UNIVERSITY OF DAR ES SALAAM

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL AND MINING ENGINEERING.

MINING ENGINEERING LABORATORY 1 (MN 350).

PRACTICAL REPORT ON ESTABLISHMENT OF CONTROL STATIONS USING

HANDHELD GPS.

NAME OF STUDENT: MASSAWE GLORY WERAKYASA

REGISTATION NUMBER: 2017-04-01222

DEGREE PROGAMME: MINING ENGINEERING

ACADEMIC YEAR: 2019/2020

SUPERVISORS NAMES: PILIKA LAUDEN AND BAHATI MOSHALLY

LOCATION: UDSM PLAYGROUND

DATE OF EXPERIMENT: 19/06/2020

SUBMISSION DATE: 25/06/2020

GROUP NO#: V

Assessment: Neatness and Layout:

Lab Report:
Total Marks:
ABSTRACT
The experiment was done so as get an understanding on selection of best geodetic datum in
different survey and get introduced to proper units used in referencing and proper use of GPS with
other survey equipment. The GPS receiver was used to allocate control points and the datum was
selected ARC 1960 and WGS 84 respectively then the coordinates of the four points were
measured in two unit systems as UTM and UPS. The essence of using the two datum was to
appreciate their differences in survey measurement results. The difference in coordinates for each
point were obtained using two systems and recorded then was used to draw the two quadrilate ra ls
joining the two different sets of coordinates obtained from different datum

It was recommended that, the establishment of the control points by using the WGS 84 should then
be transformed to the local datum the ARC 1960 so as to obtain the accurate and representation of
the area coverage during surveying.

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 Contents
ABSTRACT......................................................................................................................................i

LIST OF TABLE ............................................................................................................................ iii

LIST OF FIGURE........................................................................................................................... iii

1.0 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 1

2.0 THEORITICAL PRINCIPALS ................................................................................................ 2

3.0 EQUIPMENT USED ................................................................................................................ 2

4.0 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES ......................................................................................... 2

5.0 DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF THE RESULTS ............................................... 3

5.1 DATA ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................... 3

5.3 REDUCTION OF ERRORS ................................................................................................. 6
6.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION........................................................................ 7

NOMENCLATURE ....................................................................................................................... 9

REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 10

APPENDICES .............................................................................................................................. 11

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LIST OF TABLE
Table 1: The results obtained from ARC 1960 and WGS 84 with its respective unit .................... 3

LIST OF FIGURE
Figure 1: The CAD diagram of datum shift for ARC 1960 and WGS 84. ..................................... 5
Figure 2: Field data ....................................................................................................................... 12

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1.0 INTRODUCTION
Global Positioning System is a space-based satellite navigation system that provides the location
and time information in all weather conditions, anywhere or near the Earth where there is un
obstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites.(Hoque, March 2016).In 1973, the US
Department of Defense commenced the development of NAVSTAR (Navigation System with
Time and Ranging) global positioning system (GPS), and the first satellites were launched in 1978.
These satellites were essentially experimental, with the operational system scheduled for 1987.
Now that GPS is fully operational, relative positioning to several millimeters with extremely short
observation periods of a few minutes has been achieved. For distances in excess of 5 km GPS has
been shown to be more accurate than EDM traversing. It therefore has a wide application in
engineering surveying.

GPS can be divided into three segments: the space segment, control segment, user segment. The
space segment is composed of satellites weighing about 400 kg and powered by means of two
solar panels with three back-ups, nickel-cadmium batteries. The operational phase consists of 28
satellites, at the present time, with three spares. They are in near-circular orbits, at a height of
20200 km above the Earth, with an orbit time of 12 hours (11 h 58 min). The six equally spaced
orbital planes are inclined at 55° to the equator, resulting in five hours above the horizon. The
system therefore guarantees that at least four satellites will always be in view. The control segment
has the task of supervising the satellite timing system, the orbits and the mechanical condition of
the individual satellites. User segment is receiving information from the control segment and use
them for survey purposes. One example of user segment is handheld GPS receiver.(W.Schofie ld,
2001)

In this experiment the handheld GPS receiver was used to pick the coordinates and the proper
geodetic datum was selected during the measurements. The difference in coordinates between
different datums is called datum shift. The difference in coordinates for each point obtained using
two systems of units were recorded and used to draw the two quadrilaterals joining the two
different sets of coordinate s obtained from different datum.

