Tutorial 2

Please attempt 10 numericals without repeating.

Deadline: Before 20th of Falgun

1. 2068 R. Draw a typical cross section of a partially cut and filled road. Describe its all
elements.
2. There is a horizontal curve with radius of 400m and length of 200m on the highway.
Compute the set-back distance required from the center line on the inner side of the
curve so as to provide for i. Stopping sight distance of 90m ii. Safe overtaking sight
distance of 300m. The distance between center line and inner lane is 1.95m.
3. Define Superelevation. Discuss the different methods of introducing superelevation
with sketches. List the factors on which the superelevation depends.
4. A vertical curve connects a -3% grade with +4.5% grade on a highway at an elevation
of 320.8m above the mean sea level. The curve should be designed at least to provide
the visibility of the road surface to a distance of 250m at night time. Calculate the
elevation of beginning, lowest and end points of vertical curve and at a distance of
60m left and right from the point of vertical intersection. The head light beam angle
and height of the head light from the road surface is 1.5̊ and 0.60m respectively.
5. 2068 R/B Classify the highway curves. What type of effects will take place when the
vehicle negotiates a horizontal curve without super elevation? Also give reasons.
6. Calculate the length of transition curve using the following data:
i. Design Speed= 65 kmph
ii. Radius of circular=20m
iii. Allowable rate of introduction of super elevation (Pavement rotated about
center line) = 1 in 150
iv. Pavement rate of including extra widening= 7.5m
7. Explain PIEV theory. Derive an expression for determining the stopping sight distance
at level ground.
8. A summit curve is to be provided at the intersection of two gradient +1.5% and -2%.
What is length required (i) For stopping sight distance of 2oom ii) For overtaking sight
distance of 600m? What is the vertical distance between the point of vertical
intersection and curve in either case?
9. R 2069 Discuss the design control for the geometrics of road and governing factors
which affect the stopping sight distance.
10. Define super elevation and derive the expression for superelevation. List the design
steps of superelevation.
11. The angle of intersection between two straights is 137.23̊. The spiral angle for each
transition curve is 8.35̊. Calculate the length of transition curve, combined length of
curves and length if the radius of the curve is 325m.
12. An ascending gradient od 3.75% meets with descending gradient of 3,25%. Calculate
the chainage and elevation of beginning of the curve, end of the curve, highest point of
the curve and 90m left from the point of vertical intersection if the chainage and
elevation of PVI are 1+225.00 and 875.62 m respectively. The radius of curve provided
is 8000m
13. 2070. Define overtaking sight distance. List the factors that affects the overtaking sight
distance. Derive expression for overtaking sight distance for two-lane two-way traffic
roads.
14. Explain the types of highway curves. Describe the different effects on vehicle while it
negotiates a horizontal curve without super elevation.
15. A horizontal curve of 200m radius is to be set out connecting two straights. The
maximum seed of the vehicle on the curve is restricted to 60 kmph. Transition curves
are to be introduces at each end of the circular curve. If the angle of intersection is
125̊30’ and chainage at the point of the point of intersection is 1063 m calculate: (a)
Length of transition curve for comfort condition (b) Chainage of beginning and end of
curve.
16. An ascending 4% gradient meets with descending 3% gradient. Design the length of
vertical curve to meet the visibility requirement. Calculate the RL of beginning end
and highest points on the curve if the curve should pass through the point having
elevation 120.10m located at 60 m right from PVI. Assume design speed as 80 kmph,
brake efficiency as 90% and coefficient of friction as 0.35.
17. 2070 R. What are the functions of transition curve? Derive an expression for the length
of transition curve to be introduced between the straight and circular path on a
horizontal curve from two criteria.
18. Describe the factors which control the geometric elements of road and discuss the
reasons for providing an additional width of carriageway on horizontal curve.
19. A four-lane carriageway has a curve of 220 m length and 400m radius. The safe
stopping sight distance and overtaking sight distance are 152m and 300m
respectively. Calculate the minimum set-back distance from the inner edge of the
road to the edge of the obstruction to ensure safe visibility for the both cases of sight
distance if the width of the pavement per lane is 3.75m.
20. Design the length of valley curve with a descending grade of 1/35 and ascending grade
of 1/45. The design speed is 80 kmph. Deter mine the RL of beginning, lowest and end
point of curve if the RL of PVI is 212.36 m so as to fulfill both comfort condition and
head light sight distance for night visibility. Also determine the apex distance and mid
ordinate of the curve. Assume coefficient of friction = 0.35, Rate of change of
centrifugal acceleration= 60 cm/sec3
21. 2071. Define stopping sight distance. List out the factors affecting stopping sight
distance. Derive an expression for stopping sight distance at level road.
22. Calculate the setback required from the edge of inner lane of pavement to an
obstruction on a two rural highway designed at the speed of 80kmph. Assume the
length of circular curve as 150 m having ruling minimum radius and required sight
distance as 200m.
23. What is transition curve? List the types of transition curve. Explain different methods
of calculating transition curve length.
24. A vertical summit curve is to be designed when two grades +4% and -4% meet on a
highway. The stopping sight distance and overtaking sight distance required are 150
m and 500 m respectively. But due to site conditions, the length of curve has to be
restricted to a maximum value of 800 m if possible. Calculation the length of curve
needed to fulfill the requirements of (a) stopping sight distance (b) overtaking sight
distance or at least intermediate sight distance. Discuss the results.
25. 2071 Derive an expression for finding required if the design coefficient of friction is
‘f’. Describe briefly the various methods of providing superelevation with sketches.
26. What are the curve resistance and grade compensation? Describe the disadvantages
of heavy camber.
27. A vehicle moving in a horizontal curve at a design speed of 65kmph, develops a
centrifugal ratio of 1/5. The deflection angle at curve is 48̊. Calculate:
(a). Radius of circular curve
(b) length if transition curve by rate of change of centrifugal acceleration criteria
(c) total length of composite curve.
28. The driver of a vehicle travelling at 65 kmph down a grade required 12 m more
stopping sight distances to stop than the driver travelling at same speed up the same
grade. If the coefficient of friction between tire and pavement is 0.38. Determine the
percent grade and stopping sight distance up the grade.

