Common Unix Commands

Sysinfo Memory and Swap Disks, Filesystems and Devices Networking Crash Dump Performance Monitoring and Diagnostics Kernel Modules and Parameters Services Patching / Packages Accounts NFS NTP Log Files Security Misc Display system information i.e cpu, memory, etc Information regarding the physical memory and swap area Displaying disk information, filesystems Display and configuring network parameters Configure, display and use the crash dump utiltities List, Monitor and trace processes Displaying, modifying and tuning kernel parameters Display, start and stop services Installing and removing patches and software packages Setting up and removing user accounts Information on NFS i.e starting, stopping, etc Network Time Protocol Location to common log files Security information Other stuff i.e shutdown, timezone, run level, etc

sysinfo
cat /etc/release Server Release info Solaris Red Hat cat /etc/enterprise-release cat /etc/redhat-release lsb_release -a cat /proc/version /usr/platform/`uname -i`/sbin/prtdiag -v Server type prtdiag -v prtpicl -v [-c <class>] prtconf -D lspci lsusb lshal dmidecode dmidecode mo un ios ios Ubuntu/Debian cat /etc/lsb-release lsb_release -a /st

Hardware Info

lspci lsusb lshal

Note: hal = hardware abstraction layer

/o ca

Operating System

uname -a /usr/platform/`uname -i`/sbin/prtdiag -v prtconf | grep -i mem

uname -a cat /proc/meminfo (detailed) free -om cat /proc/slabinfo

uname -a cat /proc/meminfo (detailed) free -om cat /proc/slabinfo

un dm /u /o ca

Memory

/usr/platform/`uname -i`/sbin/prtdiag -v CPU (type, number, etc) ## display,offline,online psrinfo psradm -f 0 (offline) psradm -n 0 (online) format prtvtoc <device> Disk Drives format -e (to convert EFI (zfs) to SMI) Note: EFI - Extensible Firmware Interface SMI - Sun Microsystems Inc /kernel/genunix Kernel File and associated directories /platform/sparc/kernel /platform/i86pc/kernel /kernel /usr/kernel

cat /proc/cpuinfo (detailed)

cat /proc/cpuinfo (detailed)

/o sam ca

fdisk -l sfdisk -l (advanced server) parted <device> print partprobe -s <device>

fdisk -l sfdisk -l (advanced server) parted <device> print partprobe <device>

ios

/boot/initrd.?????.img /boot/vmlinuz

/boot/initrd.img-?????-server /boot/vmlinuz-????-server

/st

isainfo -kv (solaris 9+) isalist (sparc v9 will be listed first)

uname -a uname -m getconf -a |grep -i 'long_bit'

uname -a uname -m getconf -a |grep -i 'long_bit'

ge /o HP

Kernel 32 or 64

No ge /o At the OK prompt type banner boot into the BIOS (normally F2 or F12) boot into the BIOS (normally F2 or F12)

Display Firmware

wo reb en typ typ n/

Display IRQ, IO ports and DMA GUI admin tool admintool

n/a

/proc/interrupts /proc/ioports /proc/dma linuxconf

/proc/interrupts /proc/ioports /proc/dma linuxconf

sam

Memory and Swap

Solaris /usr/platform/`uname i`/sbin/prtdiag -v prtconf | grep -i mem Red Hat cat /proc/meminfo (detailed) free -om Ubuntu/Debian cat /proc/meminfo (detailed) free -om HP dmesg | grep -i physical /usr/sam/lbin/getmem /opt/ignite/bin/print_manifest cat /var/opt/ignite/local/manifest/manife page size (memory) display swap /usr/bin/pagesize swap -l swap -s /usr/bin/getconf -a| egrep -i 'pagesize|page_size' cat /proc/swaps (detailed) swapon -s /usr/bin/getconf -a| egrep -i 'pagesize|page_size' cat /proc/swaps (detailed) swapon -s dmesg |grep -i physical swapinfo (displayed in KB) swapinfo -m (display in Mb) swapinfo -tm (total / Mb) Create logical volume or filesystem swapon <device> | -f <logical device>

Memory

adding swap

mkfile 5m /var/swapfile swap -a /var/swapfile

device: device: create partition with fdisk (type create partition with fdisk (type 82) 82)

update /etc/vfstab

file(create 50MB swap file): dd if=/dev/zero of=/var/swapfile bs=1024 count=50000 mkswap <device>|<file> swapon <device>|<file> update /etc/fstab

file(create 50MB swap file): dd if=/dev/zero of=/var/swapfile bs=1024 count=50000 mkswap <device>|<file> swapon <device>|<file> update /etc/fstab

swapon -p 3 <device> | -f <logical device> update /etc/fstab Note: -p = priority swap number . The nswa tunable system parameter controls the max number of swap devices.

