String Data Type

The most commonly used object in any project and in any programming language is String only.
Hence we should aware complete information about String data type.

What is String?
Any sequence of characters within either single quotes or double quotes is considered as a String.

Syntax:
s='durga'
s="durga"

Note: In most of other languges like C, C++,Java, a single character with in single quotes is treated
as char data type value. But in Python we are not having char data type.Hence it is treated as
String only.

Eg:
>>> ch='a'
>>> type(ch)
<class 'str'>

How to define multi-line String literals:

We can define multi-line String literals by using triple single or double quotes.

Eg:
>>> s='''durga
software
solutions'''

We can also use triple quotes to use single quotes or double quotes as symbol inside String literal.

Eg:
s='This is ' single quote symbol' ==>invalid
s='This is \' single quote symbol' ==>valid
s="This is ' single quote symbol"====>valid
s='This is " double quotes symbol' ==>valid
s='The "Python Notes" by 'durga' is very helpful' ==>invalid
s="The "Python Notes" by 'durga' is very helpful"==>invalid
s='The \"Python Notes\" by \'durga\' is very helpful' ==>valid
s='''The "Python Notes" by 'durga' is very helpful''' ==>valid

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How to access characters of a String:

We can access characters of a string by using the following ways.

1. By using index
2. By using slice operator

1. By using index:

Python supports both +ve and -ve index.

+ve index means left to right(Forward direction)
-ve index means right to left(Backward direction)

Eg:
s='durga'

diagram

Eg:
>>> s='durga'
>>> s[0]
'd'
>>> s[4]
'a'
>>> s[-1]
'a'
>>> s[10]
IndexError: string index out of range

Note: If we are trying to access characters of a string with out of range index then we will get
error saying : IndexError

Q. Write a program to accept some string from the keyboard and display its characters by
index wise(both positive and nEgative index)

test.py:

1) s=input("Enter Some String:")

2) i=0
3) for x in s:
4) print("The character present at positive index {} and at nEgative index {} is {}".format(i,i
-len(s),x))
5) i=i+1

Output:
D:\python_classes>py test.py
Enter Some String:durga

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The character present at positive index 0 and at nEgative index -5 is d
The character present at positive index 1 and at nEgative index -4 is u
The character present at positive index 2 and at nEgative index -3 is r
The character present at positive index 3 and at nEgative index -2 is g
The character present at positive index 4 and at nEgative index -1 is a

2. Accessing characters by using slice operator:

Syntax: s[bEginindex:endindex:step]

bEginindex:From where we have to consider slice(substring)

endindex: We have to terminate the slice(substring) at endindex-1
step: incremented value

Note: If we are not specifying bEgin index then it will consider from bEginning of the string.
If we are not specifying end index then it will consider up to end of the string
The default value for step is 1

Eg:

1) >>> s="Learning Python is very very easy!!!"

2) >>> s[1:7:1]
3) 'earnin'
4) >>> s[1:7]
5) 'earnin'
6) >>> s[1:7:2]
7) 'eri'
8) >>> s[:7]
9) 'Learnin'
10) >>> s[7:]
11) 'g Python is very very easy!!!'
12) >>> s[::]
13) 'Learning Python is very very easy!!!'
14) >>> s[:]
15) 'Learning Python is very very easy!!!'
16) >>> s[::-1]
17) '!!!ysae yrev yrev si nohtyP gninraeL'

Behaviour of slice operator:

s[bEgin:end:step]

step value can be either +ve or –ve

if +ve then it should be forward direction(left to right) and we have to consider bEgin to end-1

if -ve then it should be backward direction(right to left) and we have to consider bEgin to end+1

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***Note:
In the backward direction if end value is -1 then result is always empty.
In the forward direction if end value is 0 then result is always empty.

In forward direction:
default value for bEgin: 0
default value for end: length of string
default value for step: +1

In backward direction:
default value for bEgin: -1
default value for end: -(length of string+1)

Note: Either forward or backward direction, we can take both +ve and -ve values for bEgin and
end index.

Mathematical Operators for String:

We can apply the following mathematical operators for Strings.