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2.0 THEORITICAL PRINCIPALS
The approach of the experiment was done basing on the survey principles that has two differe nt
datum systems. A datum is a set of values used to define a specific geodetic system. The datum
shift between two particular datum systems varies from one place to another since the earth is
imperfect ellipsoid so localized data use to fit the earth surface in particular area. In the experime nt
the datum used were ARC 1960 and WGS 84 for the precise referencing the ellipsoids. The Earth
is divided into sixty zones and Dar- es-salaam city is found in the 36 and 37 zones. The ARC 1960
and WGS 84 datums are measured in two unit systems as Eastings and Northings grid projections
known as Universe Transverse Mercator (UTM), UPS in meters and the Latitudes and Longitudes
measured in degrees, minutes and seconds (hdd°mm’ss.s”) which define the location of points on
the surface of a sphere or spheroid.(Mikkelsen, September 2007).

The ARC 1960 is the local datum and gives more accurate representation of the area of coverage
but WGS 84 is the global datum whose measurements are not very accurate because the shape of
the earth is an imperfect ellipsoid, not uniform throughout the globe but it is adopted and used
worldwide.

3.0 EQUIPMENT USED

The material and equipment used for the experiment were:

 Handheld GPS
 Notebook

4.0 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES

The procedures carried out during the experiment were:

a) The playground was used where satellites was accessible and four corners of about 100m
x 100m were marked.
b) The GPS was turned on and datum was set on the WGS 84 and UTM UPS units and moved
to each mark to obtain the coordinates for each point and the data were recorded.

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 c) Then datum was changed to ARC 1960 and UTM UPS units and moved to each mark to
obtain the coordinates for each point and the data were recorded.
d) Same procedures (b) and (c) were repeated but the units were set in (hddº mm’ ss.s’’)
e) The difference in coordinates for each point in WGS 84 and ARC 1960 was then calculated.
f) The coordinates obtained in ARC 1960 and WGS 84 measurements were used in CAD to
draw two quadrilaterals joining the two different sets of coordinates from different datum.

5.0 DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF THE RESULTS

Data results from the survey field measurements were recorded and the datum shift was calculated
the presented in the table below.

Table 1: The results obtained from ARC 1960 and WGS 84 with its respective unit

GEODETIC hdd°mm’ss.s” UTM,UTP

POINT
DATUM LONGITUDE LATITUDE NORTHING EASTING
ARC 1960 39°12'29.5'' 06°46'43.5'' 9250771 523009
1
WGS 84 39°12′32.6″ 06°46′51″ 9250473 523101
DATUM SHIFT 298 -92
ARC 1960 39°12′31.7″ 06°46′43.5″ 9250774 523073
2
WGS 84 39°12′34.7″ 06°46′51″ 9250474 523167
DATUM SHIFT 300 -94
ARC 1960 39°12′31.6″ 06°46′46.7″ 9250674 523071
3
WGS 84 39°12′34.7″ 06°46′54.2″ 9250375 523165
DATUM SHIFT 299 -94
ARC 1960 39°12′29.4″ 06°46′46.7″ 9250673 523004
4
WGS 84 39°12′32.5″ 06°46′54.3″ 9250365 523100
DATUM SHIFT 308 -96

5.1 DATA ANALYSIS

The datum shifts from CAD drawing below shows how that the WGS 84datum has shifted to the
local datum (ARC 1960). The northing pole, south pole and equator may be assumed to be in
different datum to true and shows a slightly difference that has a lot of impact in locating the

