Scenario Series – Tricky case sensitive /insensitive Join output

question
Here are the answers for the SQL and PySpark join operations based on the provided tables
and the specified considerations:
Table Structure:

Here’s a complete summary of the results for all join types assuming case insensitivity in
MS SQL. This includes the correct row counts and reasoning for each join type.

Inner Join (Case-Insensitive)

• Matching Rows:
o "A" matches with "a".
o "a" matches with "a" (two instances).
o "B" matches with "b".
o "c" matches with "C".
• Result:
Col1 Col2
A a
a a
a a

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 Col1 Col2
B b
c C
• Number of Rows: 5 rows

Left Join (Case-Insensitive)

• All Rows from Table 1 are kept. Matching rows are combined, and non-matching
rows have Col2 as NULL.
• Result:
Col1 Col2
A a
a a
a a
B b
NULL NULL
c C
• Number of Rows: 6 rows

Right Join (Case-Insensitive)

• All Rows from Table 2 are kept. Matching rows are combined, and non-matching
rows have Col1 as NULL.
• Result:
Col1 Col2
A a
a a
a a
B b
c C
NULL NULL
NULL NULL
• Number of Rows: 7 rows

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 Full Outer Join (Case-Insensitive)
• All Rows from Both Tables are kept. Matching rows are combined, and for non-
matching rows, NULL is filled in.
• Result:
Col1 Col2
A a
a a
a a
B b
c C
NULL NULL
NULL NULL
NULL NULL
• Number of Rows: 8 rows

Left Anti Join (Case-Insensitive)

• Rows from Table 1 that do not have a match in Table 2.
• Result:
Col1
NULL
• Number of Rows: 1 row

Right Anti Join (Case-Insensitive)

• Rows from Table 2 that do not have a match in Table 1.
• Result:
Col2
NULL
NULL
• Number of Rows: 2 rows

Final Summary (Case-Insensitive):

1. Inner Join: 5 rows
2. Left Join: 6 rows
3. Right Join: 7 rows

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 4. Full Outer Join: 8 rows
5. Left Anti Join: 1 row
6. Right Anti Join: 2 rows

When considering case sensitivity in PySpark (the default behavior), the output for each
join type changes since "A" and "a" are treated as different values, and "c" and "C" are also
different. Below is a detailed explanation for each join type, assuming case sensitivity:

Inner Join (Case-Sensitive)

• How It Joins:
o Only rows where the values of Col1 and Col2 match exactly (case-sensitive) are
included in the result.
• Matching Rows:
o "a" matches with "a" (two instances).
o No other matches due to case sensitivity.
• Result:
Col1 Col2
a a
a a
• Number of Rows: 2 rows

Left Join (Case-Sensitive)

• How It Joins:
o All rows from Table 1 are kept. Matching rows from Table 2 are combined. If no
match is found, Col2 will have NULL values.
• Result:
Col1 Col2
A NULL
a a
a a
B NULL
NULL NULL
c NULL
• Explanation:
o "A" from Table 1 has no match in Table 2 (case-sensitive).

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 "a" matches with "a" (two instances).
o
o "B" from Table 1 has no match.
o "c" from Table 1 has no match because "C" is different.
o The NULL value from Table 1 matches with NULL from Table 2.
• Number of Rows: 6 rows

Right Join (Case-Sensitive)

• How It Joins:
o All rows from Table 2 are kept. Matching rows from Table 1 are combined. If no
match is found, Col1 will have NULL values.
• Result:
Col1 Col2
a a
a a
NULL b
NULL C
NULL NULL
NULL NULL
• Explanation:
o "a" from Table 1 matches with "a" from Table 2 (two instances).
o "b" from Table 2 has no match in Table 1, so Col1 is NULL.
o "C" from Table 2 has no match because "c" is different.
o The two NULL values from Table 2 are retained.
• Number of Rows: 6 rows

Full Outer Join (Case-Sensitive)

• How It Joins:
o All rows from both tables are kept. Matching rows are combined, and non-
matching rows will have NULL values on the side that has no corresponding
match.
• Result:
Col1 Col2
A NULL
a a
a a

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 Col1 Col2
B NULL
NULL b
c NULL
NULL C
NULL NULL
NULL NULL
• Explanation:
o "A" from Table 1 has no match in Table 2.
o "a" matches with "a" (two instances).
o "B" from Table 1 has no match.
o "b" from Table 2 has no match.
o "c" from Table 1 has no match because "C" is different.
o "C" from Table 2 has no match.
o NULL values from both tables are retained.
• Number of Rows: 9 rows

Left Anti Join (Case-Sensitive)

• How It Joins:
o Only rows from Table 1 that do not have a matching value in Table 2 are
returned.
• Result:
Col1
A
B
NULL
c
• Explanation:
o "A" has no match.
o "B" has no match.
o NULL from Table 1 has no match with NULL from Table 2 (PySpark does not
consider NULL values as equal by default).
o "c" has no match because "C" is different.
• Number of Rows: 4 rows

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 Right Anti Join (Case-Sensitive)
• How It Joins:
o Only rows from Table 2 that do not have a matching value in Table 1 are
returned.
• Result:
Col2 •

b
C
NULL
NULL
Explanation:
o "b" has no match.
o "C" has no match because "c" is different.
o The two NULL values from Table 2 have no match with the NULL value in Table
1 (PySpark does not consider NULL values as equal by default).
• Number of Rows: 4 rows

Final Summary (Case-Sensitive in PySpark):

1. Inner Join: 2 rows
2. Left Join: 6 rows
3. Right Join: 6 rows
4. Full Outer Join: 9 rows
5. Left Anti Join: 4 rows
6. Right Anti Join: 4 rows

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Scenario Series 13 -- 𝐑𝐞𝐚𝐥-𝐖𝐨𝐫𝐥𝐝 𝐀𝐩𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐨𝐟 Aggregate
Functions

CREATE TABLE Sales (

SaleID INT PRIMARY KEY,
ProductName VARCHAR(100),
SaleAmount DECIMAL(10, 2),
SaleDate DATE
);

INSERT INTO Sales (SaleID, ProductName, SaleAmount,

SaleDate)
VALUES
(1, 'Product A', 100.00, '2024-01-01'),
(2, 'Product B', 200.00, '2024-01-02'),
(3, 'Product A', 150.00, '2024-01-03'),
(4, 'Product C', 250.00, '2024-01-04'),
(5, 'Product B', 300.00, '2024-01-05'),
(6, 'Product D', 400.00, '2024-01-06'),
(7, 'Product A', 120.00, '2024-01-07'),
(8, 'Product C', 220.00, '2024-01-08'),
(9, 'Product D', 320.00, '2024-01-09'),
(10, 'Product B', 210.00, '2024-01-10'),
(11, 'Product C', 130.00, '2024-01-11'),
(12, 'Product A', 140.00, '2024-01-12'),
(13, 'Product B', 180.00, '2024-01-13'),
(14, 'Product D', 340.00, '2024-01-14'),
(15, 'Product A', 160.00, '2024-01-15'),
(16, 'Product B', 190.00, '2024-01-16'),
(17, 'Product C', 260.00, '2024-01-17'),
(18, 'Product D', 280.00, '2024-01-18'),
(19, 'Product A', 110.00, '2024-01-19'),
(20, 'Product B', 250.00, '2024-01-20');