1. + operator for concatenation

2. * operator for repetition

print("durga"+"soft") #durgasoft
print("durga"*2) #durgadurga

Note:
1. To use + operator for Strings, compulsory both arguments should be str type

2. To use * operator for Strings, compulsory one argument should be str and other argument
should be int

len() in-built function:

We can use len() function to find the number of characters present in the string.

Eg:
s='durga'
print(len(s)) #5

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Q. Write a program to access each character of string in forward and backward direction
by using while loop?

1) s="Learning Python is very easy !!!"

2) n=len(s)
3) i=0
4) print("Forward direction")
5) while i<n:
6) print(s[i],end=' ')
7) i +=1
8) print("Backward direction")
9) i=-1
10) while i>=-n:
11) print(s[i],end=' ')
12) i=i-1

Alternative ways:

1) s="Learning Python is very easy !!!"

2) print("Forward direction")
3) for i in s:
4) print(i,end=' ')
5)
6) print("Forward direction")
7) for i in s[::]:
8) print(i,end=' ')
9)
10) print("Backward direction")
11) for i in s[::-1]:
12) print(i,end=' ')

Checking Membership:
We can check whether the character or string is the member of another string or not by using in
and not in operators

s='durga'
print('d' in s) #True
print('z' in s) #False

Program:

1) s=input("Enter main string:")

2) subs=input("Enter sub string:")
3) if subs in s:
4) print(subs,"is found in main string")
5) else:
nd
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 6) print(subs,"is not found in main string")

Output:
D:\python_classes>py test.py
Enter main string:durgasoftwaresolutions
Enter sub string:durga
durga is found in main string

D:\python_classes>py test.py
Enter main string:durgasoftwaresolutions
Enter sub string:python
python is not found in main string

Comparison of Strings:
We can use comparison operators (<,<=,>,>=) and equality operators(==,!=) for strings.

Comparison will be performed based on alphabetical order.

Eg:

1) s1=input("Enter first string:")

2) s2=input("Enter Second string:")
3) if s1==s2:
4) print("Both strings are equal")
5) elif s1<s2:
6) print("First String is less than Second String")
7) else:
8) print("First String is greater than Second String")

Output:
D:\python_classes>py test.py
Enter first string:durga
Enter Second string:durga
Both strings are equal

D:\python_classes>py test.py
Enter first string:durga
Enter Second string:ravi
First String is less than Second String

D:\python_classes>py test.py
Enter first string:durga
Enter Second string:anil
First String is greater than Second String

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Removing spaces from the string:
We can use the following 3 methods

1. rstrip()===>To remove spaces at right hand side

2. lstrip()===>To remove spaces at left hand side
3. strip() ==>To remove spaces both sides

Eg:

1) city=input("Enter your city Name:")

2) scity=city.strip()
3) if scity=='Hyderabad':
4) print("Hello Hyderbadi..Adab")
5) elif scity=='Chennai':
6) print("Hello Madrasi...Vanakkam")
7) elif scity=="Bangalore":
8) print("Hello Kannadiga...Shubhodaya")
9) else:
10) print("your entered city is invalid")

Finding Substrings:
We can use the following 4 methods

For forward direction:

find()
index()

For backward direction:

rfind()
rindex()

1. find():
s.find(substring)

Returns index of first occurrence of the given substring. If it is not available then we will get -1

Eg:

1) s="Learning Python is very easy"

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 2) print(s.find("Python")) #9
3) print(s.find("Java")) # -1
4) print(s.find("r"))#3
5) print(s.rfind("r"))#21

Note: By default find() method can search total string. We can also specify the boundaries to
search.

s.find(substring,bEgin,end)

It will always search from bEgin index to end-1 index

Eg:

1) s="durgaravipavanshiva"
2) print(s.find('a'))#4
3) print(s.find('a',7,15))#10
4) print(s.find('z',7,15))#-1

index() method:
index() method is exactly same as find() method except that if the specified substring is not
available then we will get ValueError.