removing swap

update /etc/vfstab swap -d

swapoff <device>|<file> Remove device or file as normal

swapoff <device>|<file> Remove device or file as normal

remove entry from /etc/fstab reboot

Disks, Filesystems and Devices

format prtvtoc <device> Disk Drives format -e (to convert EFI (zfs) to SMI) Note: EFI - Extensible Firmware Interface SMI - Sun Microsystems Inc format iostat -En luxadm inq <disk> (A5x00 disk arrays) hdparm -i /dev/hda hdparm -I /dev/hda (detailed) hdparm -Tt /dev/hda (speed test) sdparm -i /dev/sdb Disk serial Number, type, etc cat /proc/ide/ide0/hda/model cat /proc/scsi/scsi hdparm -i /dev/hda hdparm -I /dev/hda (detailed) haparm -Tt /dev/hda (speed test) sdparm -i /dev/sdb cat /proc/ide/ide0/hda/model cat /proc/scsi/scsi Solaris Red Hat fdisk -l sfdisk -l (advanced server) parted <device> print partprobe <device> Ubuntu/Debian fdisk -l sfdisk -l (advanced server) parted <device> print partprobe <device>

prtvtoc <device> cat /etc/vfstab

fdisk -l sfdisk -l (advanced server) cat /proc/partitions (very high level) cat /etc/fstab

fdisk -l sfdisk -l (advanced server) cat /proc/partitions (very high leve cat /etc/fstab

Disk disk partitions

use format to partition the disk then just use the slice as a raw partition, remember to use the character device

## Old way /etc/sysconfig/rawdevices service rawdevices start chkconfig rawdevices on ## New way, Edit below file /etc/udev/rules.d/60-raw.rules udevinfo -d ## Display raw partitions raw -qa

mknod /dev/rawctl c 162 0 mknod /dev/raw/raw0 c 162 1 mknod /dev/raw/raw1 c 162 2 ln -s /dev/rawctl /dev/raw/rawctl ## map raw devices to the disk raw /dev/raw/raw1 /dev/sdb1 ## display raw devices raw -qa

List Raw Partitions

Filesystem commands

df -k df -h newfs -v <raw device> # Display how the filesystem was created newfs -Nv <filesystem>

df -k df -h mkfs -t ext3 /dev/sdb1

df -k df -h mkfs -t ext3 /dev/sdb1

Filesystem (create|remove)

tunefs fstyp -v <device> |grep -i minfree Tune Filesystems

tune2fs tune2fs -l /dev/sda1 # change reserved blocks percentage to 1% tune2fs -m 1 /dev/sda1

tune2fs tune2fs -l /dev/sda1 # change reserved blocks percentag tune2fs -m 1 /dev/sda1

touch /forcefsck shutdown -Fr now Force fsck # Check to see filesystem needs checking fstyp -v <filesystem> | grep fsclean tune2fs -l /dev/sdb<?> |grep -i 'filesystem state'

touch /forcefsck shutdown -r now tune2fs -l /dev/sdb<?> |grep -i 'file # edit /etc/default/rcS change belo # you dont have to hang around FSCKFIX=yes

backup filesystem

ufsdump|ufsrestore tar dd cpio

dump/restore tar dd cpio

dump/restore tar dd cpio

Display the boot device

eeprom |grep boot-device prtconf -pv |grep bootpath prtpicl -v|grep ':bootpath'

cat /boot/grub/grub.conf cat /etc/lilo.conf grub = grand unified boot loader lilo = linux loader

cat /boot/grub/menu.lst

setenv boot-device [<device>|<alias>] eeprom boot-device [<device>|<alias>] Setting the boot device