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-- 1. Total Sales per Product - Products with total
sales greater than $500
SELECT ProductName, SUM(SaleAmount) AS TotalSales
FROM Sales
GROUP BY ProductName
HAVING SUM(SaleAmount) > 500;

-- 2. Total Sales per Product - Products with total

sales between $500 and $800
SELECT ProductName, SUM(SaleAmount) AS TotalSales
FROM Sales
GROUP BY ProductName
HAVING SUM(SaleAmount) BETWEEN 500 AND 800;

-- 3. Total Sales per Product - Products with total

sales exactly $860
SELECT ProductName, SUM(SaleAmount) AS TotalSales
FROM Sales
GROUP BY ProductName
HAVING SUM(SaleAmount) = 860;

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-- 4. Number of Sales per Product - Products with
more than 5 sales records
SELECT ProductName, COUNT(*) AS NumberOfSales
FROM Sales
GROUP BY ProductName
HAVING COUNT(*) > 5;

-- 5. Total Sales per Date - Dates with total sales

above $250
SELECT SaleDate, SUM(SaleAmount) AS TotalSales
FROM Sales
GROUP BY SaleDate
HAVING SUM(SaleAmount) > 1000;

-- 6. Total Sales per Product - Products with total

sales less than $1000 and more than $700
SELECT ProductName, SUM(SaleAmount) AS TotalSales
FROM Sales
GROUP BY ProductName
HAVING SUM(SaleAmount) < 1000 AND SUM(SaleAmount) >
700;

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-- 7. Total Sales per Product - Products with
exactly 4 sales records
SELECT ProductName, COUNT(*) AS NumberOfSales,
SUM(SaleAmount) AS TotalSales
FROM Sales
GROUP BY ProductName
HAVING COUNT(*) = 4;

-- 8. Total Sales per Month - Months with total

sales greater than $1000
SELECT DATEPART(MONTH, SaleDate) AS SaleMonth,
SUM(SaleAmount) AS TotalSales
FROM Sales
GROUP BY DATEPART(MONTH, SaleDate)
HAVING SUM(SaleAmount) > 1000;

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-- 9. Total Sales per Day of Week - Days of the
week with total sales above $500
SELECT DATENAME(WEEKDAY, SaleDate) AS DayOfWeek,
SUM(SaleAmount) AS TotalSales
FROM Sales
GROUP BY DATENAME(WEEKDAY, SaleDate)
HAVING SUM(SaleAmount) > 500;

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𝐒𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐨 𝐒𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬 11 -- 𝐌𝐚𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐒𝐐𝐋 𝐉𝐨𝐢𝐧𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐐𝐮𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬 𝐋𝐢𝐤𝐞 𝐍𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐫
𝐁𝐞𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐞!

-- Creating Salesman Table

CREATE TABLE Salesman (
SalesmanID INT PRIMARY KEY,
SalesmanName VARCHAR(100),
City VARCHAR(100),
Commission DECIMAL(5, 2)
);

-- Inserting Records into Salesman Table

INSERT INTO Salesman (SalesmanID, SalesmanName, City,
Commission)
VALUES
(1, 'John Doe', 'New York', 15.00),
(2, 'Jane Smith', 'Los Angeles', NULL),
(3, 'Michael Johnson', 'Chicago', 12.50),
(4, 'Emily Davis', 'New York', 11.00),
(5, 'Chris Brown', 'Chicago', 14.00),
(6, 'Patricia Taylor', 'Los Angeles', 13.00),
(7, 'Daniel Wilson', 'San Francisco', 16.00),
(8, 'Laura Martinez', 'San Francisco', NULL),
(9, 'Kevin Anderson', 'New York', 12.00),
(10, 'Elizabeth Thomas', 'Chicago', 14.50);

-- Creating Customer Table

CREATE TABLE Customer (
CustomerID INT PRIMARY KEY,
CustomerName VARCHAR(100),
City VARCHAR(100),
Grade INT
);

-- Inserting Records into Customer Table

INSERT INTO Customer (CustomerID, CustomerName, City,
Grade)
VALUES
(1, 'Alice Green', 'New York', 320),

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(2, 'Bob White', 'Los Angeles', 280),
(3, 'Charlie Black', 'Chicago', 290),
(4, 'David Blue', 'New York', 310),
(5, 'Eve Red', 'San Francisco', NULL),
(6, 'Frank Purple', 'Chicago', 330),
(7, 'Grace Yellow', 'Los Angeles', 310),
(8, 'Hannah Grey', 'San Francisco', 300),
(9, 'Ivy Orange', 'New York', 305),
(10, 'Jack Brown', 'Chicago', 290);

-- Creating Order Table

CREATE TABLE [Order] (
OrderID INT PRIMARY KEY,
CustomerID INT NULL,
SalesmanID INT NULL,
OrderAmount DECIMAL(10, 2),
OrderDate DATE,
FOREIGN KEY (CustomerID) REFERENCES
Customer(CustomerID),
FOREIGN KEY (SalesmanID) REFERENCES
Salesman(SalesmanID)
);

-- Inserting Records into Order Table

INSERT INTO [Order] (OrderID, CustomerID, SalesmanID,
OrderAmount, OrderDate)
VALUES
(1, 1, 1, 600.00, '2024-01-01'),
(2, 2, 2, 700.00, '2024-01-02'),
(3, 3, 3, 800.00, '2024-01-03'),
(4, 4, 4, 1000.00, '2024-01-04'),
(5, 5, 5, 1200.00, '2024-01-05'),
(6, 6, NULL, 900.00, '2024-01-06'),
(7, NULL, 7, 1100.00, '2024-01-07'),
(8, 8, 8, 500.00, '2024-01-08'),
(9, 9, 9, 1300.00, '2024-01-09'),
(10, 10, 10, 1400.00, '2024-01-10'),
(11, 1, 2, 1500.00, '2024-01-11'),
(12, 2, 3, 1600.00, '2024-01-12'),
(13, 3, 4, 1700.00, '2024-01-13'),

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(14, 4, 5, 1800.00, '2024-01-14'),
(15, 5, 6, 1900.00, '2024-01-15'),
(16, 6, 7, 2000.00, '2024-01-16'),
(17, 7, 8, 2100.00, '2024-01-17'),
(18, 8, 9, 2200.00, '2024-01-18'),
(19, 9, 10, 2300.00, '2024-01-19'),
(20, 10, 1, 2400.00, '2024-01-20');

-- Same City Salesmen and Customers: List salesman and

customer names with their cities where both belong to the
same city. 🏙️
SELECT s.SalesmanName, s.City AS SalesmanCity,
c.CustomerName, c.City AS CustomerCity
FROM Salesman s
JOIN Customer c ON s.City = c.City;

-- Orders Between $500 and $2000: Retrieve order numbers,

amounts, customer names, and cities for orders between
$500 and $2000. 💵
SELECT o.OrderID, o.OrderAmount, c.CustomerName, c.City
FROM [Order] o
JOIN Customer c ON o.CustomerID = c.CustomerID
WHERE o.OrderAmount BETWEEN 500 AND 2000;

--Salesmen and Their Customers: Identify which salesmen

work with which customers. 🛠️
SELECT s.SalesmanName, c.CustomerName
FROM Salesman s
JOIN [Order] o ON s.SalesmanID = o.SalesmanID
JOIN Customer c ON o.CustomerID = c.CustomerID;