Eg:

1) s=input("Enter main string:")

2) subs=input("Enter sub string:")
3) try:
4) n=s.index(subs)
5) except ValueError:
6) print("substring not found")
7) else:
8) print("substring found")

Output:
D:\python_classes>py test.py
Enter main string:learning python is very easy
Enter sub string:python
substring found

D:\python_classes>py test.py
Enter main string:learning python is very easy
Enter sub string:java
substring not found

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Q. Program to display all positions of substring in a given main string

1) s=input("Enter main string:")

2) subs=input("Enter sub string:")
3) flag=False
4) pos=-1
5) n=len(s)
6) while True:
7) pos=s.find(subs,pos+1,n)
8) if pos==-1:
9) break
10) print("Found at position",pos)
11) flag=True
12) if flag==False:
13) print("Not Found")

Output:

D:\python_classes>py test.py
Enter main string:abbababababacdefg
Enter sub string:a
Found at position 0
Found at position 3
Found at position 5
Found at position 7
Found at position 9
Found at position 11

D:\python_classes>py test.py
Enter main string:abbababababacdefg
Enter sub string:bb
Found at position 1

Counting substring in the given String:

We can find the number of occurrences of substring present in the given string by using count()
method.

1. s.count(substring) ==> It will search through out the string

2. s.count(substring, bEgin, end) ===> It will search from bEgin index to end-1 index

Eg:

1) s="abcabcabcabcadda"
2) print(s.count('a'))
3) print(s.count('ab'))
4) print(s.count('a',3,7))

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Output:
6
4
2

Replacing a string with another string:

s.replace(oldstring,newstring)

inside s, every occurrence of oldstring will be replaced with newstring.

Eg1:
s="Learning Python is very difficult"
s1=s.replace("difficult","easy")
print(s1)

Output:
Learning Python is very easy

Eg2: All occurrences will be replaced

s="ababababababab"
s1=s.replace("a","b")
print(s1)

Output: bbbbbbbbbbbbbb

Q. String objects are immutable then how we can change the content by
using replace() method.
Once we creates string object, we cannot change the content.This non changeable behaviour is
nothing but immutability. If we are trying to change the content by using any method, then with
those changes a new object will be created and changes won't be happend in existing object.

Hence with replace() method also a new object got created but existing object won't be changed.

Eg:
s="abab"
s1=s.replace("a","b")
print(s,"is available at :",id(s))
print(s1,"is available at :",id(s1))

Output:
abab is available at : 4568672
bbbb is available at : 4568704

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In the above example, original object is available and we can see new object which was created
because of replace() method.

Splitting of Strings:
We can split the given string according to specified seperator by using split() method.

l=s.split(seperator)

The default seperator is space. The return type of split() method is List

Eg1:

1) s="durga software solutions"

2) l=s.split()
3) for x in l:
4) print(x)

Output:
durga
software
solutions

Eg2:

1) s="22-02-2018"
2) l=s.split('-')
3) for x in l:
4) print(x)

Output:
22
02
2018

Joining of Strings:
We can join a group of strings(list or tuple) wrt the given seperator.

s=seperator.join(group of strings)

Eg:
t=('sunny','bunny','chinny')
s='-'.join(t)
print(s)

Output: sunny-bunny-chinny

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Eg2:
l=['hyderabad','singapore','london','dubai']
s=':'.join(l)
print(s)

hyderabad:singapore:london:dubai

Changing case of a String:

We can change case of a string by using the following 4 methods.

1. upper()===>To convert all characters to upper case

2. lower() ===>To convert all characters to lower case
3. swapcase()===>converts all lower case characters to upper case and all upper case characters to
lower case
4. title() ===>To convert all character to title case. i.e first character in every word should be upper
case and all remaining characters should be in lower case.
5. capitalize() ==>Only first character will be converted to upper case and all remaining characters
can be converted to lower case

Eg:
s='learning Python is very Easy'
print(s.upper())
print(s.lower())
print(s.swapcase())
print(s.title())
print(s.capitalize())

Output:
LEARNING PYTHON IS VERY EASY
learning python is very easy
LEARNING pYTHON IS VERY eASY
Learning Python Is Very Easy
Learning python is very easy

Checking starting and ending part of the string:

Python contains the following methods for this purpose

1. s.startswith(substring)
2. s.endswith(substring)

Eg:
s='learning Python is very easy'
print(s.startswith('learning'))
print(s.endswith('learning'))
print(s.endswith('easy'))

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Output:
True
False
True

To check type of characters present in a string:

Python contains the following methods for this purpose.