/boot/grub/grub.conf /etc/lilo.conf

/boot/grub/menu.lst

Creating boot device (MBR)

installboot /usr/platform/`uname i`/lib/fs/ufs/bootblk <raw-device>

grub-install <raw-device> lilo -v

grub-install <raw-device>

Format floppy drive

fdformat -v -U volcheck -v newfs -v /vol/disk/aliases/floppy0 volrmmount -l floppy0 eject floppy mount -F hsfs -o ro <device path> /cdrom/cdrom0 umount /cdrom/cdrom0 /etc/init.d/volmgr start eject cdrom n/a

floppy --probe (use device obtained below ) floppy --createrc > /etc/fd0 floppy --format /dev/fd0 mkfs /dev/fd0 mount /dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy umount /mnt/floppy mount -rt iso9660 /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom umount /mnt/cdrom eject cdrom

n/a

mount/unmount floppy

n/a mount -rt iso9660 /dev/cdrom /mn umount /mnt/cdrom eject cdrom

mount/unmount CDROM

mount -o remount,rw /

mount -o remount,rw /

remount a filesystem

create boot disk or recovery tape

n/a

mkbootdisk `uname -r` (boot diskette)

n/a

ok> boot cdrom -s

using the grub window append the word single to the kernel line

using the grub window append the w the kernel line

boot cdrom/diskette (single user)

ok> boot -as

f10 or f12

f10 or f12

boot into maintenace mode

floppy: disk: /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s0 tape: /dev/rmt/0ucb cdrom: /dev/dsk/c0t6d0s0 /dev/scd0 (external usb cd)

floppy: /dev/fd0 disk: /dev/hda or /dev/sda /dev/hdb or /dev/sdb tape: cdrom: /dev/hda (depends on number of IDE disks)

floppy: /dev/fd0 disk: /dev/hda or /dev/sda /dev/hdb or /dev/sdb tape: cdrom: /dev/hda (depends on number of ID

Device paths

update /dev directory

drvconfig devlinks disks|tapes|ports devfsadm ( solaris 8, 9, 10) rem_drv

/dev/MAKEDEV <device>

/dev/MAKEDEV <device>

remove or change a device

prtconf -D sysdef

cat /proc/devices

cat /proc/devices

list device drivers

Networking
Solaris Red Hat Ubuntu/De

Basic network information (hostname, ip address)

/etc/hostname.hme0 prtdiag -v ifconfig -a kstat hme:0 kstat e1000g:0

/etc/sysconfig/network /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0 ifconfig system-config-network (GUI)

/etc/network/interface ifconfig

displaying network interfaces

ifconfig

ifconfig

ifconfig

Configure network interface

ifconfig qfe0 up ifconfig qfe0 down Starting and stopping a network interface

/sbin/ifup eth0 /sbin/ifdown eth0

/sbin/ifup eth0 /sbin/ifdown eth0

Setting NIC speed

ndd -set <device> <parm> <value> (dynamically) /etc/system (edit and update then reboot permanent)

mii-tool -F 100baseTx-FD eth0 ethtool -s eth1 speed 100 duplex full

ethtool -s eth1 speed 10

ndd -get <device> <parm> Change NIC parameters # List parameters ndd -get /dev/hme \? ndd -get /dev/e1000g0 \? ndd -get /dev/ip \? ndd -get /dev/tcp \? Display NIC statistics display MAC address ifconfig -a (as user root) snoop -d <interface>

mii-tool -v ethtool eth1 ethtool -t eth0 online sysctl -a | grep net*

ethtool eth0 sysctl -a |grep net*

ifconfig system-config-network (GUI) tcpdump -i <interface> ethereal (needs to be installed)

ifconfig

tcpdump -i <interface> ethereal (needs to be in

Displaying network packets

/etc/defaultrouter default router route add default <gteway> netstat -rn display routing table

edit /etc/sysconfig/network add: GATEWAY=<IP address> netstat -rn route -n

edit /etc/network/inter add: gateway <IP addres netstat -rn route -n

Test IPMP, Bonding

if_mpadm -d (detach) if_mpadm -r (reattach) tail /var/adm/messages change the following files:

ifenslave -d bond0 eth1 (detach) ifenslave bond0 eth1 (reattach) cat /proc/net/bonding/bond0 /etc/sysconfig/network /etc/hosts sysctl -a |grep hostname

ifenslave -d bond0 eth1 ifenslave bond0 eth1 cat /proc/net/bonding/ /etc/hostname /etc/hosts sysctl -a |grep hostname

change the hostname

/etc/nodename /etc/hostname.<interface> /etc/inet/hosts /etc/inet/ipnodes /etc/net - few files in here as well /etc/resolv.conf

setup DNS

/etc/resolv.conf

/etc/resolv.conf

Name service switch file (DNS client)

/etc/nsswitch.conf /etc/resolv.conf

/etc/nsswitch.conf /etc/host.conf /etc/resolv.conf

/etc/nsswitch.conf /etc/host.conf /etc/resolv.conf

Flush DNS cache

svcadm restart system/name-service-cache:default /etc/defaultdomain

## if installed service nscd restart /etc/sysconfig/network (HOSTNAME option) /etc/resolv.conf Note: for NIS use the NISDOMAIN option