High Commission Salesmen: Find customers whose salesmen

earn over 12% commission. 📈
SELECT DISTINCT c.CustomerName
FROM Salesman s
JOIN [Order] o ON s.SalesmanID = o.SalesmanID
JOIN Customer c ON o.CustomerID = c.CustomerID
WHERE s.Commission > 12;

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Different City Salesmen: List customers whose salesmen
work in a different city and earn more than 12%
commission. 🌍
SELECT DISTINCT c.CustomerName
FROM Salesman s
JOIN [Order] o ON s.SalesmanID = o.SalesmanID
JOIN Customer c ON o.CustomerID = c.CustomerID
WHERE s.City <> c.City AND s.Commission > 12;

Order Details: Get details of each order, including

number, date, amount, customer name, and salesman
commission. 📋
SELECT o.OrderID, o.OrderDate, o.OrderAmount,
c.CustomerName, s.Commission
FROM [Order] o
JOIN Customer c ON o.CustomerID = c.CustomerID
JOIN Salesman s ON o.SalesmanID = s.SalesmanID;

Join All Three Tables: Join Salesman, Customer, and Order

tables, ensuring unique columns and relational rows. 🔗
SELECT o.OrderID, o.OrderDate, o.OrderAmount,
s.SalesmanName, c.CustomerName, s.City AS SalesmanCity,
c.City AS CustomerCity
FROM [Order] o
JOIN Salesman s ON o.SalesmanID = s.SalesmanID
JOIN Customer c ON o.CustomerID = c.CustomerID;

Customers With or Without Salesmen: List customers who

work with a salesman or independently. 📊
SELECT c.CustomerName
FROM Customer c
LEFT JOIN [Order] o ON c.CustomerID = o.CustomerID
GROUP BY c.CustomerName
HAVING COUNT(o.OrderID) > 0 OR COUNT(o.OrderID) = 0;

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Customers With Low Grade: Retrieve customers with grades
under 300 who work with a salesman or independently. 📉
SELECT c.CustomerName, c.Grade
FROM Customer c
LEFT JOIN [Order] o ON c.CustomerID = o.CustomerID
WHERE c.Grade < 300;

Order Report: Report customer name, city, order number,

date, and amount for customers with multiple orders. 📅
SELECT c.CustomerName, c.City, o.OrderID, o.OrderDate,
o.OrderAmount
FROM Customer c
JOIN [Order] o ON c.CustomerID = o.CustomerID
GROUP BY c.CustomerName, c.City, o.OrderID, o.OrderDate,
o.OrderAmount
HAVING COUNT(o.OrderID) > 1;

Salesman Report: Show customer name, city, order number,

date, amount, salesman name, and commission, highlighting
those without orders. 🧾
SELECT c.CustomerName, c.City, o.OrderID, o.OrderDate,
o.OrderAmount, s.SalesmanName, s.Commission
FROM Customer c
LEFT JOIN [Order] o ON c.CustomerID = o.CustomerID
LEFT JOIN Salesman s ON o.SalesmanID = s.SalesmanID
GROUP BY c.CustomerName, c.City, o.OrderID, o.OrderDate,
o.OrderAmount, s.SalesmanName, s.Commission;

Salesmen by Customer Orders: List salesmen who work for

customers with one or more than three orders. 📜
SELECT s.SalesmanName
FROM Salesman s
JOIN [Order] o ON s.SalesmanID = o.SalesmanID
GROUP BY s.SalesmanName
HAVING COUNT(o.OrderID) = 1 OR COUNT(o.OrderID) > 3;

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High-Value Orders: Find salesmen working for customers
with orders of $2000+ and a grade, or customers with no
orders. 📈
SELECT DISTINCT s.SalesmanName
FROM Salesman s
JOIN [Order] o ON s.SalesmanID = o.SalesmanID
JOIN Customer c ON o.CustomerID = c.CustomerID
WHERE o.OrderAmount > 2000 AND c.Grade IS NOT NULL
UNION
SELECT DISTINCT s.SalesmanName
FROM Salesman s
LEFT JOIN [Order] o ON s.SalesmanID = o.SalesmanID
WHERE o.OrderID IS NULL;

Customers’ Orders Report: Report customer names, cities,

order numbers, dates, and amounts for those with orders.
📝
SELECT c.CustomerName, c.City, o.OrderID, o.OrderDate,
o.OrderAmount
FROM Customer c
JOIN [Order] o ON c.CustomerID = o.CustomerID;

Grade-Based Orders Report: Report customers with a grade

who placed zero orders. 📚
SELECT c.CustomerName, c.City, c.Grade
FROM Customer c
LEFT JOIN [Order] o ON c.CustomerID = o.CustomerID
WHERE o.OrderID IS NULL AND c.Grade IS NOT NULL;

Cartesian Product: Find the count of Cartesian product

between all salesmen and customers. 🔄
SELECT COUNT(*) AS CartesianProductCount
FROM Salesman s
CROSS JOIN Customer c;

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Cartesian Product by City: Create a Cartesian product
between all salesmen and customers belonging to a specific
city. 🌆
SELECT COUNT(*) AS CartesianProductCount
FROM Salesman s
CROSS JOIN Customer c
WHERE s.City = c.City;

Salesmen from City with Grade Customers: Create a

Cartesian product between salesmen from a city and
customers with a grade. 📊
SELECT COUNT(*) AS CartesianProductCount
FROM Salesman s
CROSS JOIN Customer c
WHERE s.City = c.City AND c.Grade IS NOT NULL;

Different City Salesmen with Grade Customers: Create a

Cartesian product between salesmen from a city different
from their customers’ city, and customers with a grade. 🌐
SELECT COUNT(*) AS CartesianProductCount
FROM Salesman s
CROSS JOIN Customer c
WHERE s.City <> c.City AND c.Grade IS NOT NULL;

Advanced Cartesian Product: Create a Cartesian product

between all salesmen and customers where salesmen belong
to a different city from their customers, and customers
should not have a grade.
SELECT COUNT(*) AS CartesianProductCount
FROM Salesman s
CROSS JOIN Customer c
WHERE s.City <> c.City AND c.Grade IS NULL;

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Scenario Series 12 -- 𝐑𝐞𝐚𝐥-𝐖𝐨𝐫𝐥𝐝 𝐀𝐩𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠
𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐃𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐅𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬

-- Create the Employee table

CREATE TABLE Employee (
EmployeeID INT PRIMARY KEY,
FirstName VARCHAR(50),
LastName VARCHAR(50),
Position VARCHAR(50),
Department VARCHAR(50),
HireDate DATE,
Salary DECIMAL(10, 2),
Email VARCHAR(100)
);

-- Insert data into the Employee table

INSERT INTO Employee (EmployeeID, FirstName, LastName, Position, Department, HireDate,
Salary, Email)
VALUES
(1, 'John', 'Doe', 'Manager', 'Sales', '2018-01-15', 75000, 'john.doe@example.com'),
(2, 'Jane', 'Smith', 'Developer', 'IT', '2019-03-22', 85000,
'jane.smith@example.com'),
(3, 'Alice', 'Brown', 'Analyst', 'Finance', '2020-07-19', 65000,
'alice.brown@example.com'),
(4, 'Bob', 'Davis', 'Consultant', 'HR', '2021-05-10', 70000, 'bob.davis@example.com'),
(5, 'Eve', 'White', 'Assistant', 'Admin', '2017-12-05', 45000,
'eve.white@example.com');

1. 👥 𝐅𝐮𝐥𝐥 𝐍𝐚𝐦𝐞 𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐲: How can you display the full name of
each employee by combining their first and last names?