1) isalnum(): Returns True if all characters are alphanumeric( a to z , A to Z ,0 to9 )

2) isalpha(): Returns True if all characters are only alphabet symbols(a to z,A to Z)
3) isdigit(): Returns True if all characters are digits only( 0 to 9)
4) islower(): Returns True if all characters are lower case alphabet symbols
5) isupper(): Returns True if all characters are upper case aplhabet symbols
6) istitle(): Returns True if string is in title case
7) isspace(): Returns True if string contains only spaces

Eg:
print('Durga786'.isalnum()) #True
print('durga786'.isalpha()) #False
print('durga'.isalpha()) #True
print('durga'.isdigit()) #False
print('786786'.isdigit()) #True
print('abc'.islower()) #True
print('Abc'.islower()) #False
print('abc123'.islower()) #True
print('ABC'.isupper()) #True
print('Learning python is Easy'.istitle()) #False
print('Learning Python Is Easy'.istitle()) #True
print(' '.isspace()) #True

Demo Program:

1) s=input("Enter any character:")

2) if s.isalnum():
3) print("Alpha Numeric Character")
4) if s.isalpha():
5) print("Alphabet character")
6) if s.islower():
7) print("Lower case alphabet character")
8) else:
9) print("Upper case alphabet character")
10) else:
11) print("it is a digit")
12) elif s.isspace():
13) print("It is space character")
14) else:

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 15) print("Non Space Special Character")

D:\python_classes>py test.py
Enter any character:7
Alpha Numeric Character
it is a digit

D:\python_classes>py test.py
Enter any character:a
Alpha Numeric Character
Alphabet character
Lower case alphabet character

D:\python_classes>py test.py
Enter any character:$
Non Space Special Character

D:\python_classes>py test.py
Enter any character:A
Alpha Numeric Character
Alphabet character
Upper case alphabet character

Formatting the Strings:

We can format the strings with variable values by using replacement operator {} and format()
method.

Eg:
name='durga'
salary=10000
age=48
print("{} 's salary is {} and his age is {}".format(name,salary,age))
print("{0} 's salary is {1} and his age is {2}".format(name,salary,age))
print("{x} 's salary is {y} and his age is {z}".format(z=age,y=salary,x=name))

Output:
durga 's salary is 10000 and his age is 48
durga 's salary is 10000 and his age is 48
durga 's salary is 10000 and his age is 48

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Important Programs rEgarding String Concept
Q1. Write a program to reverse the given String
input: durga
output:agrud

1st Way:

s=input("Enter Some String:")

print(s[::-1])

2nd Way:

s=input("Enter Some String:")

print(''.join(reversed(s)))

3rd Way:

s=input("Enter Some String:")

i=len(s)-1
target=''
while i>=0:
target=target+s[i]
i=i-1
print(target)

Q2. Program to reverse order of words.

1) input: Learning Python is very Easy

2) output: Easy Very is Python Learning
3)
4) s=input("Enter Some String:")
5) l=s.split()
6) l1=[]
7) i=len(l)-1
8) while i>=0:
9) l1.append(l[i])
10) i=i-1
11) output=' '.join(l1)
12) print(output)

Output:
Enter Some String:Learning Python is very easy!!
easy!!! very is Python Learning

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Q3. Program to reverse internal content of each word.

input: Durga Software Solutions

output:agruD erawtfoS snoituloS

1) s=input("Enter Some String:")

2) l=s.split()
3) l1=[]
4) i=0
5) while i<len(l):
6) l1.append(l[i][::-1])
7) i=i+1
8) output=' '.join(l1)
9) print(output)

Q4. Write a program to print characters at odd position and even position for the given
String?