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control points. From the table above point 1 has shifted 298m nothing and -92m easting, point 2
has shifted 300m nothing and -94m easting, point 3 has shifted299m nothing and -94m easting
then point 4 has shifted 308m northing and -94m easting. The average datum shift for the northing
is 301.25m and 94m for easting. Since the earth imperfect ellipsoidal thus why datum shift between
two particular datum can vary from one place to another within one country or region. The
knowledge of datum shift is very important for surveying activities especially in mining fields as
it helps to take into consideration the shifting of coordinates when granting the prospecting mining
license (PML). When these differences in datum systems are taken into considerations, the inter-
territorial problems can be avoided, as regional variation in the datum shift parameters may result
from using different, poorly connected survey to establish the geodetic control on local datum from
rotation of the local datum and from scale difference.

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Figure 1: The CAD diagram of datum shift for ARC 1960 and WGS 84.

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5.2 SOURCES OF ERRORS

Associated errors when the experiment was performed are as follows;

 Systematic errors

Occur as a result of lack of calibration of the GPS, the measurements were taken out of the
allowable maximum error. For the case of the experiment, the allowable error was ±3 meters.(R
& Robert H, 2017)

Turning off and on of handheld GPS due to low powered batteries

 Random errors

The loss of signal encountered during the establishment of marks/points because of obstruction of
the satellites.

5.3 REDUCTION OF ERRORS

 Frequent check and calibration of the GPS in order to improve the accuracy of the survey
work measurements
 The survey work should be carried in area without obstructions of the light to the satellites.
 The GPS receiver should be fully charged to enable correct measurements of points.

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6.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
CONCLUSION

Conclusively, the Handheld GPS survey in mining is a precise machine control which leads to
increased job site productivity, saving time, reduces maintenances and prevents accidents. As the
experiment aimed at providing a broad know on selection of effective and efficient use of handheld
GPS with other survey equipment and proper selection of geodetic datum, ARC 1960 datum gives
more accurate representation of the area of coverage compared to WGS 84 datum as measureme nts
are not very accurate because the shape of the earth is an imperfect ellipsoid, not unifor m
throughout the globe.

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RECOMMENDATION

The establishment of the control points by using the WGS 84 should then be transformed to the
local datum the ARC 1960 so as to obtain the accurate representation of the area coverage in
mining to avoid the inter territorial problems which may cause misleading of data/informa tio n
about the area as the location of control points was poorly established considering the global
datum.

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NOMENCLATURE
ARC 1960 – The Local Geodetic datum defined in 1960 for Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania.

CAD – Computer Aided Draft

GPS – Global Positioning System

hdd°mm’ ss.s” – degree, minutes and seconds.

m –Meters

PML –Prospecting Mining License.

UTM –Universal Transverse Mercator

WGS 84 –World Geodetic System

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REFERENCES
Hoque, Z. (March 2016). Basic Concepts of GPS and Its Applications. In Z. Howie, Basic Concepts of GPS
and Its Applications (pp. 31-37).

Mikkelsen, D. (September 2007). Datums, Coordinate systems,Coordinate Reference Systems and Datum
Transformstions.

R, P., & Robert H. (2017, april 6). Uncertainty . Retrieved from US Geological Survey- Global Positioning
Application and Practise-USGS: http://www.adatum.com

W.Schofield. (2001). Engineering Surveying. In W.Schofield, Engineering Surveying (pp. 307-309).

OXFORD AUCKLAND BOSTON JOHANNESBURG MELBOURNE NEW DELHI: A division of Reed
Educational and Professional Publishing Ltd.

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APPENDICES
CALCULATIONS INVOLVED

Datum shift between ARC 1960 and WGS 84

At point 1

In Northings (m)= 9250771m - 9250473m=298m

In Eastings (m)=523009m – 523101m=-92m

At point 2

In Northings (m)=9250774m – 9250474m=300m

In Eastings (m)=523073m -523167m =-94m

At point 3

In Northings (m)= 9250674m – 9250375m=299m

In Eastings (m)=523071m – 523165m =-94m

At point 4

In Northings (m)=9250673m – 9250365m =308m

In Eastings (m)=523004m – 523100m =-96m

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Figure 2: Field data

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