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module_1_ccn ppt

The document provides an overview of data communications and networks, defining telecommunication and discussing the components, data representation, and data flow. It covers various network types, including LAN and WAN, along with the TCP/IP protocol suite and its layered architecture. Additionally, it explains the encapsulation process and the steps involved in data transmission across a network.

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Mirza Sabeel
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1 views

module_1_ccn ppt

The document provides an overview of data communications and networks, defining telecommunication and discussing the components, data representation, and data flow. It covers various network types, including LAN and WAN, along with the TCP/IP protocol suite and its layered architecture. Additionally, it explains the encapsulation process and the steps involved in data transmission across a network.

Uploaded by

Mirza Sabeel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module 1

Introduction
DATA COMMUNICATIONS

The term telecommunication means communication at a


distance. The word data refers to information presented in
whatever form is agreed upon by the parties creating and
using the data. Data communications are the exchange of
data between two devices via some form of transmission
medium such as a wire cable.

Topics discussed in this section:


Components
Data Representation
Data Flow
Figure: Five components of data communication
Figure: Data flow (simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex)
NETWORKS

A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes)


connected by communication links. A node can be a
computer, printer, or any other device capable of sending
and/or receiving data generated by other nodes on the
network.

Topics discussed in this section:


Network criteria
Physical Structures
Network Criteria

A network must be able to meet a certain number of criteria. The most


important of these are performance, reliability, and security.
• Performance
• Reliability
• Security
Physical Structures:
Figure: Types of connections: point-to-point and multipoint
Figure: Categories of topology
Figure: A fully connected mesh topology (five devices)
Figure: A star topology connecting four stations
Figure: A bus topology connecting three stations
Figure: A ring topology connecting six stations
NETWORK TYPES

Topics discussed in this section:


LAN
WAN
Switching
The Internet
Local Area Network
Wide Area Network

A switched WAN

Point - to – Point WAN


Switching

Circuit-switched network

Packet-switched network
Self Study Component: The Internet today
How Does the Internet Work ?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x3c1ih2NJEg&ab_channel=Lesics
Network
models
PROTOCOL LAYERING

Topics discussed in this section:


Scenarios
Principles of protocol layering
Logical connections
SCENARIOS
SCENARIOS
Logical connections allow network layers to communicate as if they were
directly connected, even though data physically travels through multiple layers.
OSI Model
TCP IP PROTOCOL SUITE

Topics discussed in this section:


Layered Architecture
Layers in the TCP/IP Protocol suite
Description of each layer
Encapsulation and Decapsulation
Addressing
Multiplexing and Demultiplexing
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
Layers Functions
Physical Layer Hardware Specifications,
Encoding and Signaling,
Data Transmission and Reception, Topology
and
Physical Network Design
Data-Link Layer Framing,
Flow control,
Error control and
congestion control.
Network Layer packetizing and routing
forwarding the packet through possible
routes.
error and flow control
congestion control
Transport Layer flow control
error control
and congestion control
Application Layer Protocols
HTTP, SMTP, FTP, Telnet
Layers in the TCP/IP protocol suite & Communication through an internet
Communication Through an Internet Network
Consider a network with three LANs (Local Area Networks) connected by a router. If
computer A wants to send a message to computer B, the communication follows this
process:
1. Message Creation (Application Layer)
Computer A generates a message using an application-layer protocol, such as HTTP or FTP.
2. Data Segmentation (Transport Layer)
The message is broken into smaller chunks called segments (if using TCP) or datagrams (if
using UDP).
3. Packet Routing (Network Layer)
The transport-layer data is encapsulated into IP packets, each containing a source IP
address (A’s IP) and destination IP address (B’s IP).
The router uses this IP information to determine the best path to computer B.
4. Frame Creation (Data Link Layer)
Each IP packet is encapsulated in a frame with a source MAC address (A’s MAC) and
destination MAC address (Router’s MAC).
When the packet reaches the router, the router changes the MAC address to forward it to
the next device.
5. Physical Transmission (Physical Layer)
•The frame is converted into electrical signals, radio waves, or optical signals and sent
over the network.
Steps in Encapsulation:
1.Application Layer:
1. Creates a message (raw data).
2. No headers or trailers are typically added at this stage.
3. Example: An HTTP request, email, or video stream.
2.Transport Layer:
1. Takes the message and adds a transport layer header.
2. Header includes:
1. Source and destination port numbers (to identify specific applications).
2. Error detection and flow control data (if using TCP).
3. The result is a Segment (TCP) or Datagram (UDP).
3.Network Layer:
1. Takes the segment/datagram and adds an IP header.
2. Header includes:
1. Source and destination IP addresses (to identify devices).
2. Fragmentation and error-checking information.
3. The result is a Packet (IP Datagram).
4. Data Link Layer:
1. Takes the IP packet and adds a frame header and trailer.
2. Header includes:
1. MAC addresses (for local delivery).
3. Trailer includes:
1. Error detection (CRC checksum).
4. The result is a Frame.
5. Physical Layer:
1. Converts the frame into electrical, optical, or radio signals for
transmission
Addressing in TCP/IP protocol suite
Figure 2.12 TCP/IP and OSI model

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