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2. 𝐒𝐮𝐛𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐄𝐱𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧:
How would you extract the first three characters of an
employee's first name?

How could you extract the last three characters of a job title?

How can you pull a department name starting from the second
character?

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3. 𝐍𝐚𝐦𝐞 𝐋𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡 𝐂𝐡𝐞𝐜𝐤: How would you find the length of each
employee's first name to ensure it meets specific criteria?

4. 𝐂𝐚𝐬𝐞 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧:
How can you convert first names to uppercase for consistency?
How would you convert last names to lowercase, perhaps for
generating email addresses?

5. 𝐓𝐞𝐱𝐭 𝐑𝐞𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭:
How would you update all occurrences of the word "Manager"
to "Lead" in job titles?
How could you replace "IT" with "Technology" in department
names?
How would you replace spaces with hyphens in full names for
URL-friendly formatting?

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6. 𝐄𝐦𝐚𝐢𝐥 𝐌𝐚𝐬𝐤𝐢𝐧𝐠: What’s the best way to mask an email address
so that only the first three characters and the domain are visible,
keeping the rest private?

STUFF(Email, 4, CHARINDEX('@', Email) - 4, REPLICATE('*',

CHARINDEX('@', Email) - 4)):
• Email: The original email address.
• 4: The starting position where masking begins (the
4th character).
• CHARINDEX('@', Email) - 4: The length of the string
to be replaced, which is the number of characters
between the 3rd position and the @ symbol.
• REPLICATE('*', CHARINDEX('@', Email) - 4): The
replacement string, which is a series of asterisks
(*) to mask the characters.

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𝐃𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐌𝐚𝐧𝐚𝐠𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭:
How would you extract just the date from a hire date field?

How can you break down the hire date into year, month, and
day components?

What’s the best way to calculate the number of days an

employee has been with the company?

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 How would you add a year to the hire date for tracking
anniversaries?

Find Employees Hired in a Specific Month (e.g., January)

Determine the Weekday of the Hire Date

Calculate the Number of Weeks Since the Hire Date

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 Find the Last Working Day of the Current Month

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Scenario series 6 →Interview questions→ Work with different join
in SQL

o You have two tables, table1 and table2, representing data collected from
two different sources. You want to combine this data to analyse how the
entries from these sources relate to each other.
o The goal is to understand various types of joins and how they impact the
data returned from the tables.
table1 table2
col1
1 col2
2 1
3 2
1 3
1 Null
Null 4
2
Null

Inner Join
Returns only the rows with matching values in both tables.
SELECT t1.col1, t2.col2
FROM table1 t1
INNER JOIN table2 t2 ON t1.col1 = t2.col2;
Result:
col1 col2
1 1
2 2
3 3
1 1
1 1
2 2

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Left Join (Left Outer Join)
Returns all rows from the left table (table1), and the matched rows from the
right table (table2). If there is no match, NULL values are returned for
columns from the right table.

SELECT t1.col1, t2.col2

FROM table1 t1
LEFT JOIN table2 t2 ON t1.col1 = t2.col2;

Result:
col1 col2
1 1
2 2
3 3
1 1
1 1
Null Null
2 2
Null Null

Right Join (Right Outer Join)

Returns all rows from the right table (table2), and the matched rows from
the left table (table1). If there is no match, NULL values are returned for
columns from the left table.

SELECT t1.col1, t2.col2

FROM table1 t1
RIGHT JOIN table2 t2 ON t1.col1 = t2.col2;

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Result:
col1 col2
1 1
2 2
3 3
1 1
1 1
Null Null
Null 4

Full Outer Join

Returns all rows when there is a match in either left (table1) or right (table2)
table. If there is no match, NULL values are returned for the columns that
don't have a matching row.

SELECT t1.col1, t2.col2

FROM table1 t1
FULL OUTER JOIN table2 t2 ON t1.col1 = t2.col2;

Result:
col1 col2
1 1
2 2
3 3
1 1
1 1
Null Null
Null 4
Null Null

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Cross Join
Returns the Cartesian product of both tables, i.e., it returns all possible
combinations of rows from table1 and table2.
SELECT t1.col1, t2.col2
FROM table1 t1
CROSS JOIN table2 t2;
Result:
col1 col2
1 1
1 2
1 3
1 Null
1 4
2 1
2 2
2 3
2 Null
2 4
3 1
3 2
3 3
3 Null
3 4
1 1
1 2
1 3
1 Null
1 4
1 1
1 2
1 3

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col1 col2
1 Null
1 4
Null 1
Null 2
Null 3
Null Null
Null 4
2 1
2 2
2 3
2 Null
2 4
Null 1
Null 2
Null 3
Null Null
Null 4

Self Join
A Self Join is a regular join, but the table is joined with itself. This can be
useful when comparing rows within the same table.
Let's compare the values in table1 with each other to find rows where the
value in col1 is the same:

SELECT t1.col1 AS col1_a, t2.col1 AS col1_b

FROM table1 t1
INNER JOIN table1 t2 ON t1.col1 = t2.col1;

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Result:
col1_a col1_b
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
2 2
2 2
3 3
1 1
1 1
1 1

This setup provides a comprehensive understanding of how different SQL joins

work and their results using table1 and table2.

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Scenario Series 13 -- 𝐑𝐞𝐚𝐥-𝐖𝐨𝐫𝐥𝐝 𝐀𝐩𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐨𝐟 Aggregate
Functions

CREATE TABLE Sales (

SaleID INT PRIMARY KEY,
ProductName VARCHAR(100),
SaleAmount DECIMAL(10, 2),
SaleDate DATE
);

INSERT INTO Sales (SaleID, ProductName, SaleAmount,

SaleDate)
VALUES
(1, 'Product A', 100.00, '2024-01-01'),
(2, 'Product B', 200.00, '2024-01-02'),
(3, 'Product A', 150.00, '2024-01-03'),
(4, 'Product C', 250.00, '2024-01-04'),
(5, 'Product B', 300.00, '2024-01-05'),
(6, 'Product D', 400.00, '2024-01-06'),
(7, 'Product A', 120.00, '2024-01-07'),
(8, 'Product C', 220.00, '2024-01-08'),
(9, 'Product D', 320.00, '2024-01-09'),
(10, 'Product B', 210.00, '2024-01-10'),
(11, 'Product C', 130.00, '2024-01-11'),
(12, 'Product A', 140.00, '2024-01-12'),
(13, 'Product B', 180.00, '2024-01-13'),
(14, 'Product D', 340.00, '2024-01-14'),
(15, 'Product A', 160.00, '2024-01-15'),
(16, 'Product B', 190.00, '2024-01-16'),
(17, 'Product C', 260.00, '2024-01-17'),
(18, 'Product D', 280.00, '2024-01-18'),
(19, 'Product A', 110.00, '2024-01-19'),
(20, 'Product B', 250.00, '2024-01-20');

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-- 1. Total Sales per Product - Products with total
sales greater than $500
SELECT ProductName, SUM(SaleAmount) AS TotalSales
FROM Sales
GROUP BY ProductName
HAVING SUM(SaleAmount) > 500;

-- 2. Total Sales per Product - Products with total

sales between $500 and $800
SELECT ProductName, SUM(SaleAmount) AS TotalSales
FROM Sales
GROUP BY ProductName
HAVING SUM(SaleAmount) BETWEEN 500 AND 800;

