+2 (x1 - x2) = 0

- (x1 - x2) = 0

Or, x1 - x2= 0

This implies, x1 = x2.

Since, f(x1) = f(x2)

⇒ x1 = x2, for all x1, x2∈ A.

So, f(x) is a one-one function.

Onto

To show f(x) is onto, we show that range of f(x) and its codomain are same.

Now,

let. y =x-2 /x - 3

or, xy-3y=x-2

⇒xy - x = 3y - 2

⇒x(y-1) = 3y - 2

⇒x=3y-2/y-1 ……Eqn (1)

Since, x ∈R-{3}, for all y ∈ R- {1}, the range of f(x)=R-{1}.

Also, the given codomain of f(x) = R-{1}

Therefore, Range = Codomain.

Hence, f(x) is an onto function.

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Therefore, f(x) is a bijective function.

From Eq. (i), we get,

f-1(y)= 3y - 2/ y - 1

⇒f-¹(x) = 3x - 2/ x-1

which is the inverse function of f(x).

Ques. If A={1,2,3,...,9} and R be the relation in AxA defined by (a, b) R (c,d). If a +d=b+c
for (a,b), (c,d) in Ax A. Prove that R is an equivalence relation, Also, obtain the
equivalence class [(2, 5)]. [Delhi 2014]

Ans. Given, relation R defined by (a, b) R (c, d), if a+d=b+c for (a, b), (c, d) in A x A.

Here, A = {1, 2, 3, ...., 9}

We observe the following properties on R:

Reflexive

Let (1, 2) be an element of A X A.

Then, (1, 2) belongs to AxA

This implies, 1,2 belongs to A

Or, 1+2=2+1 [ since, addition is commutative]

Or, (1, 2) R (1, 2)

Thus, (1, 2) R (1, 2), for all(1, 2) belonging to

AxA.

So, R is reflexive on A x A.

Symmetric

Let (1, 2), (3, 4)∈A × A such that (1, 2) R (3, 4).

Then, 1+ 4 = 2 + 3

⇒3+2 =4+1 [since, addition is commutative]

⇒ (3, 4) R (1, 2)

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Thus, (1, 2) R (3, 4)

⇒ (3, 4) R (1, 2), for all (1, 2), (3, 4) belonging to AXA

So, R is symmetric on A x A.

Transitive

Let (1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 6)∈ A x A such that

(1, 2)R (3, 4) and (3, 4) R (5, 6).

Then,

(1, 2) R (3, 4)

Or, 1+4=2+3

Or, (3, 4) R (5, 6)

Or, 3+6=4+5

This implies, (1+4) + 3+ 6 = (2+3)+(4+5)

or, 1+6=2+5 = (1, 2) R (5, 6)

Thus, (1, 2) R (3, 4) and (3, 4) R (5, 6)

⇒ (1, 2) R (5, 6), (1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 6) = A × A

So, R is transitive on A x A.

Hence, it is an equivalence relation on A X A.

Ques. If Z is the set of all integers and R is the relation on Z defined as R={(a,b): a,b∈Z
and a - b is divisible by 5}. Prove that R is an equivalence relation. [Delhi 2010, HOTS]

Ans. The given relation is R = {(a, b): a,b∈Z and a - b is divisible by 5}. We shall prove that R
is reflexive, symmetric and transitive.

(i) Reflexive

As for any x ∈Z, we have x - x = 0 and 0 is divisible by 5.

⇒(x-x) is divisible by 5.

⇒(x,x)∈R for all X∈Z.

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Therefore, R is reflexive.

(ii) Symmetric

As (x, y)∈R, where (x, y)∈Z.

⇒(x - y) is divisible by 5. [by definition of R]

⇒x - y = 5A for some A ∈Z

⇒y - x = 5(-A)

⇒(y - x) is also divisible by 5

Therefore, (y,x) ∈ R

Therefore, R is symmetric.

iii) Transitive

As (x, y)∈R,where x, y ∈Z

⇒(x - y) is divisible by 5.

⇒ x - y = 5A for some A∈Z

Again, for (y, z)∈R, where y, z∈Z

⇒(y-z) is divisible by 5

⇒y-z = 5B for some B∈Z

(y-z) is divisible by 5

Now, (x - y) + (y - z) = 5A + 5B.

⇒x-z = 5(A + B)

⇒(x-z) is divisible by 5 for some A+B∈Z

Therefore, R is transitive.

Thus, R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive. Hence, it is an equivalence relation.

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