1st Way:

s=input("Enter Some String:")

print("Characters at Even Position:",s[0::2])
print("Characters at Odd Position:",s[1::2])

2nd Way:

1) s=input("Enter Some String:")

2) i=0
3) print("Characters at Even Position:")
4) while i< len(s):
5) print(s[i],end=',')
6) i=i+2
7) print()
8) print("Characters at Odd Position:")
9) i=1
10) while i< len(s):
11) print(s[i],end=',')
12) i=i+2

Q5. Program to merge characters of 2 strings into a single string by taking characters
alternatively.

s1="ravi"
s2="reja"

output: rtaevjia

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 1) s1=input("Enter First String:")
2) s2=input("Enter Second String:")
3) output=''
4) i,j=0,0
5) while i<len(s1) or j<len(s2):
6) if i<len(s1):
7) output=output+s1[i]
8) i+=1
9) if j<len(s2):
10) output=output+s2[j]
11) j+=1
12) print(output)

Output:
Enter First String:durga
Enter Second String:ravisoft
druarvgiasoft

Q6. Write a program to sort the characters of the string and first alphabet symbols
followed by numeric values

input: B4A1D3
Output: ABD134

1) s=input("Enter Some String:")

2) s1=s2=output=''
3) for x in s:
4) if x.isalpha():
5) s1=s1+x
6) else:
7) s2=s2+x
8) for x in sorted(s1):
9) output=output+x
10) for x in sorted(s2):
11) output=output+x
12) print(output)

Q7. Write a program for the following requirement

input: a4b3c2
output: aaaabbbcc

1) s=input("Enter Some String:")

2) output=''
3) for x in s:
4) if x.isalpha():
5) output=output+x
6) previous=x

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 7) else:
8) output=output+previous*(int(x)-1)
9) print(output)

Note: chr(unicode)===>The corresponding character

ord(character)===>The corresponding unicode value

Q8. Write a program to perform the following activity

input: a4k3b2
output:aeknbd

1) s=input("Enter Some String:")

2) output=''
3) for x in s:
4) if x.isalpha():
5) output=output+x
6) previous=x
7) else:
8) output=output+chr(ord(previous)+int(x))
9) print(output)

Q9. Write a program to remove duplicate characters from the given input string?

input: ABCDABBCDABBBCCCDDEEEF
output: ABCDEF

1) s=input("Enter Some String:")

2) l=[]
3) for x in s:
4) if x not in l:
5) l.append(x)
6) output=''.join(l)
7) print(output)

Q10. Write a program to find the number of occurrences of each character present in the
given String?

input: ABCABCABBCDE
output: A-3,B-4,C-3,D-1,E-1

1) s=input("Enter the Some String:")

2) d={}
3) for x in s:
4) if x in d.keys():
5) d[x]=d[x]+1
6) else:
7) d[x]=1

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 8) for k,v in d.items():
9) print("{} = {} Times".format(k,v))

Formatting the Strings:

We can format the strings with variable values by using replacement operator {} and format()
method.

The main objective of format() method to format string into meaningful output form.

Case- 1: Basic Formatting for default, positional and keyword arguments

name='durga'
salary=10000
age=48
print("{} 's salary is {} and his age is {}".format(name,salary,age))
print("{0} 's salary is {1} and his age is {2}".format(name,salary,age))
print("{x} 's salary is {y} and his age is {z}".format(z=age,y=salary,x=name))

Output:
durga 's salary is 10000 and his age is 48
durga 's salary is 10000 and his age is 48
durga 's salary is 10000 and his age is 48

Case-2: Formatting Numbers

d--->Decimal IntEger
f----->Fixed point number(float).The default precision is 6
b-->Binary format
o--->Octal Format
x-->Hexa Decimal Format(Lower case)
X-->Hexa Decimal Format(Upper case)

Eg-1:
print("The intEger number is: {}".format(123))
print("The intEger number is: {:d}".format(123))
print("The intEger number is: {:5d}".format(123))
print("The intEger number is: {:05d}".format(123))

Output:
The intEger number is: 123
The intEger number is: 123
The intEger number is: 123
The intEger number is: 00123

Eg-2:
print("The float number is: {}".format(123.4567))
print("The float number is: {:f}".format(123.4567))

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print("The float number is: {:8.3f}".format(123.4567))
print("The float number is: {:08.3f}".format(123.4567))
print("The float number is: {:08.3f}".format(123.45))
print("The float number is: {:08.3f}".format(786786123.45))

Output:
The float number is: 123.4567
The float number is: 123.456700
The float number is: 123.457
The float number is: 0123.457
The float number is: 0123.450
The float number is: 786786123.450

Note:
{:08.3f}

Total positions should be minimum 8.