29. 2072. Define the stopping sight distance. Describe briefly the various factors affecting
stopping sight distance. Derive the expression for stopping sight distance.
30. Define Camber. How is camber value decided? What are the disadvantages of heavy
camber?
31. The curve consists of circular arc combined with transition curve at both ends.
Calculate the radius of the circular curve, the length of transition curve and total
length of composite curve with the following data:
a. Design Speed = 60 kmph
b. Maximum Centrifugal ratio= 1/6
c. Maximum rate of change of centrifugal acceleration= 0.45 m/s 3
d. Deflection angle= 48̊
32. A ascending gradient 3% meets the 2.5% descending gradient. Calculate the elevation
of the road at a distance of every 185 m on either side of the point of vertical intersect
(PVI) if the elevation of PVI is 500.00m. Assume the radius of vertical curve as 8500.
33. 2072 Ashwin Derive an expression for finding expression for superelevation required
if the design coefficient of friction is ‘f’. List the design step of superelevation.
34. A vertical summit curve is to be designed when two grades +1/69 and -1/45 meet on
a highway. The stopping sight distance and overtaking sight distance required are 210
m and 600m respectively. But due to site condition, the length of vertical curve has to
be restricted to a maximum value of 750m if possible. Calculate the length of summit
curve needed to fulfill the requirements of
i. Stopping sight distance
ii. Overtaking sight distance or at least intermediate sight distance. Discuss the
result
35. Define the transition curve and its necessity in horizontal alignment. Describe the
different methods of designing the length of transition curve.
36. A six lane highway has a curve 350 m long and a 550 m radius. The stopping sight
distance and overtaking sight distance are 200m and 400m respectively. Find the
setback distance from the inner edge of the road to the obstruction for both cases.
37. 2073 Magh. Define extra widening . What are the reasons of providing extra widening
on horizontal curve? Derive the expression for determining extra widening.
38. There is a horizontal curve with radius of 450 m and 220m on the six lane koteshowr-
suryabinayak highway. Compute the setback distance required from the edge of the
inner lane of the highway so as to provide i) stopping sight distance of 100m and ii)
safe overtaking sight distance of 310m.
39. What are the objectives of providing transition curve? Derive an expression for the
length of transition curve in horizontal alignment.
40. A vertical curve connects -3.25% grade with +3.75% grade. The curve should be
designed at least to provide the visibility of the road surface to a distance of 225m at
night time. Calculate elevation of BVC, lowest point and EVC if the RL of the curve at
18m distance from EVC is 125.32m.
41. 2073 Bhadra. Discuss PIEV theory with examples. Define stopping sight distance and
enumerate the various factors affecting the stopping sight distance.
42. The angle of intersection between two straight line is 145.37̊. The spiral angle foe each
transition curve is 10.32̊. Calculate the length of the transition curve, combined length
of curve and the length of tangent of tangent if the radius of the curve is 350m.