/etc/host /etc/resolv.conf

Domain Name route -n get <hostname> traceroute Boot (jumpstart) servers: rpcinfo -b bootparam 1 Find Services on the network NFS servers: rpcinfo -b mountd 1 NIS servers/slaves: rpcinfo -b ypserv 1

Obtain IP Address routing

ip route get <IP address> tracroute Boot (jumpstart) servers: rpcinfo -b bootparam 1 NFS servers: rpcinfo -b mountd 1 NIS servers/slaves: rpcinfo -u <yp server> ypserv

ip route get <IP address traceroute Boot (jumpstart) servers rpcinfo -b bootparam 1 NFS servers: rpcinfo -b mountd 1 NIS servers/slaves: rpcinfo -u <yp server> y

Crash Dump
Solaris Red Hat Ubuntu/Debian diskdump netdump kdump (part of kexec rpm) /etc/kdump.conf (select where you want the dump to go) service kdump start chkconfig kdump on ## to crash the system echo "c" > /proc/sysrq-trigger HP edit /stand/system add either: dump 2/0/1.5.0 dump lvol dump none # crash config file /etc/rc.config.d/savecrash sysdumpdev -l (list sysdumpdev -e (est sysdumpdev -L (info sysdumpstart -p (st sysdumpstart -s (sta # set the dump dev sysdumpdev -p <du # analyse dump file echo "stat\n status\

Crash Dump

dumpadm -d <device> diskdump netdump crash (used to kdump (part of kexec rpm) analyse crash dumps) adb (used to analyse /etc/kdump.conf (select where you want the dump to go) crash dumps) service kdump start chkconfig kdump on ## to crash the system echo "c" > /proc/sysrq-trigger

crash (used to analyse crash dumps) crash (used to analyse crash dumps)

Performance Monitoring and Diagnostics

Solaris top (sunfreeware) prstat sar mpstat w (load average) uptime (load average) ps vmstat Red Hat top sar mpstat w (load average) uptime (load average) ps vmstat procinfo oprofile cat /proc/cpuinfo Ubuntu/Debian top sar mpstat w (load average) uptime (load average) ps vmstat procinfo cat /proc/cpuinfo HP top sar w (load average) uptime (load average) ps vmstat glance sam AIX topas -P topas -L(logical partitio mpstat sar -c w (load average) uptime (load average) lparstat ps iostat -tT 1 tprof curt topas vmstat sar -b svmon ps ipcs -a lockstat (version 4) rmss [ent|tok|fddi|atm]stat netstat netpmon (trcstop to stop trace)

CPU

Memory

prstat vmstat top sar

free vmstat top procinfo slabtop sar cat /proc/meminfo ethtool mii-tool netstat lsof tcpdump ip iptraf sar -d iostat vmstat lsof

free vmstat top procinfo slabtop sar cat /proc/meminfo ethtool mii-tool netstat lsof tcpdump ip iptraf sar -d iostat vmstat lsof

top vmstat sar sam glance

Network I/O

ndd netstat lsof snoop route

netstat lanadmin sam glance

sar -d iostat vmstat lsof Disk I/O

iostat sar sam glance

topas -D(disk) topas -F(filesystem) iostat sar -D fcstat (fibre) lvmstat filemon (trcstop to stop) fileplace # disk stat history

chdev -l sys0 -a iostat=tr lsattr -HEl sys0 -a iostat truss -p <pid> strace -p <pid> strace -p <pid> download and install tusc tusc -p <pid> Application topas truss sar probevue tprof svmon -P <pid> nfsstat

