FLUID MECHANICS

Lecture 2: Basic Concepts

Fluid. What is it?

Solid Liquid Gaz

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Fluids
Note: A branch of Fluid Mechanics dealing with liquids is called Hydraulics.

2. BASIC CONCEPTS 1
 Fluid. What is it?
Solid: F
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Deformation depends on Force,
γ
e.g. γ ∼ F
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F
Fluid: F v
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1111111111111111111111111111111 Rate of deformation
γ(t) depends on Force,
d γ(t)
e.g. ∼F
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v F

2. BASIC CONCEPTS 2

Mechanics of Fluid
• Application of the fundamental principles of general mechanics to fluids.
Material point:
dI
• 2nd Newton’s Law: F = ; I = mv
dt
F12 F21
• 3rd Newton’s Law: F12 = F21

• Conservation of mass: m = const in a closed system

• Conservation of energy: E = const in a closed system
• Conservation of momentum: I = const in a closed system

Fluid:
• The same principles
• How to apply them???

2. BASIC CONCEPTS 3
 Continuous Media

Real Fluid Continuous Fluid

• Continuous fluid is an approximation or model
• Molecular properties are averaged over a volume
• Molecular structure is unrecognisable whatever the magnifications is

2. BASIC CONCEPTS 4

Continuous Media

Continuous model can be ap-

λ plied when mean distance between
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L λ
Knudsen number: Kn = ≪1
L

Q: Can the continuous fluid model be applied to:

1. A satellite flying 100km above the Earth surface?
2. A submarine floating 100m beneath the sea level?

2. BASIC CONCEPTS 5
 Continuous Media
V1 Integrated property
Mean property:
Volume
V2
Z
1
V3 f¯ = f dv
V
V
A
Point properties: Volume shrinks to a point

f = lim f¯
V →0

Example: Density: Mass/Volume

m1 m2 m3 mn
ρ1 = ; ρ2 = ; ρ3 = ; ··· ρn =
V1 V2 V3 Vn
n–large; V –small; m–small ⇒ ρA

2. BASIC CONCEPTS 6

Fluid Particles

t>0
t=0
A A

2. BASIC CONCEPTS 7
 Fluid Particles
Forces on fluid particles:
II
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Fτ Fn
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111111111111111 G=mg
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Volume forces: G; Surface forces: Fn , Fτ

Note: The concept of continuous fluid replaces molecular

interaction and molecular interchange by equivalent
forces.

2. BASIC CONCEPTS 8

Fluid Properties
Parameters: Can be controlled directly

Pressure P
Temperature T

Properties: Can not be controlled directly but depend on parameters

Viscosity µ
Density ρ

Note: Temperature and surface tension effects will not be

considered in the course.

Q: What are dimensions of physical values listed on this

slide?

2. BASIC CONCEPTS 9
 Compressibility
• Property of fluid to change density under action of pressure
F
F

Liquid Gas

Note: Compressibility becomes important when flow velocity v is

comparable with velocity of sound c
v
Mach number: M =
c
For small M a model of incompressible fluid can be used.
Air: c ≈ 340 m/s; Water c ≈ 1500 m/s

2. BASIC CONCEPTS 10

Pressure

Fn Fn
Fn = P A
Pressure ⇔ normal stress
P P

Pascal’s Law: Pressure at a point

P
does not depend on the direction

2. BASIC CONCEPTS 11
 Pascal’s Law
P
z ∆Z Px

α
x
y Py ∆ X
∆Y

2nd Newton’s Law in x-direction:

∆X ∆X ∆Y ∆Z
Px ∆Y ∆Z − P ∆Y sin(α) = ρ ax
cos(α) 2
∆X
Px − P = ρ ax ; ∆X → 0 ⇒ P = Px
2

Q: Taking the gravity into consideration show that P = Py .

2. BASIC CONCEPTS 12

Shear stress

τ
Fτ Fτ
τ

Fτ = τ A τ ⇔ shear stress

2. BASIC CONCEPTS 13
 Viscosity
• The property to resist the growth of shear deformation
dγ
Newtonian fluid: shear stress ∼ rate of shear strain τ = µ
dt
Deformation after a small time ∆ t:
y ∆x
a u(y+dy) a’ τ b b’
γ

δy d c c’
u(y) d’ τ
∆x ( u(y + δy) − u(y) ) dγ du
γ= = ∆t ⇒ = ⇒
δy δy dt dy
du
τ =µ ; µ — coefficient of viscosity
dy

2. BASIC CONCEPTS 14

Viscosity
Viscosity mechanism for gases:

u+du
A

B u

• Molecules exchange between A and B reduces relative veloci-

ties
• This generates an effective shear force between layers

2. BASIC CONCEPTS 15