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Lesson-1-Testing-Hypothesis

The document discusses the process of hypothesis testing, which is used to evaluate claims about a population based on sample data. It explains the concepts of null and alternative hypotheses, the significance level, rejection and non-rejection regions, and the types of errors that can occur in hypothesis testing. Examples are provided to illustrate how to formulate hypotheses and interpret results in various scenarios.

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4 views31 pages

Lesson-1-Testing-Hypothesis

The document discusses the process of hypothesis testing, which is used to evaluate claims about a population based on sample data. It explains the concepts of null and alternative hypotheses, the significance level, rejection and non-rejection regions, and the types of errors that can occur in hypothesis testing. Examples are provided to illustrate how to formulate hypotheses and interpret results in various scenarios.

Uploaded by

viernesmariane05
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Imagine you are testing a new drug,

and you believe it’s more effective


than the current treatment. However,
there’s always a risk that your findings
could be due to chance. How would
you determine whether the drug really
works better, or if it’s just random
results?
A. I would collect a large amount of data and see if the
results are consistently showing the drug is better,
without considering random variations.
B. I would perform a hypothesis test to assess whether
the difference in effectiveness is statistically significant
or could have occurred by chance.
C. I would rely on intuition and personal experience, as
the data may not be as important as the overall effect I
expect.
D. I would only use a small sample to minimize the
complexity of the analysis and get a quick result.
LESSON 1

HYPOTHESIS
TESTING
SIR
THONY
Hypothesis testing is a
decision-making process for
evaluating claims about a
population based on the
characteristics of a sample
purportedly coming from the
population.
A hypothesis is a
proposed explanation, assertion,
or assumption about a population
parameter or about the
distribution of a random variable.
Here are the examples of questions you can
answer with a hypothesis test:

• Does the mean height of Grade 12 students


differ from 66 inches?
• Do male and female Grade 7 and Grade 12
students differ in height on average?
• Is the proportion of senior male students’
height significantly higher than that of
senior female students?
Two Types of Hypothesis

1. Null Hypothesis (𝐻𝑂 )


- is a statement that there is no
difference between two
parameters. It can be written as
𝐻0 : 𝜇1 = 𝜇2 .
Two Types of Hypothesis
2. Alternative Hypothesis (𝐻𝑎 𝑜𝑟𝐻1 )
- is a statement that there is a difference
between two parameters. It can be
written as:
𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇1 ≠ 𝜇2
𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇1 > 𝜇2
𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇1 < 𝜇2 .
EXAMPLE 1:
1. The average TV viewing time of all six-year old children
is 4 hours daily.
Answer:
𝐻0 : The average TV viewing time of all six-year
old children is 4 hours daily.
𝐻𝑎 : The average TV viewing time of all six-year
old children is less than 4 hours daily.

In symbols 𝐻0 : 𝜇 = 4
𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 < 4
EXAMPLE 2:
1. A college librarian claims that 25 story books on the
average are borrowed daily.
Answer:
𝐻0 : The average story books borrowed in the library
is 25.
𝐻𝑎 : The average story books borrowed in the library
is more than 25.

In symbols 𝐻0 : 𝜇 = 25
𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 > 25
When the alternative hypothesis utilizes the < or
the > symbol, the test is said to be directional.
A directional test may either be left-tailed or right-
tailed. In problems that involve hypothesis testing,
there are words like greater, efficient, improves,
effective, increases and so on that suggest a
right-tailed direction in the formulation of the
alternative hypothesis. Words like decrease, less
than, smaller, and so on suggest a left-tailed
direction.
EXAMPLE 3:
The inventor of a new kind of light bulb claims that all
such bulbs last as long as 3000 hours.
Answer:
𝐻0 : The new kind of light bulb will last as long as
3000 hours.
𝐻𝑎 : The new kind of light bulb will not last as long as
3000 hours.
In symbols 𝐻0 : 𝜇 = 3000
𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 ≠ 3000
When the alternative hypothesis
utilizes the ≠ symbol, the test is
said to be non-directional. A non-
directional test is also called a
two-tailed test.
EXAMPLE 4:
The owner of a factory that sells a particular bottled water
claims that the average capacity of a bottle of their product is
200 ml. Is the claim true?

