DATA HANDLING IN

PYTHON
 Introduction
• In this chapter we will learn data types,
variables, operators and expression in
detail.

• Python has a predefined set of data types to

handle the data in a program.

• We can store any type of data in Python.

 DATA TYPES
• Data can be of any type like- character, integer, real, string.
• Anything enclosed in “ “ is considered as string in Python.
• Any whole value is an integer value.
• Any value with fraction part is a real value.
• True or False value specifies boolean value.
• Python supports following core data types-
I. Numbers (int like10, 5) (float like 3.5, 302.24) (complex like 3+5i)
II. String (like “pankaj”, ‘pankaj’, ‘a’, “a” )
III. List like [3,4,5,”pankaj”] its elements are Mutable.
IV. Tuple like(3,4,5,”pankaj”) its elements are immutable.
V. Dictionary like {‘a’:1, ‘e’:2, ‘I’:3, ‘o’:4, ‘u’:5} where a,e,i,o,u are keys
and 1,2,3,4,5 are their values.
 CORE DATA TYPES

Graphical View

CORE
DATA TYPE

Numbers None Sequences Mappings

Floating
Integer Complex String Tuple List Dictionary
Point

Boolean
 Mutable and Immutable Types
• In Python, Data Objects are categorized in two types-
• Mutable (Changeable)
• Immutable (Non-Changeable)
Look at following statements carefully-
p = 10
q=p they will represent 10, 10, 10
r = 10
Now, try to change the values-
p = 17
r=7 did the values actually change?
q =9
Answer is NO.
Because here values are objects and p, q, r are their reference name.
To understand it, lets see the next slide.
 Variables and Values
An important fact to know is-
– In Python, values are actually objects.
– And their variable names are actually their reference names.
Suppose we assign 10 to a variable A.
A = 10
Here, value 10 is an object and A is its reference name.
10

Reference Object
variable
 Variables and Values
If we assign 10 to a variable B,
B will refer to same object.

Here, we have two variables, 10

but with same location.

Reference Object
Now, if we change value of B like variable
B=20
Then a new object will be created with 20

a new location 20 and this object will be

referenced by B. 10
 Mutable and Immutable Types
Following data types comes under mutable and
immutable types-

• Mutable (Changeable)
– lists, dictionaries and sets.

• Immutable (Non-Changeable)
– integers, floats, Booleans, strings and tuples.
 Variable Internals
The Type of an Object

• Pay attention to the following command-

here 4 is an object and its class is int

here a is referring to the object which is

of int class.
 Variable Internals
The Value of an Object
• Pay attention to the following command-

here value output is coming via print()

The ID of an Object
• Pay attention to the following command-

Here value 4 and variable a are

showing same id which means 4 is an
object being referenced by a that’s why
they are keeping same id.
 Operators
• The symbols that shows a special behavior or
action when applied to operands are called
operators. For ex- + , - , > , < etc.
• Python supports following operators-
I. Arithmetic Operator
II. Relation/Comparison Operator
III. Identity Operators
IV. Logical/Boolean Operators
V. Bitwise Operators
VI. Membership Operators
VII. Assignment Operator
 Arithmetic Operators
• Python has following binary arithmetic operator -
• For addition + for ex- 2+3 will result in to 5
• For subtraction – for ex- 2-3 will result in to -1
• For multiplication * for ex- 2*3 will result in to 6
• For division / its result comes in fraction.
for ex- 13/2 will result in to 6.5
• For quotient // its result comes as a whole number
for ex- 13/2 will result into 6.
• For remnant % its result comes as a whole remnant
number.For ex-13/2will result into 1.
• For exponent ** it will come as per exponent value.
For ex- 23 will result into 8.
 Assignment Operators and shorthand
• Python has following assignment operator and shorthand -

• = a=10 , 10 will be assigned to a.

• += a+=5 is equal to a=a+5.

• -= a-=5 is equal to a=a-5.

• *= a*=5 is equal to a=a*5.

• /= a/=5 is equal to a=a/5.

• //= a//=5 is equal to a=a//5.

• %= a%=5 is equal to a=a%5.

• **= a**=5 is equal to a=a**5.

 Relational Operators
• Python uses Relational operators to check for equality. These
results into true or false. Relational Operator are of following
types-

• < Less Than like a<b

• > Greater Than like a>b
• <= Less Than and Equal to like a<=b
• >= Greater Than and Equal to like a>=b
• == Equal to like a==b
• != not Equal to like a!=b
 Identity Operators
Identity operator is also used to check for equality. These
expression also results into True or False. Identity Operators
are of following types-

• “is” operator if a=5 and b=5 then a is b will come

to True
• “is not” operator if a=5 and b=5 then a is not b will
come to False

• Relational Operator ( == ) and Identity operator (is) differs

in case of strings that we will see later.
 Logical Operators
• Python has two binary logical operators -
• or operator
» if a = True and b = False then a or b will return
True.
• and operator
» If a = True and b = False then a and b will return
False.

• Python has one Unary logical operator –

• not operator
• if a = True then not a will return False.
 Operator Associativity
• In Python, if an expression or statement consists of
multiple or more than one operator then operator
associativity will be followed from left-to- right.

• In above given expression, first 7*8 will be calculated as 56, then 56 will
be divided by 5 and will result into 11.2, then 11.2 again divided by 2
and will result into 5.0.
 Only in case of **, associativity will be followed
from right-to-left.
Above given example will be calculated as 3**(3**2). 3(9)
 Expressions
• Python has following types of expression -

• Arithmetic Expressions like a+b, 5-4 etc.

• Relational Expressions like a>b, a==b etc.

• Logical Expressions like a>b and a>c , a or b etc.

• String Expressions like “Pankaj” + “Kumar” etc.

 Type Casting
• As we know, in Python, an expression may be consists of mixed
datatypes. In such cases, python changes data types of
operands internally. This process of internal data type
conversion is called implicit type conversion.
• One other option is explicit type conversion which is like-
<datatype> (identifier)
For ex-
a=“4”
b=int(a) # Type Casting or Explicit Conversion
Another ex-
If a=5 and b=10.5 then we can convert a to float.
Like d=float(a)
In python, following are the data conversion functions-
(1) int ( ) (2) float( ) (3) complex( ) (4) str( ) (5) bool( )
 Working with math Module of Python
• Python provides math module to work for all mathematical
works. We need to write following statement in our program-
import math
output of this program will be 5.0

To get to know functions of a module, give following command-

>>>dir (math)
 Taking Input in Python
• In Python, input () function is used to take input which takes input in the
form of string. Then it will be type casted as per requirement. For ex- to
calculate volume of a cylinder, program will be as-