1.

Inter-Networking (6 Contact Hours)

1.1 Growth of the Internet
• Early Beginnings: The internet began as a military project (ARPANET)
during the 1960s for secure communication. It grew into a global system for
sharing information.
• Internet Ownership: No single entity owns the internet, but it is governed
by organizations like ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and
Numbers) and IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force).
1.2 Anatomy of the Internet
• Components: Comprises routers, servers, clients, switches, and various
internet protocols.
• Packet Switching: Internet data is broken into packets, which are routed
independently through the network and reassembled at the destination.
1.3 Internet Protocols:
• TCP/IP: Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol are the
foundational protocols of the internet, managing packet transmission.
• IP Addressing: Each device on the internet is identified by an IP address
(IPv4 or IPv6).
1.4 Email and Resource Addressing
• Email Addresses: Unique identifiers for users of email systems (e.g.,
username@domain.com).
• URL (Uniform Resource Locator): Web addresses used to locate resources
on the internet.

2. Internet Applications (4 Contact Hours)

2.1 Email:
• Definition: A method of exchanging digital messages between people using
internet communication protocols.
 • Protocols: IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) and SMTP (Simple
Mail Transfer Protocol) are commonly used.
2.2 File Transfer Protocol (FTP):
• Purpose: FTP allows users to upload and download files between computers
over the internet.
• Client-Server Model: FTP clients connect to FTP servers to transfer data.
2.3 Telnet and Usenet:
• Telnet: A protocol used to access remote computers. Mostly replaced by
SSH (Secure Shell).
• Usenet: An early internet communication system for discussion forums,
similar to modern-day Reddit.
2.4 Internet Chat and Web:
• Chat: Real-time text communication through tools like IRC, and now
commonly via platforms like WhatsApp.
• Web: The World Wide Web (www) enables sharing of text, media, and
hyperlinks between documents via browsers.

3. Evolution of the Web (10 Contact Hours)

3.1 Web 1.0 (1990s)
• Concept: The first phase of the web, where websites were static, and
interaction was minimal.
• Technologies: HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) and HTML (HyperText
Markup Language) for creating web pages.
• Browsers: Early browsers like Mosaic and Netscape allowed users to view
web content.
• Challenges: Lack of user interaction and dynamic content.
3.2 Web 2.0 (2000s)
• Concept: Marked a shift towards dynamic content and user-generated
platforms (e.g., blogs, social media, wikis).
 • Technologies: Client-side scripting (JavaScript), AJAX (Asynchronous
JavaScript and XML), allowing real-time interaction.
• Examples: Facebook, Wikipedia, YouTube—websites that let users create
and share content.
• Opportunities: Encouraged collaboration, social networking, and the
growth of web applications.
3.3 Web 3.0 (Present and Beyond)
• Concept: Known as the Semantic Web, it focuses on meaning and data,
enabling machines to interpret and process information efficiently.
• Technologies: AI, machine learning, blockchain, and data-driven web
services.
• Use Cases: Personalized search results, virtual assistants like Siri, chatbots.
• Future Directions: Moving towards Web 4.0, which aims to integrate the
physical and digital world (e.g., IoT, augmented reality).

4. Web Development (14 Contact Hours)

4.1 Phases of Web Development:
• Planning: Defining the structure, goals, and target audience.
• Designing: Visual design of the site including layouts, graphics, and colors.
• Development: Writing the code using HTML, CSS, and JavaScript to build
the website.
• Testing and Deployment: Debugging and ensuring the site is functional
before going live.
4.2 Front-End Development:
• HTML5: The standard language for structuring web pages.
• CSS3: Used to style and layout web pages.
• JavaScript: A scripting language for creating dynamic and interactive
content on web pages.
4.3 Back-End Development:
• PHP: A server-side scripting language that interacts with databases and
dynamically generates content.
• JavaScript (Node.js): Allows running JavaScript on the server side.
4.4 Web Frameworks:
• Django: A high-level Python web framework for developing web apps.
• Ruby on Rails: A server-side web application framework written in Ruby.
4.5 Web Database Connectivity:
• JDBC/ODBC: Standards for connecting web applications to databases,
allowing retrieval and manipulation of data.

5. Web Search and Mining (8 Contact Hours)

5.1 Search Engines:
• How Search Works: Search engines like Google crawl web pages and index
them to provide relevant results.
• Ranking Algorithms: Algorithms like Google’s PageRank determine the
relevance of web pages.
5.2 Web Crawling and SEO:
• Web Crawlers: Programs that automatically navigate and index web content
for search engines.
• SEO (Search Engine Optimization): Techniques used to improve a
website’s ranking in search engine results.
5.3 Web Mining:
• Text Mining: Analyzing and extracting useful information from large
volumes of text.
• Opinion Mining: Analyzing user reviews, blogs, or comments to determine
public opinion on various subjects.
5.4 Recommendation Systems:
 • Example: Netflix or Amazon suggesting movies or products based on user
preferences.
5.5 Topic Detection and Tracking:
• Concept: Using machine learning to discover and follow trends in social
media and news content, providing insights into popular topics.