NFS

nfsstat

nfsstat

nfsstat

nfsstat

Kernel Modules and Parameters

modinfo Solaris Red Hat cat /proc/modules (more detailed) lsmod Location: /lib/modules/`uname -r`/kernel/drivers Config: /etc/modprobe.conf /etc/modprobe.d load modules modload -p drv/<module name> modunload -i <module number> unload modules /etc/system (edit and reboot) modprobe <module> insmod modprobe -r <module> rmmod /etc/sysctl.conf (edit and update then reboot) sysctl -p <filename> sysctl -w param=value set kernel parameters (tuning) No reboot (dynamically): echo "250 32000 100 28" > /proc/sys/kernel/sem echo "536870912" > /proc/sys/kernel/shmmax echo "4096" > /proc/sys/kernel/shmmni echo "2097152" > /proc/sys/kernel/shmall etc............................................. Ubuntu/Debian cat /proc/modules (more detailed) lsmod Location: /lib/modules/`uname -r`/kernel/drivers Config: /etc/modprobe.d/options /etc/modprobe.d modprobe <module> insmod modprobe -r <module> rmmod /etc/sysctl.conf (edit and update then reboot) sysctl -p <filename> sysctl -w param=value No reboot (dynamically): echo "250 32000 100 28" > /proc/sys/kernel/sem echo "536870912" > /proc/sys/kernel/shmmax echo "4096" > /proc/sys/kernel/shmmni echo "2097152" > /proc/sys/kernel/shmall etc............................................. k k

display loaded modules

k k k k r

display kernel parameters

cat /etc/system sysdef -i

sysctl -a cat /etc/sysctl.conf cat /proc/sys/kernel/sem cat /proc/sys/kernel/shmmax etc...................................

sysctl -a cat /etc/sysctl.conf cat /proc/sys/kernel/sem cat /proc/sys/kernel/shmmax etc...................................

k s k k / o c / e / m m m m r

edit and update file then reboot: /etc/system

build kernel

cd /usr/src/linux-2.5 edit Makefile (change EXTRAVERSION) make mrproper backup .config make xconfig make dep make bzImage make modules move new kernel make modules_install change lilo/grub config file reboot ipcs -a

interprocess communication

ipcs -a

ipcs -a

Services
display services Solaris 10 svcs -a inetadm -l svcadm enable nfs svcadm disable nfs svcadm refresh nfs svcadm restart nfs svcs nfs svcs -d network Red Hat service --status-all Ubuntu/Debian HP

There is no services or chkconfig command use There is no services or chkconfig comm the old fashioned way /etc/init.d/<service> use the old fashioned way /sbin/init.d/<service>

start services stop services reload service restart service service status service dependencies

service nfs start service nfs stop service nfs reload service nfs restart service nfs staus n/a

service dependants service logging, etc change service startup

svcs -D network /var/svc/log /var/svc/manifest /lib/svc/method n/a

n/a n/a

chkconfig --levels 2345 nfs on

Patching / Software
display installed patches showrev -p patchadd -p patchadd patchadd -M <dir> (multiple patches) adding patch Solaris Red Hat Ubuntu/Debian

patch -p1 <patch> zcat patch46.gz | patch -p1 Note: -p = # of path stripping

removing patch

patchrm pkginfo (all packages) pkginfo -l (single package) pkgchk -l -p <file> (file belongs)

patch -R -p1 <patch> rpm rpm rpm rpm -qa (all packages) -q (single package) -qf (file belongs) -qi <package> (very detailed)

dpkg dpkg dpkg dpkg dpkg -l -S <search string> (search) -S <filename> (file belongs) -s <package> (status) -p <package> (detailed)

display installed packages

pkgadd adding package

rpm -Uhv (updates/installs if not already) dpkg -i <package> rpm -ihv (install)

pkgrm

rpm -e <package>

dpkg -r <package> (do not remove config dpkg -P <package> (remove config files)

removing packages

verify package

pkginfo -l pkginfo -p pkgchk -l <package> | grep -i pathname

rpm -V <package>

n/a

rpm -ql <package>

dpkg -L <package> (list files)

List files in package

/var/sadm Package directory

/var/lib/rpm

/var/lib/dpkg/info

List libraries required for binary program

ldd <file>

ldd <file>

ldd <file>

Accounts
display users logins -x create a user remove a user useradd userdel useradd system-config-users (GUI) userdel system-config-users (GUI) useradd userdel useradd sam userdel sam Solaris cat /etc/passwd Red Hat cat /etc/passwd system-config-users (GUI) Ubuntu/Debian cat /etc/passwd cat /etc/passwd logins -x HP cat /etc/pass lsuser -f ALL mkuser useradd rmuser userdel chuser -a usermod passwd -f passwd -s chfn <usernam chfn <usernam

modify a user

usermod

usermod system-config-users (GUI)

usermod

usermod sam

change user password create a group remove a group modify a goup password files

passwd groupadd groupdel groupmod /etc/passwd /etc/shadow id -a whoami who w finger

passwd groupadd groupdel groupmod /etc/passwd /etc/shadow id -a whoami who w finger

passwd groupadd groupdel groupmod /etc/passwd /etc/shadow id -a whoami who w finger