After decimal point exactly 3 digits are allowed.If it is less then 0s will be placed in the last
positions
If total number is < 8 positions then 0 will be placed in MSBs
If total number is >8 positions then all intEgral digits will be considered.
The extra digits we can take only 0

Note: For numbers default alignment is Right Alignment(>)

Eg-3: Print Decimal value in binary, octal and hexadecimal form

print("Binary Form:{0:b}".format(153))
print("Octal Form:{0:o}".format(153))
print("Hexa decimal Form:{0:x}".format(154))
print("Hexa decimal Form:{0:X}".format(154))

Output:
Binary Form:10011001
Octal Form:231
Hexa decimal Form:9a
Hexa decimal Form:9A

Note: We can represent only int values in binary, octal and hexadecimal and it is not possible for
float values.

Note:
{:5d} It takes an intEger argument and assigns a minimum width of 5.
{:8.3f} It takes a float argument and assigns a minimum width of 8 including "." and after decimal
point excatly 3 digits are allowed with round operation if required
{:05d} The blank places can be filled with 0. In this place only 0 allowed.

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Case-3: Number formatting for signed numbers

While displaying positive numbers,if we want to include + then we have to write

{:+d} and {:+f}

Using plus for -ve numbers there is no use and for -ve numbers - sign will come automatically.

print("int value with sign:{:+d}".format(123))

print("int value with sign:{:+d}".format(-123))
print("float value with sign:{:+f}".format(123.456))
print("float value with sign:{:+f}".format(-123.456))

Output:
int value with sign:+123
int value with sign:-123
float value with sign:+123.456000
float value with sign:-123.456000

Case-4: Number formatting with alignment

<,>,^ and = are used for alignment

<==>Left Alignment to the remaining space
^===>Center alignment to the remaining space
>===> Right alignment to the remaining space
= ===>Forces the signed(+) (-) to the left most position

Note: Default Alignment for numbers is Right Alignment.

Ex:

1) print("{:5d}".format(12))
2) print("{:<5d}".format(12))
3) print("{:<05d}".format(12))
4) print("{:>5d}".format(12))
5) print("{:>05d}".format(12))
6) print("{:^5d}".format(12))
7) print("{:=5d}".format(-12))
8) print("{:^10.3f}".format(12.23456))
9) print("{:=8.3f}".format(-12.23456))

Output:
12
12
12000
12
00012
12
-12

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12.235
- 12.235

Case-5: String formatting with format()

Similar to numbers, we can format String values also with format() method.

s.format(string)

Eg:

1) print("{:5d}".format(12))
2) print("{:5}".format("rat"))
3) print("{:>5}".format("rat"))
4) print("{:<5}".format("rat"))
5) print("{:^5}".format("rat"))
6) print("{:*^5}".format("rat")) #Instead of * we can use any character(like +,$,a etc)

Output:
12
rat
rat
rat
rat
*rat*

Note: For numbers default alignment is right where as for strings default alignment is left

Case-6: Truncating Strings with format() method

1) print("{:.3}".format("durgasoftware"))
2) print("{:5.3}".format("durgasoftware"))
3) print("{:>5.3}".format("durgasoftware"))
4) print("{:^5.3}".format("durgasoftware"))
5) print("{:*^5.3}".format("durgasoftware"))

Output:
dur
dur
dur
dur
*dur*

Case-7: Formatting dictionary members using format()

1) person={'age':48,'name':'durga'}
2) print("{p[name]}'s age is: {p[age]}".format(p=person))

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Output:
durga's age is: 48
Note: p is alias name of dictionary
person dictionary we are passing as keyword argument

More convinient way is to use **person

Eg:

1) person={'age':48,'name':'durga'}
2) print("{name}'s age is: {age}".format(**person))

Output:
durga's age is: 48

Case-8: Formatting class members using format()