-- 3. Total Sales per Product - Products with total

sales exactly $860
SELECT ProductName, SUM(SaleAmount) AS TotalSales
FROM Sales
GROUP BY ProductName
HAVING SUM(SaleAmount) = 860;

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-- 4. Number of Sales per Product - Products with
more than 5 sales records
SELECT ProductName, COUNT(*) AS NumberOfSales
FROM Sales
GROUP BY ProductName
HAVING COUNT(*) > 5;

-- 5. Total Sales per Date - Dates with total sales

above $250
SELECT SaleDate, SUM(SaleAmount) AS TotalSales
FROM Sales
GROUP BY SaleDate
HAVING SUM(SaleAmount) > 1000;

-- 6. Total Sales per Product - Products with total

sales less than $1000 and more than $700
SELECT ProductName, SUM(SaleAmount) AS TotalSales
FROM Sales
GROUP BY ProductName
HAVING SUM(SaleAmount) < 1000 AND SUM(SaleAmount) >
700;

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-- 7. Total Sales per Product - Products with
exactly 4 sales records
SELECT ProductName, COUNT(*) AS NumberOfSales,
SUM(SaleAmount) AS TotalSales
FROM Sales
GROUP BY ProductName
HAVING COUNT(*) = 4;

-- 8. Total Sales per Month - Months with total

sales greater than $1000
SELECT DATEPART(MONTH, SaleDate) AS SaleMonth,
SUM(SaleAmount) AS TotalSales
FROM Sales
GROUP BY DATEPART(MONTH, SaleDate)
HAVING SUM(SaleAmount) > 1000;

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-- 9. Total Sales per Day of Week - Days of the
week with total sales above $500
SELECT DATENAME(WEEKDAY, SaleDate) AS DayOfWeek,
SUM(SaleAmount) AS TotalSales
FROM Sales
GROUP BY DATENAME(WEEKDAY, SaleDate)
HAVING SUM(SaleAmount) > 500;

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Scenario series 8 →Interview questions→ Where vs Having Clause

SQL Showdown: WHERE vs. HAVING – Which One to Use and When?

Ever found yourself puzzled over when to use WHERE and when to reach for HAVING? Let’s
dive into the epic battle of these two SQL clauses with a simple example!

The Setup:

You’ve got a Sales table recording your product sales:

Create table Sales (Product nvarchar(50), SaleAmount int )

Insert into Sales values ('iPhone', 500)

Insert into Sales values ('Laptop', 800)
Insert into Sales values ('iPhone', 1000)
Insert into Sales values ('Speakers', 400)
Insert into Sales values ('Laptop', 600)

SELECT * FROM SALES

Round 1: The Basics

Let’s start by grouping sales by product:
SELECT PRODUCT, SUM(SALEAMOUNT) FROM Sales GROUP BY PRODUCT

This gives us the total sales for each product. But what if you only want to see products with
total sales greater than 1000?

Round 2: Enter HAVING

Here’s where HAVING comes into play:

SELECT PRODUCT,SUM (SALEAMOUNT) FROM SALES GROUP BY PRODUCT HAVING

SUM(SALEAMOUNT) > 1000

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💥 Why HAVING? It lets you filter after the data has been grouped and aggregated. Perfect
for conditions involving SUM(), COUNT(), and other aggregate functions!

🥊 Round 3: The WHERE Dilemma

Now, what if you try to use WHERE instead?

SELECT PRODUCT,SUM(SALEAMOUNT) FROM SALES

GROUP BY PRODUCT WHERE SUM(SALEAMOUNT) > 1000

Oops! WHERE can’t be used with aggregate functions because it filters before the
aggregation. Lesson learned!

Round 4: WHERE vs. HAVING in Action

Let’s see these two in a real-world scenario:

Using WHERE: You want to calculate total sales for just 'iPhone' and 'Speakers':

iPhone and Speaker products and then performs the sum.

SELECT PRODUCT, SUM(SALEAMOUNT) AS SALES FROM SALES

WHERE PRODUCT IN ('iPhone', 'Speakers')

GROUP BY PRODUCT

• WHERE filters individual rows before grouping.

Using HAVING: Achieve the same but with more control:

Calculate Total sales of iPhone and Speakers using HAVING clause: This example retrieves all
rows from Sales table, performs the sum and then removes all products except iPhone and Speakers.

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SELECT PRODUCT, SUM(SALEAMOUNT) AS SALES FROM SALES
GROUP BY PRODUCT
HAVING PRODUCT IN ('iPhone', 'Speakers')

Final Verdict:

WHERE is your go-to for filtering rows before aggregation.

HAVING is the hero when you need to filter groups after aggregation.

Speed Tip: WHERE is usually faster since it narrows down the data set first.

Use WHERE in SELECT, INSERT, and UPDATE statements; save HAVING for filtering grouped
data in SELECT statements.

Pro Tip: Use both together for ultimate query control!

Level up your SQL game by mastering these clauses and use them wisely to optimize your
queries!

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Scenario series 7 →Interview questions→ Handling Nulls
in SQL code
SELECT * FROM EMPDETAILS

SELECT E.NAME AS EMPNAME,M.NAME AS MANAGER

FROM EMPDETAILS E
LEFT JOIN EMPDETAILS M
ON E.MANAGERID=M.ID

1. Replacing NULL value using ISNULL () function:

Using ISNULL() Function

W h a t it does: Replaces NULL with a specified replacement value.
W h e n to use: Simple replacements when dealing with one column.

Result: All NULL manager names are now displayed as 'NO

MANAGER'. Neat and tidy!

→SELECT ISNULL (NULL,'NO MANAGER')

SELECT E.NAME AS EMPNAME, ISNULL (M.NAME,'NO MANAGER') AS MANAGER

FROM EMPDETAILS E
LEFT JOIN EMPDETAILS M
ON E.MANAGERID=M.ID

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2. Replacing NULL value using COALESCE () function:
What it does: Returns the first non-NULL value from a list of arguments.
When to use: When you want to check multiple columns or expressions.

SELECT E.NAME AS EMPNAME, COALESCE (M.NAME,'NO MANAGER') AS MANAGER

FROM EMPDETAILS E
LEFT JOIN EMPDETAILS M
ON E.MANAGERID=M.ID

You can list multiple potential columns:

COALESCE(M.NAME, E.DEFAULT_MANAGER, 'NO MANAGER')

Result: Flexible and checks multiple sources before settling on 'NO MANAGER'

2. Replacing NULL value using CASE Statement:

What it does: Evaluates conditions and returns specified values.

When to use: When you need complex conditional logic.

SELECT E.NAME AS EMPNAME, CASE WHEN M.NAME IS NULL THEN 'NO MANAGER'
ELSE M.NAME END AS MANAGER
FROM EMPDETAILS E
LEFT JOIN EMPDETAILS M
ON E.MANAGERID=M.ID

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SQL Mastery Series – 110 Question using 4 table – Set 1
Emp Table:

DEPT

Salgrade

JobHistory

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-- 1) Display all employees with their department names.
SELECT E.ENAME, D.DNAME
FROM EMP E
JOIN DEPT D ON E.DEPTNO = D.DEPTNO;

-- 2) Display employees along with their manager names.

