BCSE102L- Structured and object-

oriented programming

Dr. P.SURESH
Associate Professor
School of Computer Science &
Engineering(SCOPE)
VIT,Vellore.
BCSE102L- Structured and object-oriented programming
 BCSE102L- Structured and object-
oriented programming – Text Books and
Reference Books
BCSE102P- Structured and object-
oriented programming Laboratory
 BCSE102L- Structured and Object-
Oriented Programming
 Module-1:C Program Fundamentals -
Introduction
◦ Variables

◦ Reserved Words

◦ Data types

◦ Operators- Operator Precedence

◦ Expressions

◦ Type Conversions

◦ I/O Statements
.
 BCSE102L- Structured and Object-
Oriented Programming
 Module-1: C Program Fundamentals –
Branching and Looping
◦ if, if-else, nested if, else-if ladder

◦ Switch Statement

◦ Goto Statement

◦ Looping

 For

 While and do while

◦ Break Statement

◦ Continue Statement
.
 Getting Started with C
 Communicating with a computer involves speaking the
language the computer understands.
 What is the learning method of English??

 Steps in learning C
 C Character Set
 A character denotes any alphabet, digit or special
symbol used to represent information.
 Constants,Variables and Keywords
 Alphabets, Digits and special symbols when properly
combined form constants, variables and keywords.
 Constant is an entity that doesn’t change whereas a variable
is an entity that may change.
 For Example: 3 is stored in a memory location and a name
“x” is given to it , Then assign a new value 5 to the same
memory location “x” – It overwrites earlier value 3 since
memory location can hold only one value at a time.

 Location whose name is x can hold different values at

different times so “x” is known as a variable.
 Constants – Types
 Constants can be divided into two major
categories.
◦ Primary Constants
◦ Secondary Constants
 Rules for Constructing Integer Constants
1. An integer constant must have at least one digit.
2. It must not have a decimal point.
3. It can be either positive or negative.
4. If no sign precedes an integer constant, it is assumed to be
positive.
5. No commas or blanks are allowed within an integer
constant.
6. The allowable range for integer constants is -2147483648
to +2147483647

Note: Range of an Integer constant depends upon the

compiler…
Example: 1234, +6789,-5000
 Rules for Constructing Real Constants

 Real constants are often called Floating Point constants.

 Written in two forms—Fractional and Exponential form.

Fractional Form
1. A real constant must have at least one digit.
2. It must have a decimal point.
3. It could be either positive or negative.
4. Default sign is positive.
5. No commas or blanks are allowed within a real constant.

Example: +1234.56, 6789.0,-5000.89

 Rules for Constructing Real Constants
Exponential Form
◦ Usually used if the value of the constant is either too small or
too large
◦ Represented in two parts: Mantissa and Exponent
◦ For example 0.000123 can be written as 1.23e-4
◦ In Normal Arithmetic it is 1.23 * 10-4
 Rules:
◦ Mantissa part and the exponential part should be separated by a
letter e or E.
◦ Mantissa part may have a positive or negative sign.
◦ Default sign of mantissa part is positive.
◦ Exponent must have at least one digit, which must be a positive
or negative integer. Default sign is positive.
◦ Range of real constants expressed in exponential form is-3.4e38
to 3.4e38.
Example: +3.2e-5, 4.1e8, -3.2e-5
Range specified in 32 bit GCC compiler
Range specified in 32 bit GCC compiler
Rules for Constructing Character Constants
1. A character constant is a single alphabet, a single digit
or a single special symbol enclosed within single
inverted commas.
2. Both the inverted commas should point to the left.
For example, ’A’ is a valid character constant
whereas ‘A’ is not.

Example: ’V’, ’I’ ,’T’, ’5’, ’$’

 Variables- Types
 A particular type of variable can hold only the
same type of constant.
◦ An integer variable can hold only an integer
constant.
◦ Real variable can hold only a real constant.
◦ Character variable can hold only a character
constant.
 Rules for Constructing Variable names
1. A variable name is any combination of 1 to 31
alphabets, digits or underscores. Some compilers allow
variable names whose length could be up to 247
characters.
Note :Avoid creating unnecessarily long variable
1. The first character in the variable name must be an
alphabet or underscore ( _ ).
2. No commas or blanks are allowed within a variable
name.
3. No special symbol other than an underscore
(Example : net_pay) can be used in a variable name.

