A True Story

• Several years ago, Steve Marsh, director of strategic operations at

Motorola (Austin), visited Japan. Having checked into his hotel, he had
only enough time to drop his baggage in his room before hurrying to
dinner with a customer.

• He entered the elevator and pushed the button of his floor. The
elevator doors closed, and, in a few seconds, opened again. Thinking
that someone had pushed the elevator-request button, Steve held the
door open and looked out, but no one was waiting.

• When he reached again to push the button for his floor, he discovered
he was already there. The elevator had transported him several floors
without his feeling any motion.

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 Contd……

• Being an engineer, Marsh was intrigued, so he commandeered the

elevator and played awhile, moving between floors, both short and long
distances, both up and down. Concentrating now, he could feel the car
moving but was amazed at the lack of its jerk in both starting and
stopping and at its smooth acceleration and deceleration.

• I don’t know whether Steve made it to his dinner on time, but he later
had Motorola personnel inquire about why the elevator’s movement was
so smooth.

• The explanation was simple: Fuzzy logic controls the elevators.

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 Fuzzy, or multi-valued logic was introduced in the 1930s by
Jan Lukasiewicz , a Polish philosopher.

 While classical logic operates with only two values 1 (true)

and 0 (false), Lukasiewicz introduced logic that extended the
range of truth values to all real numbers in the interval
between 0 and 1.

 He used a number in this interval to represent the possibility

that a given statement was true or false.

 For example, the possibility that a man 181 cm tall is really

tall might be set to a value of 0.86. It is likely that the man is
tall. This work led to an inexact reasoning technique often
called possibility theory.
 In 1965 Lotfi Zadeh, published his famous paper
“Fuzzy sets”.

 Zadeh extended the work on possibility theory into a

formal system of mathematical logic, and introduced a
new concept for applying natural language terms.

 This new logic for representing and manipulating fuzzy

terms was called fuzzy logic, and Zadeh became the
Master of fuzzy logic.
 What is Fuzzy Thinking?
 Experts rely on common sense when they solve
problems.

 How can we represent expert knowledge that

uses vague and ambiguous terms in a computer?

 Fuzzy logic is not logic that is fuzzy, but logic that

is used to describe fuzziness. Fuzzy logic is the
theory of fuzzy sets, sets that calibrate vagueness.

 Fuzzy logic is based on the idea that all things

admit of degrees. Temperature, height, speed,
distance, beauty – all come on a sliding scale.
  Boolean logic uses sharp distinctions. It forces us to
draw lines between members of a class and non-
members.

 Fuzzy logic reflects how people think. It attempts to

model our sense of words, our decision making and
our common sense.

 As a result, it is leading to new, more human,

intelligent systems.
 Crisp Set or Conventional Set or
Classical Sets
• Definition of set
• Cardinality of Set
• Subset
• Superset
• Power of a set
• Operations on Crisp Sets
• Properties of Crisp Set
 Operations on Crisp Set

• Complement

• Union

• Intersection
 Properties of CRISP SETS
Involution
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Commutativity AB=BA, AB=BA

ABC=(AB)C=A(BC),
Associativity
ABC=(AB)C=A(BC)
A(BC)=(AB)(AC),
Distributivity
A(BC)=(AB)(AC)
Idempotence AA=A, AA=A
Absorption A(AB)=A, A(AB)=A
A  A  B  A  B
Absorption of complement A  A  B  A  B
Abs. by X and  AX=X, A=
Identity A=A, AX=A
Law of contradiction AA 
Law of excl. middle AA  X
DeMorgan’s laws A B  A B A B  A B
 Example (Discrete Universe)
U  {1, 2,3, 4,5, 6, 7,8} # courses a student may
take in a semester.

 (1,0.1) (2, 0.3) (3, 0.8) (4,1)  appropriate

A  courses taken
(5, 0.9) (6, 0.5) (7, 0.2) (8,0.1) 

 A ( x)
0.5

0
2 4 6 8
x : # courses
Alternative Representation:
A  0.1/ 1  0.3 / 2  0.8 / 3  1.0 / 4  0.9 / 5  0.5 / 6  0.2 / 7  0.1/ 8
Example (Continuous Universe)
U : the set of positive real numbers possible ages