Solution:
𝐻0 : The bottled water contains 200ml per bottle.
𝐻𝑎 : The bottled water does not contain 250 ml per bottle.
In symbols,
𝐻0 : 𝜇 = 200𝑚𝑙
𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 ≠ 200𝑚𝑙
EXAMPLE 5:
A rice farmer believes that using organic fertilizer on his plants
will yield greater income. His average income from the past was
Php200,000 per year. State the hypothesis in symbols.

Solution:
𝐻0 : The rice farmer yields an income of Php200,000.
𝐻𝑎 : The rice farmer yields an income greater than
Php200,000.
In symbols,
𝐻0 : 𝜇 = 200,000𝑚𝑙
𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 > 200𝑚𝑙
Directions: Identify the following illustration whether it
is non-directional or directional, two-tailed or one tailed
by checking the appropriate box.
Directions: Explicate a null hypothesis and its
alternative hypothesis in (a) words and in (b)
symbols for each of the following. Tell whether the
test is directional and non-directional.

1. A librarian of a school claims that all their senior


high school students read an average of 10
books a month.
2. According to a factory employer, the mean
working time of workers in the factory is 6.
Level of Significance

❑ The level of significance denoted by alpha or α refers to


the degree of significance in which we accept or reject
the null hypothesis.
❑ 100% accuracy is not possible in accepting or rejecting
a hypothesis.
❑ The significance level α is also the probability of making
the wrong decision when the null hypothesis is true.
❑ The most common levels of significance used are 1%,
5%, or 10%.
Example:
Maria uses 5% level of significance in proving that there is
no significant change in the average number of enrollees
in the 10 sections for the last two years. It means that the
chance that the null hypothesis (Ho) would be rejected
when it is true is 5%.

α=0.05
Illustration of the Rejection Region

❑ The rejection region (or critical region) is the set of all


values of the test statistic that causes us to reject the
null hypothesis.
❑ The non-rejection region (or acceptance region) is the
set of all values of the test statistic that causes us to fail
to reject the null hypothesis.
❑ The critical value is a point (boundary) on the test
distribution that is compared to the test statistic to
determine if the null hypothesis would be rejected.
Non-Rejection Rejection
Region Region

Critical Value
Example:

Sketch the rejection region of the test


hypothesis with critical values of
±1.753 and determine if the computed
t-value of –1.52 lies in that region.
Type I and Type II Errors

❑ Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true is called a


Type I error with probability denoted by alpha (α). In
hypothesis testing, the normal curve that shows the
critical region is called the alpha region.
❑ Accepting the null hypothesis when it is false is called a
Type II error with probability denoted by beta (β). In
hypothesis testing, the normal curve that shows the
acceptance region is called the beta region.
❑ The larger the value of alpha, the smaller is the value of
beta.
This is the region of Type I
error.
α = P [Type I error]
Region where = P [𝐻𝑜 is true, Reject 𝐻𝑜 ]
𝐻𝑜 is true

This is the region of Type II error.

β = P [type II error]
= P [𝐻𝑜 is false, Fail to reject 𝐻𝑜 ] Region where
𝐻𝑜 is false
Analyze the possibilities of Sofia’s conclusion. Identify if it is a
Type I Error, Type II Error, or a Correct Decision.

If Sofia finds out that her null hypothesis is …


1. true and she fails to reject it, then she commits a
____________________.
2. true and she rejects it, then she commits a
_____________________.
3. false and she fails to reject it, then she commits a
__________________.
4. false and she rejects it, then she commits a
_____________________.

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