Eg:

1) class Person:
2) age=48
3) name="durga"
4) print("{p.name}'s age is :{p.age}".format(p=Person()))

Output:
durga's age is :48

Eg:

1) class Person:
2) def __init__(self,name,age):
3) self.name=name
4) self.age=age
5) print("{p.name}'s age is :{p.age}".format(p=Person('durga',48)))
6) print("{p.name}'s age is :{p.age}".format(p=Person('Ravi',50)))

Note: Here Person object is passed as keyword argument. We can access by using its reference
variable in the template string

Case-9: Dynamic Formatting using format()

1) string="{:{fill}{align}{width}}"
2) print(string.format('cat',fill='*',align='^',width=5))
3) print(string.format('cat',fill='*',align='^',width=6))
4) print(string.format('cat',fill='*',align='<',width=6))
5) print(string.format('cat',fill='*',align='>',width=6))

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Output:
*cat*
*cat**
cat***
***cat

Case-10: Dynamic Float format template

1) num="{:{align}{width}.{precision}f}"
2) print(num.format(123.236,align='<',width=8,precision=2))
3) print(num.format(123.236,align='>',width=8,precision=2))

Output:
123.24
123.24

Case-11: Formatting Date values

1) import datetime
2) #datetime formatting
3) date=datetime.datetime.now()
4) print("It's now:{:%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S}".format(date))

Output: It's now:09/03/2018 12:36:26

Case-12: Formatting complex numbers

1) complexNumber=1+2j
2) print("Real Part:{0.real} and Imaginary Part:{0.imag}".format(complexNumber))

Output: Real Part:1.0 and Imaginary Part:2.0

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 String functions and methods
Method Result Example
len() Returns the length of the string r=len(a) will be 4
str.capitalize() To capitalize the string r=a.capitalize() will be “COMP”
str.title() Will return title case string
str.upper() Will return title case string r=a.upper() will be “COMP”
str.lower() Will return string in lower case r=a.upper() will be “comp”
str.count() will return the total count of a given r=a.count(‘o’) will be 1
element in a string
str.find(sub) To find the substring position(starts r=a.find (‘m’) will be 2
from 0 index)
str.replace() Return the string with replaced sub r=b.replace(‘my’,’your’) will be ‘your comp’
strings
str.index() Returns index position of Substring r=a.index(‘om’) will be 1
str.isalnum() String consists of only alphanumeric r=a.isalnum() will return True
characters (no symbols)
str.isalpha() String consists of only alphabetic
characters (no symbols)
str.islower() String’s alphabetic characters are all
lower case
str.isnumeric() String consists of only numeric
characters
str.isspace() String consists of only whitespace
characters
str.istitle() String is in title case
str.isupper() String’s alphabetic characters are all
upper case
str.lstrip(char) Returns a copy of the string with
str.rstrip(char) leading/trailing characters removed
str.strip(char) Removes specific character from
leading and trailing position
str.split() Returns list of strings as splitted
str.partition() Partition the string on first occurrence
of substring
String Special Operators
+ Concatenation – to add two strings
* Replicate same string multiple times
(Repetition) one operant must be int
and other str
[:] Range Slice –Range string
in Membership check
not in Membership check for non availability
% Format the string print ("My Subject is %s and class is %d" % ('Comp Sc',
11))

%s -string conversion via str() prior to formatting

%i -signed decimal integer %d -signed decimal integer
%u -unsigned decimal integer %o -octal integer
%x -hexadecimal integer (lowercase letters)
%X -hexadecimal integer (UPPERcase letters)
%e -exponential notation (with lowercase 'e')
%E -exponential notation (with UPPERcase 'E')
%f -floating point real number
%c -character
%G -the shorter of %f and %E
Method METHODS DESCRIPTION:
endswith(s1: str): bool Returns True if strings ends with substring s1
startswith(s1: str): bool Returns True if strings starts with substring s1
count(substring): int Returns number of occurrences of substring the string
find(s1): int Returns lowest index from where s1 starts in the string, if string not
found returns -1
rfind(s1): int Returns highest index from where s1 starts in the string, if string not
found returns -1