43. Define superelevation. Derive the expression for superelevation.

44. An ascending gradient of 2.75% meets the descending gradient of 2.25%. The radius
of curve is 5000m. If the reduced level of the curve at a distance of 60m from BVC is
312.12m, find the reduced level of BVC, EVC and the highest point of the curve.
45. 2074 Bhadra Define the superelevation. Explain the methods of introducing super
elevation with neat sketches.
46. Calculate the minimum sight distance required to avoid a head on collision of vehicles
approaching from the opposite directions speed at 60Kmph. Use the total perception
reaction time of the road under consideration has a grade of 10%.
47. A vertical Curve connects a -3.0% grade with +4.5% grade on a rural highway at station
6+525 and elevation 411.6m. The curve should be designed at least to provide the
visibility of the road surface to a distance of 250m at night local time. Locate the
stating, Lowest and end point of vertical curve. Calculate the elevation of road from
the point of vertical intersection. Assume the head light beam angle and heights of
the head light from the road surface for the design vehicle are 2̊ and 0.6m respectively.
48. 2075 Baisakh Define stopping sight distance. Explain the factors affecting stopping
sight distance. Derive the expression for stopping sight distance.
49. A horizontal curve of 625m radius Is to be set out to connect two straight of a national
highway. The speed of the vehicle is restricted to 90Kmph. Calculate:
a. Length of the transition curve
b. The chainage of beginning and end of the curve given that,
Angle of intersection= 130̊24’
c. Chainage of point of intersection = 1092.500m
50. Design the total length of the valley curve at the junction of the descending gradient
oof 1 in 49 and an ascending gradient of 1 in 30 if the design speed is 100 kmph. So as
to fulfill both comfort condition and head light sight distance for night driving. Locate
the lowest point and the end of the point too. Calculate the elevations if the elevation
of the beginning of the curve is 312.56m above the sea level. Assume other necessary
data reasonably.
51. Discuss the effect of horizontal curve on which vehicle stability depends and derive
the condition for overtaking and skidding.
52. National highway curve of 400m radius to be set out to connect two straights. The
maximum speed of moving vehicles on this curve Is restricted to 85kmph. Transition
curve are to be introduced at each end curve. Calculate:
i. A suitable length of transition curve
ii. The necessary shift of circular curve
iii. The chainage at the beginning and end of curve
Given that angle of intersection- 125̊25’
Rate of change of centrifugal acceleration = 0.5 m/s3
Chainage at the point of intersection= 1075.5m
53. Explain the factors that governs the sight distance. Derive the expression for analysis
of stopping sight distance.
54. A vertical curve is to be designed when as ascending grade of line 60 meets a
descending grade of 1 in 45 on a highway. The stopping sight distance and overtaking
sight distance required are 210m and 600m respectively. But due to site condition,
 the length of curve has to be restricted to a maximum value of 750 m if possible.
Calculate the length of curve to fulfill the requirement of :
i. Stopping sight distance
ii. Overtaking sight distance
iii. At least intermediate sight distance and discuss the results.
55. 2076 bhadra Discuss the basic control criteria of geometric design of highway. Explain
the cross-section element of road with neat sketch.
56. A two lane highway has a curve 300m long, 650m radius. The setback distance from
center of the carriageway is specified to be 25m with reference to the intermediate
sight distance of the curve. Find the design speed for the curve. Assume coefficient of
longitudinal friction as 0.35.
57. Derive the expression for super elevation. Explain the method of providing extra-
widening.
58. Design the total length of the valley curve at the junction of the descending gradient
of 1 in 40 and an ascending gradient of I in 30 if the design speed is 100 kmph so as to
fulfill both comfort condition and head light sight distance for night driving. Locate
the lowest point and the end of curve point too. Calculate their elevations if the
elevation of BVC is 312.56m above sea level. Assume other necessary data
reasonably.
59. 2076 Baisakh Derive an expression for finding the super-elevation required if the
design coefficient of friction is 'f ‘. List the design steps super-elevation.
60. The speed of overtaking vehicle is 60 kmph on a two-way traffic road. If the
acceleration of overtaking vehicle is 0.79 m/sec2,
i. Calculate safe overtaking sight distance
ii. Mention the minimum length of overtaking zone
iii. Draw a neat sketch of the overtaking zone and show the position of
sign posts.
61. A national highway curve of 400m radius is to be set out to connect two straights. The
maximum speed of moving vehicles on this curve is restricted to 85 Kmph. Transition
curves are to be introduced at each end of curve. Calculate
i. A suitable length of transition curve.
ii. The necessary shift of circular curve.
iii. The chainage at the beginning and end of curve.
Given that angle of intersection :125̊ 25'
Rate of change of centrifugal acceleration: 0.52 m/sec3
Chainage at the point of intersection: 1075.50m
62. Design a total length of valley curve at the junction of the descending gradient of 1 in
40 and an ascending gradient of 1 in 30 if the design speed is 80kmph. Locate the
lowest point and end points and calculate their elevations if' the elevation of
beginning of the curve is 212.85 m above sea level. Take co-efficient of friction as 0.35.
63. 2077 Chaitra: Differentiate between camber and superelevation. Describe methods
of providing superelevation
64. Calculate the length of transition curve and shift" if the design speed is 60kmph. The
radius of circular curve is 220m. An allowable rate of change of centrifugal
acceleration is 60cm/sec3. Allowable rate of change of superelevation is 1 in 120. The
width of the pavement is 7.00m. Assume rotation of Pavement about the inner edge.
65. Discuss the different types of gradients used in highway? What are the causes of
providing grade compensation in highway? A section of highway has vertical and
horizontal curves with the same design speed. A horizontal curve on this highway with
a ruling radius and a deviation angle of 45̊ is 180m long. Design the length of a vertical
curve on this highway connecting a +3ya grade with -1 .5% grade so as to fulfill the
stopping sight distance criteria. Assume coefficient of longitudinal friction as 0.35.