B  ( x,  B ( x)) x  U 
1 about 50 years old
 B ( x)  4
 x  50 
1  
1.2

 5  1

0.8

Alternative B ( x) 0.6

Representation: 0.4

0.2

B 1
x 0

R  1  x550 
4 0 20 40 60 80 100

x : age
 Alternative Notation
A  ( x,  A ( x)) x  U 

U : discrete universe A 
xi U
A ( xi ) / xi

U : continuous universe A    A ( x) / x
U

Note that  and integral signs stand for the union of membership grades;
“ / ” stands for a marker and does not imply division.
 Fuzzy Set-Theory Operations
• Subset
A  B   A ( x )   B ( x ),  x  U

• Complement
A  U  A   A ( x)  1   A ( x)

• Union
C  A  B   C ( x )  max(  A ( x ),  B ( x ))   A ( x )   B ( x )

• Intersection
C  A  B   C ( x )  m in(  A ( x ),  B ( x ))   A ( x )   B ( x )
 Fuzzy Logic Operations
• NOT:
– If Fuzzy Statement A is m true, then the statement “Not A” is (1.0 – m)
true (where m is a number between 0.0 and 1.0 inclusive).
– Equivalent Set Theory operation: If an object A has m membership in
Fuzzy Set S, then it must have membership (1.0 – m) in Fuzzy Set Not-
S.
• AND:
– If Fuzzy Statement A is m true, and Fuzzy Statement B is n true, then
the Fuzzy Statement “A and B” is k true, where k = min(m,n). (Here, m,
n and k are numbers between 0.0 and 1.0 inclusive.)
• OR:
– If Fuzzy Statement A is m true, and Fuzzy Statement B is n true, then
the Fuzzy Statement “A or B” is k true, where k = max(m,n). (Here, m, n
and k are numbers between 0.0 and 1.0 inclusive.)
Set-Theoretic Operations

A B A

A B

A B
 Properties
Involution A A De Morgan’s laws
A B  B A A B  A B
Commutativity
A B  B A
A B  A B
 A  B  C  A   B  C 
Associativity
 A  B  C  A   B  C 
A   B  C    A  B   A  C 
Distributivity A   B  C    A  B   A  C 
A A  A
Idempotence A A  A
A   A  B  A
Absorption A   A  B  A
 Properties
• The following properties are invalid for
fuzzy sets:
– The laws of contradiction

A A  
– The laws of exclude middle

A A U
 Fuzzy Set Math Operations
• kA = {kA(x), xX}
Let k =0.5, and
A = {0.5/a, 0.3/b, 0.2/c, 1/d}
then
kA = {0.25/a, 0.15/b, 0.1/c, 0.5/d}

• Am = {A(x)m, xX}
Let m =2, and
A = {0.5/a, 0.3/b, 0.2/c, 1/d}
then
Am = {0.25/a, 0.09/b, 0.04/c, 1/d}

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 MF Terminology

cross points
1
MF
0.5

0 x
core
width

-cut

support
 Exercises
For
A = {0.2/a, 0.4/b, 1/c, 0.8/d, 0/e}
B = {0/a, 0.9/b, 0.3/c, 0.2/d, 0.1/e}

calculate the following:

• Support, Core and cardinality of A and B
• Complement for A, complement of B
• Union and Intersection of A and B,
• the new set C = A2
• the new set D = 0.5B

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 Solutions
A = {0.2/a, 0.4/b, 1/c, 0.8/d, 0/e}
B = {0/a, 0.9/b, 0.3/c, 0.2/d, 0.1/e}
Support
Supp(A) = {a, b, c, d}
Supp(B) = {b, c, d, e}
Core
Core(A) = {c}
Core(B) = {}
Cardinality
Card(A) = 0.2 + 0.4 + 1 + 0.8 + 0 = 2.4
Card(B) = 0 + 0.9 + 0.3 + 0.2 + 0.1 = 1.5
Complement
Comp(A) = {0.8/a, 0.6/b, 0/c, 0.2/d, 1/e}
Comp(B) = {1/a, 0.1/b, 0.7/c, 0.8/d, 0.9/e}

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 Solutions
A = {0.2/a, 0.4/b, 1/c, 0.8/d, 0/e}
B = {0/a, 0.9/b, 0.3/c, 0.2/d, 0.1/e}

Union
AB = {0.2/a, 0.9/b, 1/c, 0.8/d, 0.1/e}

Intersection
AB = {0/a, 0.4/b, 0.3/c, 0.2/d, 0/e}

C=A2
C = {0.04/a, 0.16/b, 1/c, 0.64/d, 0/e}

D = 0.5B
D = {0/a, 0.45/b, 0.15/c, 0.1/d, 0.05/e}

E = A0.5
E = {c, d}

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Crisp and Fuzzy Relations