SELECT E.ENAME AS EMPLOYEE_NAME, M.ENAME AS MANAGER_NAME
FROM EMP E
LEFT JOIN EMP M ON E.MGR = M.EMPNO;

-- 3) Display employee names, salaries, and total salaries for each department.
SELECT E.ENAME, E.SAL, SUM(E.SAL) OVER (PARTITION BY E.DEPTNO) AS
TOTAL_DEPT_SALARY
FROM EMP E;

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-- 4) Display employee names and their annual salary (SAL * 12).
SELECT ENAME, SAL * 12 AS ANNUAL_SALARY
FROM EMP;

-- 5) Display the total salary for each department.

SELECT DEPTNO, SUM(SAL) AS TOTAL_SALARY
FROM EMP
GROUP BY DEPTNO;

-- 6) Find the highest salary in each department.

SELECT DEPTNO, MAX(SAL) AS HIGHEST_SALARY
FROM EMP
GROUP BY DEPTNO;

-- 7) Display department-wise employee count.

SELECT DEPTNO, COUNT(*) AS EMPLOYEE_COUNT
FROM EMP
GROUP BY DEPTNO;

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-- 8) Display the names of employees who earn more than the average salary of their
department.
SELECT ENAME FROM EMP E
WHERE SAL > (
SELECT AVG(SAL)
FROM EMP
WHERE DEPTNO = E.DEPTNO
);

-- 9) Display the names of employees who have the highest salary in their department.
SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP E
WHERE SAL = (
SELECT MAX(SAL)
FROM EMP
WHERE DEPTNO = E.DEPTNO
);

-- 10) Display the department name and total salary for each department.
SELECT D.DNAME, SUM(E.SAL) AS TOTAL_SALARY
FROM EMP E
JOIN DEPT D ON E.DEPTNO = D.DEPTNO
GROUP BY D.DNAME;

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--Table 1 Employee Table
CREATE TABLE EMP (
EMPNO INT PRIMARY KEY, -- Employee Number
ENAME VARCHAR(50), -- Employee Name
JOB VARCHAR(50), -- Job Title
MGR INT, -- Manager's Employee Number
HIREDATE DATE, -- Hire Date
SAL DECIMAL(10, 2), -- Salary
COMM DECIMAL(10, 2), -- Commission
DEPTNO INT, -- Department Number
CONSTRAINT FK_MGR FOREIGN KEY (MGR) REFERENCES EMP(EMPNO)
);

--department Table
CREATE TABLE DEPT (
DEPTNO INT PRIMARY KEY, -- Department Number
DNAME VARCHAR(50), -- Department Name
LOC VARCHAR(50) -- Location
);

-- Salary Grade
CREATE TABLE SALGRADE (
GRADE INT, -- Salary Grade
LOSAL DECIMAL(10, 2), -- Lowest Salary for Grade
HISAL DECIMAL(10, 2) -- Highest Salary for Grade
);

-- Job History

CREATE TABLE JOBHISTORY (

EMPNO INT, -- Employee Number
JOB VARCHAR(50), -- Job Title
STARTDATE DATE, -- Start Date of Job
ENDDATE DATE, -- End Date of Job
DEPTNO INT, -- Department Number
CONSTRAINT FK_EMPNO FOREIGN KEY (EMPNO) REFERENCES EMP(EMPNO),
CONSTRAINT FK_DEPTNO FOREIGN KEY (DEPTNO) REFERENCES DEPT(DEPTNO)
);

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INSERT INTO DEPT (DEPTNO, DNAME, LOC) VALUES
(10, 'ACCOUNTING', 'NEW YORK'),
(20, 'RESEARCH', 'DALLAS'),
(30, 'SALES', 'CHICAGO'),
(40, 'OPERATIONS', 'BOSTON');

INSERT INTO SALGRADE (GRADE, LOSAL, HISAL) VALUES

(1, 700, 1200),
(2, 1201, 1400),
(3, 1401, 2000),
(4, 2001, 3000),
(5, 3001, 9999);

INSERT INTO EMP (EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, MGR, HIREDATE, SAL, COMM, DEPTNO) VALUES
(7369, 'SMITH', 'CLERK', 7902, '1980-12-17', 800, NULL, 20),
(7499, 'ALLEN', 'SALESMAN', 7698, '1981-02-20', 1600, 300, 30),
(7521, 'WARD', 'SALESMAN', 7698, '1981-02-22', 1250, 500, 30),
(7566, 'JONES', 'MANAGER', 7839, '1981-04-02', 2975, NULL, 20),
(7698, 'BLAKE', 'MANAGER', 7839, '1981-05-01', 2850, NULL, 30),
(7782, 'CLARK', 'MANAGER', 7839, '1981-06-09', 2450, NULL, 10),
(7839, 'KING', 'PRESIDENT', NULL, '1981-11-17', 5000, NULL, 10),
(7902, 'FORD', 'ANALYST', 7566, '1981-12-03', 3000, NULL, 20),
(7934, 'MILLER', 'CLERK', 7782, '1982-01-23', 1300, NULL, 10);

CREATE TABLE JOB_HISTORY (

EMPNO INT,
START_DATE DATE,
END_DATE DATE,
JOB VARCHAR(50),
DEPTNO INT,
PRIMARY KEY (EMPNO, START_DATE)
);

INSERT INTO JOB_HISTORY (EMPNO, STARTDATE, ENDDATE, JOB, DEPTNO) VALUES

(7369, '2019-01-01', '2020-12-31', 'INTERN', 20),
(7369, '2021-01-01', '2022-12-31', 'ASSISTANT CLERK', 20),

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(7499, '2018-03-01', '2019-12-31', 'JUNIOR SALESMAN', 30),
(7499, '2020-01-01', '2021-12-31', 'SALESMAN', 30),
(7521, '2017-05-15', '2019-05-15', 'TRAINEE', 30),
(7521, '2019-05-16', '2020-12-31', 'SALESMAN', 30),
(7566, '2015-04-02', '2018-12-31', 'ASSISTANT MANAGER', 20),
(7566, '2019-01-01', '2021-12-31', 'MANAGER', 20),
(7698, '2016-05-01', '2019-04-30', 'ASSISTANT MANAGER', 30),
(7698, '2019-05-01', '2022-12-31', 'MANAGER', 30),
(7782, '2016-06-09', '2018-06-08', 'SUPERVISOR', 10),
(7782, '2018-06-09', '2021-06-08', 'MANAGER', 10),
(7839, '2010-11-17', '2015-11-16', 'VICE PRESIDENT', 10),
(7839, '2015-11-17', '2023-12-31', 'PRESIDENT', 10),
(7902, '2017-12-03', '2019-12-02', 'SENIOR ANALYST', 20),
(7902, '2019-12-03', '2022-12-02', 'ANALYST', 20),
(7934, '2016-01-23', '2018-01-22', 'JUNIOR CLERK', 10),
(7934, '2018-01-23', '2020-01-22', 'CLERK', 10);

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SQL Mastery Series – 110 Question using 4 table – Set 2 Emp
Table:

DEPT

Salgrade

JobHistory
-- 11) Display the names of employees who are working in the SALES
department.
SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP E
JOIN DEPT D ON E.DEPTNO = D.DEPTNO
WHERE D.DNAME = 'SALES';

-- 12) Find the employee with the second highest salary in the
company.
SELECT TOP 1 ENAME
FROM (
SELECT ENAME, RANK() OVER (ORDER BY SAL DESC) AS RANK
FROM EMP
) AS SAL_RANKED
WHERE RANK = 2;