Example: date_of_birth, basic_pay123, _book

 Best Practice in using Variable names

Suppose you are writing a program for

calculating simple interest, it is always
advisable to construct meaningful variable
names like “prin”, “roi”, “noy” to represent
Principle, Rate of interest and Number of
years rather than using the variables a, b, c.

Note: Hence rules for creating variable names remain

same for all the types, How will you differentiate??
• Need of declaring the type of variable used

Example: int si, float roi, char gender etc

 C KEYWORDS
 Keywords are the words whose meaning has
already been explained to the C compiler.
 Keyword is a reserved word which cannot use
it as variable name, constant name etc….
 32 keywords
 C KEYWORDS
 Some Compilers Provide their own
keywords
 near, far, asm, etc
 Note : Every such compiler-specific keyword
should be preceded by two underscores
 Example : __asm
 Compiling and Linking
 Preprocessing. The program is first given to a
preprocessor, which obeys commands that begin with #
(known as directives).
◦ For Example : #include <stdio.h>, #include
<stdlib.h>,
 Compiling. The modified program now goes to a
compiler, which translates it into machine instructions
(object code).
 Linking. A linker combines the object code produced by
the compiler with any additional code needed to yield a
complete executable program.

test.c --->(compiled) --->test.obj(linked)--->executable

file
 Some Programming Terminologies

 Source code: The stuff you type into the computer/

The program you are writing.

 Compile (build): Taking source code and making a

program that the computer can understand.

 Executable: compiled program that the computer can

run.

 Library: Added functions for C programming which are

bolted on to do certain tasks.

 Header file: Files ending in .h which are included at the

start of source code.
 Some Programming Terminologies

 Compiler:

◦ Translates program written in “Source" language to

"target" language/ Machine Understandable language

 Interpreter:

◦ Translate and immediately execute

 Assembler:

◦ Translate into machine language for particular

machine
 C- Program Example
/* Calculation of Simple Interest*/
# include <stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int prin, noy ;
float roi si ;
prin = 1000 ;// Example for initialization of values
noy = 3 ;
roi = 8.5 ;
/* formula for simple interest */
si = prin * noy * roi / 100 ;
printf ( "%f\n" , si ) ;
return 0 ;
}
 Try it yourself
1. To print your name and mobile number.
2. To print an integer by reading the value from the keyboard
3. To add two integers and display the sum.
4. To compute quotient and reminder when both the
operands are integer. Repeat the same with both the
operands as floating-point number.
5. To Print ASCII Value of a character
6. To Find the Size of int, float, double and char
7. Swapping of two numbers
8. To find area and perimeter of a rectangle.
9. If the marks obtained by a student in five different subjects
are input through the keyboard, write a program to find out
the total marks and percentage marks obtained by the
student. Assume that the maximum marks that can be
obtained by a student in each subject is 100.
10. To print even numbers from 1 to 100.
 What is main()???
 It is a function – Container for set of statements.
 All statements that belong to main( ) are enclosed
within a pair of braces { }.
 Example:
int main( ) //
{
statement 1 ;
statement 2 ;
……….
statement n ;
}
 Main function always returns an integer value
 Purpose of printf()
 printf()- All output to screen is achieved using
readymade library functions
 To use printf() function - Necessary to use
#include <stdio.h> - Called as preprocessor
directives.
 SYNTAX:

printf ( "<format string>", <list of variables> ) ;