Optimized way

SELECT ENAME
FROM (
SELECT ENAME, SAL, DENSE_RANK() OVER (ORDER BY SAL DESC) AS RANK
FROM EMP
) AS SAL_RANKED
WHERE RANK = 2;

--Using Joins

SELECT E1.ENAME
FROM EMP E1
JOIN EMP E2 ON E1.SAL < E2.SAL
GROUP BY E1.ENAME, E1.SAL
HAVING COUNT(DISTINCT E2.SAL) = 1;
-- 13) Display the average salary for each job title round to 2
decimal.
SELECT JOB, ROUND(CAST(AVG(SAL) AS DECIMAL(10, 2)), 2) AS
AVERAGE_SALARY
FROM EMP
GROUP BY JOB;

-- 14) Display the names of employees who joined after the employee
‘SMITH’.
SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE HIREDATE > (
SELECT HIREDATE
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME = 'SMITH'
);

Optimized way:

WITH SMITH_HIREDATE AS (
SELECT HIREDATE
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME = 'SMITH'
)
SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP, SMITH_HIREDATE
WHERE EMP.HIREDATE > SMITH_HIREDATE.HIREDATE;
-- 15) Display employee details along with their commission, but
show ‘0’ if no commission is given.
SELECT ENAME, SAL, ISNULL(COMM, 0) AS COMMISSION
FROM EMP;

Notes on ISNULL:
1. Definition:
o ISNULL is a function used in SQL to replace NULL values
with a specified value.
2. Syntax:

ISNULL(expression, replacement_value)

o expression: The value or column to check for NULL.

o replacement_value: The value to return if the expression
is NULL.

-- 16) Display employees who do not have a manager.

SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE MGR IS NULL;

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SQL Mastery Series – 110 Question using 4 table – Set 3

Emp Table:

DEPT

Salgrade

JobHistory
-- 17) Display the names of employees who work in the same
department as ‘SMITH’ and dont include smith.
SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE DEPTNO = (
SELECT DEPTNO
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME = 'SMITH'
)
AND ENAME != 'SMITH';

--Optimized way using joins

SELECT E1.ENAME
FROM EMP E1
JOIN EMP E2 ON E1.DEPTNO = E2.DEPTNO
WHERE E2.ENAME = 'SMITH'
AND E1.ENAME != 'SMITH';

--USing CTE
WITH SmithDept AS (
SELECT DEPTNO
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME = 'SMITH'
)
SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE DEPTNO = (SELECT DEPTNO FROM SmithDept)
AND ENAME != 'SMITH';

-- 18) Display the names of employees who do the same job as

‘ALLEN’.
SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE JOB = (
SELECT JOB
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME = 'ALLEN'
);
--Give optimized query in comment

-- 19) Find employees whose job title contains the letter ‘M’.
SELECT ENAME , Job
FROM EMP
WHERE JOB LIKE '%M%';

-- 20) Display the details of employees whose salary is between

1000 and 2000.
SELECT *
FROM EMP
WHERE SAL BETWEEN 1000 AND 2000;

-- 21) Find employees who joined in the year 1981.

SELECT ENAME, HIREDATE
FROM EMP
WHERE YEAR(HIREDATE) = 1981;
-- 22) Find employees whose salary is higher than their manager's
salary.
SELECT E.ENAME
FROM EMP E
JOIN EMP M ON E.MGR = M.EMPNO
WHERE E.SAL > M.SAL;

--Using CTE
WITH ManagerSalaries AS (
SELECT EMPNO, SAL
FROM EMP
)
SELECT E.ENAME
FROM EMP E
JOIN ManagerSalaries M ON E.MGR = M.EMPNO
WHERE E.SAL > M.SAL;

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SQL Mastery Series – 110 Question using 4 table – Set 5

Emp Table:

DEPT

Salgrade

JobHistory
-- 31) Display those employees whose salary is less than their manager's salary but more than the
salary of any other manager.
SELECT E.ENAME
FROM EMP E
JOIN EMP M ON E.MGR = M.EMPNO
WHERE E.SAL < M.SAL
AND E.SAL > ANY (SELECT SAL FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO IN (SELECT DISTINCT MGR FROM EMP WHERE MGR IS NOT
NULL));

-- 32) Display all employee names with the total salary of the
company for each employee.
SELECT ENAME, (SELECT SUM(SAL) FROM EMP) AS TOTAL_COMPANY_SALARY
FROM EMP;

-- 33) Find the least 5 earners in the company.

SELECT TOP 5 ENAME, SAL
FROM EMP
ORDER BY SAL ASC;

-- 34) Find the number of employees whose salary is greater than

their manager's salary.
SELECT COUNT(*) as emps
FROM EMP E
JOIN EMP M ON E.MGR = M.EMPNO
WHERE E.SAL > M.SAL;
-- 35) Display those managers who are not working under the
president but are working under other managers.
SELECT M.ENAME
FROM EMP M
WHERE M.EMPNO IN (SELECT DISTINCT MGR FROM EMP WHERE MGR IS NOT
NULL)
AND M.MGR IS NOT NULL
AND M.MGR <> (SELECT EMPNO FROM EMP WHERE JOB = 'PRESIDENT');

--Optimized way using Joins

SELECT DISTINCT M.ENAME
FROM EMP M
JOIN EMP S ON M.EMPNO = S.MGR
WHERE M.MGR IS NOT NULL
AND M.MGR <> (SELECT EMPNO FROM EMP WHERE JOB = 'PRESIDENT');

-- 36) Delete those departments where no employee is working.

DELETE FROM DEPT
WHERE DEPTNO NOT IN (SELECT DISTINCT DEPTNO FROM EMP);

-- 37) Delete records from the employee table where the department
number is not available in the department table.
DELETE FROM EMP
WHERE DEPTNO NOT IN (SELECT DEPTNO FROM DEPT);

-- 38) Display those employee names whose salary is outside the

ranges defined in the salary grade table.
SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP E
WHERE NOT EXISTS (
SELECT 1
FROM SALGRADE S
WHERE E.SAL BETWEEN S.LOSAL AND S.HISAL
);
--Using Joins Optimized way
SELECT E.ENAME
FROM EMP E
LEFT JOIN SALGRADE S
ON E.SAL BETWEEN S.LOSAL AND S.HISAL
WHERE S.GRADE IS NULL;

-- 39) Display employee name, salary, commission, and net pay where
the net pay is greater than any other employee's salary in the
company.
SELECT ENAME, SAL, COMM, (SAL + ISNULL(COMM, 0)) AS NET_PAY
FROM EMP
WHERE (SAL + ISNULL(COMM, 0)) > ANY (SELECT SAL FROM EMP);

-- 40) Display the names of those employees who are going to retire
on 31-Dec-99, if the maximum job period is 30 years.
SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE DATEADD(YEAR, 30, HIREDATE) = '1999-12-31';

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SQL Mastery Series – 110 Question using 4 table – Set 3

Emp Table:

DEPT

Salgrade

JobHistory
-- 23) Display employee details where the third character of the
name is ‘A’.
SELECT *
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME LIKE '__A%';

-- 24) Display employee details for employees who do not earn a

commission.
SELECT *
FROM EMP
WHERE COMM IS NULL;

-- 25) Display employee names where the department name is ‘SALES’.

SELECT E.ENAME
FROM EMP E
JOIN DEPT D ON E.DEPTNO = D.DEPTNO
WHERE D.DNAME = 'SALES';

-- 26) Select the count of employees in each department where the

count is greater than 2.
SELECT DEPTNO, COUNT(*) AS EMPLOYEE_COUNT
FROM EMP
GROUP BY DEPTNO
HAVING COUNT(*) > 2;
-- 27) Display department names where at least 3 employees are
working.
SELECT D.DNAME
FROM DEPT D
JOIN EMP E ON D.DEPTNO = E.DEPTNO
GROUP BY D.DNAME
HAVING COUNT(*) >= 3;

-- 28) Display names of managers whose salary is more than the

average salary of employees.
SELECT M.ENAME
FROM EMP M
WHERE M.EMPNO IN (SELECT DISTINCT MGR FROM EMP WHERE MGR IS NOT
NULL)
AND M.SAL > (SELECT AVG(SAL) FROM EMP);

-- Optimized query using joins

SELECT M.ENAME
FROM EMP M
JOIN EMP E ON M.EMPNO = E.MGR
GROUP BY M.ENAME, M.SAL
HAVING M.SAL > (SELECT AVG(SAL) FROM EMP);

--Using CTE
WITH AvgSalary AS (
SELECT AVG(SAL) AS avg_sal
FROM EMP
)
SELECT M.ENAME
FROM EMP M
WHERE M.EMPNO IN (SELECT DISTINCT MGR FROM EMP WHERE MGR IS NOT
NULL)
AND M.SAL > (SELECT avg_sal FROM AvgSalary);
-- 29) Display names of managers whose salary is more than the min
salary of employees. (Duplicate question)
SELECT M.ENAME
FROM EMP M
WHERE M.EMPNO IN (SELECT DISTINCT MGR FROM EMP WHERE MGR IS NOT
NULL)
AND M.SAL > (SELECT min(SAL) FROM EMP);

--Give optimized query in comment section

-- 30) Display employee name, salary, commission, and net pay for
those employees whose net pay is greater than or equal to any other
employee’s salary.
SELECT ENAME, SAL, COMM, (SAL + ISNULL(COMM, 0)) AS NET_PAY
FROM EMP
WHERE (SAL + ISNULL(COMM, 0)) >= ALL (SELECT SAL FROM EMP);

--using joins
SELECT E.ENAME, E.SAL, E.COMM, (E.SAL + ISNULL(E.COMM, 0)) AS
NET_PAY
FROM EMP E
JOIN (
SELECT MAX(SAL) AS MAX_SAL
FROM EMP
) AS MaxSalary
ON (E.SAL + ISNULL(E.COMM, 0)) >= MaxSalary.MAX_SAL;
--Using CTE

WITH MaxSalary AS (
SELECT MAX(SAL) AS MAX_SAL
FROM EMP
)
SELECT E.ENAME, E.SAL, E.COMM, (E.SAL + ISNULL(E.COMM, 0)) AS
NET_PAY
FROM EMP E
WHERE (E.SAL + ISNULL(E.COMM, 0)) >= (SELECT MAX_SAL FROM
MaxSalary);

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SQL Mastery Series – 110 Question using 4 table – Set 6

Emp Table:

DEPT

Salgrade

JobHistory
-- 41) Display those employees whose salary is an odd value.
SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE SAL % 2 = 1;

-- 42) Display those employees whose salary contains at least 3

digits.
SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE LEN(SAL) >= 3;

-- 43) Display those employees who joined the company in the month
of December.
SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE MONTH(HIREDATE) = 12;

-- 44) Display those employees who joined on 1-Jan-81.

SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE HIREDATE = '1981-01-01';

-- 45) Display the names of employees who are working in a

department located in CHICAGO.
SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP E
JOIN DEPT D ON E.DEPTNO = D.DEPTNO
WHERE D.LOC = 'CHICAGO';

-- 46) Display the average salary of employees, but exclude the

average salary of clerks from the result.
SELECT AVG(SAL) AS AVERAGE_SALARY
FROM EMP
WHERE JOB <> 'CLERK';

-- 47) Display the names of employees who are working in a

department with the highest average salary.
SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE DEPTNO = (
SELECT TOP 1 DEPTNO
FROM EMP
GROUP BY DEPTNO
 ORDER BY AVG(SAL) DESC
);

-- 48) Display the details of employees who are getting the same
salary as the minimum salary of any department.
SELECT *
FROM EMP
WHERE SAL IN (
SELECT MIN(SAL)
FROM EMP
GROUP BY DEPTNO
);

-- 49) Display the names of employees who joined in the year 1981
and are not getting any commission.
SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE YEAR(HIREDATE) = 1981
AND COMM IS NULL;

-- 50) Display employees who are working in the same department as

‘JONES’ or ‘SCOTT’.
SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE DEPTNO IN (
SELECT DEPTNO
FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME IN ('JONES', 'SCOTT')
);

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SQL Mastery Series – 110 Question using 4 table – Set 7

Emp Table:

DEPT

Salgrade

JobHistory
-- 51) Display employee names whose total earnings (salary +
commission) is greater than the average earnings of the company.
SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE (SAL + ISNULL(COMM, 0)) > (
SELECT AVG(SAL + ISNULL(COMM, 0))
FROM EMP
);

-- 52) Display the names of employees who earn a commission.

SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE COMM IS NOT NULL;

-- 53) Display the names of employees whose salary is the same as

the lowest salary in their department.
SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP E
WHERE SAL = (
SELECT MIN(SAL)
FROM EMP
WHERE DEPTNO = E.DEPTNO
);

-- 54) Display those employees who joined on the 10th of any month.
SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE DAY(HIREDATE) = 10;

-- 55) Display the names of employees who have not joined in the
year 1981.
SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE YEAR(HIREDATE) <> 1981;

-- 56) Display the names of employees who are not clerks and whose
salary is not more than 3000.
SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE JOB <> 'CLERK'
AND SAL <= 3000;
-- 57) Display the names of employees who have not joined in the
month of December.
SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE MONTH(HIREDATE) <> 12;

-- 58) Display the names of employees who do not earn any

commission.
SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE COMM IS NULL;

-- 59) Display the names of employees who earn more than the
minimum salary of their department.
SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP E
WHERE SAL > (
SELECT MIN(SAL)
FROM EMP
WHERE DEPTNO = E.DEPTNO
);

-- 60) Display the names of employees who work in a department

located in CHICAGO or DALLAS.
SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP E
JOIN DEPT D ON E.DEPTNO = D.DEPTNO
WHERE D.LOC IN ('CHICAGO', 'DALLAS');

-- 61) Display the names of employees whose manager is working in

the same department as ‘KING’.
SELECT E.ENAME
FROM EMP E
JOIN EMP M ON E.MGR = M.EMPNO
WHERE M.DEPTNO = (SELECT DEPTNO FROM EMP WHERE ENAME = 'KING');

-- 62) Display the names of employees whose commission is less than

200.
SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE COMM < 200;
-- 63) Display the names of employees whose salary is less than or
equal to their manager’s salary.
SELECT E.ENAME
FROM EMP E
JOIN EMP M ON E.MGR = M.EMPNO
WHERE E.SAL <= M.SAL;

-- 64) Display the names of employees who joined in the first half
of the year.
SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE MONTH(HIREDATE) <= 6;

-- 65) Display the names of employees who have a higher salary than
any clerk.
SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE SAL > ANY (SELECT SAL FROM EMP WHERE JOB = 'CLERK');

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