%d – integer values
%f – float values
%c – character values
etc…………….
 Purpose of scanf()
 The Programs should ask the user to supply the values
of any variable through the keyboard during execution
is done by using scanf function.
# include <stdio.h> Scanf(“Control String”, arg1, arg2, ………..argn)
int main( ) & - “Address of “- it gives
{ location number(Address)
Used by the variable in the
int p, n ; memory
float r, si ;
printf ( "Enter values of p, n, r" ) ;
scanf ( "%d %d %f", &p, &n, &r ) ;
si = p * n * r / 100 ;
printf ( "%f\n" , si ) ;
return 0 ;
}
 INSTRUCTIONS
 Types of Instructions
◦ Type Declaration Instruction – Instruction used
to declare the type of variables used in a C program.
◦ Arithmetic Instruction – Instruction used to
perform arithmetic operations on constants and
variables.
◦ Control Instruction – Instruction used to control
the sequence of execution of various statements in
a C program.
STRUCTURE OF C PROGRAM

(or) Header File Section

 Managing Input and Output Operations

 Formatted Output
 Formatted Input
 Formatted Output - printf()
 SYNTAX:

printf ( "<format string>", <list of variables> ) ;

Format string:
1. Characters that will printed on the screen
2. Format specifications that define the output format for display
of each item
3. Escape Character sequences such as \n, \t, \b

List of Variables: Variables whose values are formatted and

printed according to the specifications of the control string

% w.p type specifier Another integer number,

that specifies the number
Integer number specifies
of digits to the right of the
total number of columns
decimal point
for the output value
 Output of Integer numbers

 Example
printf(“%d\n”,1234); // Normal way
printf(“%7d\n”,1234); // right Justified
printf(“%2d\n”,1234);
printf(“%-7d\n”,1234); // left justified
printf(“%07d\n”,1234);// padding zeros

Note : For other data type, it may be printed by

specifying in the place of format specifier.
 Output of Real numbers
 Examples
float x= 12.3456;
printf(“%f\n”,x);
12.345600
printf(“%6.4 f\n”,x);
12.3456
printf(“%6.2 f\n”,x); 12.35
printf(“%-6.2 f\n”,x); 12.35
printf(“%10.2e\n”,x); 1.23e+01
printf(“%11.4e\n”,-x); -1.2346e+01
1.23e+01
printf(“%-10.2e\n”,x);
1.234560e+01
printf(“%e\n”,x);

% w.p f % w.p e
Output of Characters/ Single character

char x= ‘I’;
printf(“%c\n”,x);
printf(“%3c\n”,x);
printf(“%5c\n”,x);
printf(“%-3c\n”,x);
printf(“%-5c\n”,x);

% wc
Output of Characters/ Strings
char name[25]=“ VIT VELLORE TAMILNADU”
printf(“%s\n”,name);
printf(“%25s\n”,name);
printf(“%25.10s\n”,name);
printf(“%.5s\n”,name); % w.ps

printf(“%-25.10s\n”,name);
printf(“%5s\n”,name);

Mixed Data Output

printf(“%d %f %s %c”, a,b,c,d);

 Formatted Input - scanf()
 SYNTAX:

scanf( “Format string", <list of variables> ) ;

Format string:
1. Data to be entered- consisting of % (conversion
character), datatype character and optional number
specifying the field width.

List of Variables/Arguments:
1. List of variable i.e arguments specify the address of the
locations where the data to be stored.
2. Escape Character sequences such as \n, \t, \b
 Inputting Integer numbers
%wd

 % - conversion character
 w- integer number that specifies field width of the
number to be read.
 d – data type character
 Example
scanf(“%d\n”,&n); // Normal way
scanf(“%2d\n”,&n);
scanf(“%5d\n”,&n);
scanf(“%2d %5d\n”,&n1,&n2); // 85 12345
scanf(“%d %d\n”,&n1,&n2);
 Inputting Real numbers

 No specification for field width in real numbers.

 Example
scanf(“%f %f%f\n”,&n1,&n2,&n3);

Inputting Character strings % ws Or

%wc

 Example
char name1[10], name2[20];
scanf(“%15c\n”,&name1);
scanf(“%s\n”,&name1);
scanf(“%15s\n”,&name2);
 Reading Mixed Data types

 Example:
scanf(“%s %c %d %f \n”,&name,&gender,&age, &salary);
Thank You