passwd groupadd groupdel groupmod /etc/passwd /tcb/files/auth/r/root (trusted system) id whoami who w uptime (displays # of users logged in) finger

passwd pwdadm pwdck -t ALL mkgroup <gro rmgroup <grou chgroup <attr /etc/security id whoami who w uptime (displa finger # License info lslicense chlicense # Maximum nu lsattr -D -l sys chdev -l sys0

useful user commands

useful group commands

groups setpgrp newgrp

groups

groups

groups setprivgrp

groups setgroups lsgroup ALL

NFS
NFS Daemons Solaris server: mountd, nfsd client: statd, lockd Red Hat server: rpc.mountd,nfsd client: rpc.statd, lockd server: rpc.mountd client: rpc.statd, lo /etc/exports /var/lib/nfs/etab /var/lib/nfs/xtab /var/lib/nfs/rmtab showmount -e local

NFS files List nfs clients that have a remote mount display nfs shares

/etc/dfs/dfstab /etc/dfs/sharetab /etc/rmtab /etc/rmtab dfshares showmount -e localhost

/etc/exports /var/lib/nfs/etab /var/lib/nfs/xtab /var/lib/nfs/rmtab showmount -e localhost

/etc/dfs/dfstab (edit and add share) share <path> create nfs share

redhat-config-nfs (GUI)

/etc/exports (edit a exportfs -rav (expor /etc/init.d/portma /etc/init.d/nfs-kern ## /etc/exports exa /export *(rw,fsid=0 /etc/exports (edit a exportfs -rav (expor

/etc/exports (edit and add share) ## dfstab example /sbin/service nfs reload share -F nfs -d "jumpstart" /export/jumpstart ## /etc/exports example /export *(rw,fsid=0,insecure,no_root_squash,sync) unshare <path> /etc/dfs/dfstab (edit and remove share) /etc/exports (edit and remove share) /sbin/service nfs reload

uncreate nfs share

start/change nfs daemons

/etc/init.d/nfs.server start /etc/init.d/nfs.client start svcadm enable nfs/server svcadm disable nfs/server /etc/init.d/nfs.server stop /etc/init.d/nfs.client stop

/sbin/service nfs start

/etc/init.d/portma /etc/init.d/nfs-kern

/sbin/service nfs stop

stop nfs daemons nfs status nfs reload nfs performanace nfs Options

/etc/init.d/portma /etc/init.d/nfs-kern

ps -ef|grep < nfs daemons> shareall nfsstat n/a

/sbin/service nfs status /sbin/service nfs reload nfsstat cat /var/lib/nfs/etab

/etc/init.d/nfs-kern exportfs -rav (expor nfsstat cat /var/lib/nfs/eta

solaris/redhat mount problems (nfs v3 to v4)

## Make sure you use NFS version 3 mount -F nfs -o vers=3 <mount> <mountpoint>

n/a

n/a

NTP
Time daemons xntpd Solaris ntpd Red Hat ntpd Ubuntu/Debian xntpd

# Solaris 8 /etc/ntp.conf /etc/ntp.server /etc/ntp.client ntp setup /etc/rc2.d/xntpd [start|stop] # Solaris 10 /etc/inet/ntp.server /etc/inet/ntp.client svcadm enable ntpd /lib/svc/method/xntp ntp daemon options

/etc/ntp.conf (edit with ntp servers) dateconfig (GUI) chkconfig --list ntpd chkconfig --level 2345 ntpd on /sbin/service ntpd start

/etc/default/ntp /etc/ntp.conf /etc/init.d/ntp [start|stop|restart]

/etc/rc.config.d/netda /etc/ntp.conf

/etc/sysconfig/ntpd

/etc/default/ntp

/etc/rc.config.d/netda

NTP Trace commands

ntpq -p ntptrace

ntpq -p ntptrace

ntpq -p ntptrace

ntpq -p ntpdate (set the date)

Log Files
messages syslog mail cron Solaris /var/adm/messages /var/log/syslog /var/cron/log /var/adm/messages dmesg Red Hat /var/log/messages /var/log/syslog /var/log/mail /var/log/cron /var/log/boot dmesg Ubuntu/Debian /var/log/messages /var/log/syslog /var/log/mail.* /var/log/cron.log /var/log/boot dmesg HP /var/adm/syslog/syslog.log /var/adm/syslog/syslog.log /var/adm/syslog/mail.log /var/adm/cron/log /var/adm/syslog/syslog.log dmesg /var/adm/ras /var/adm/ras /usr/spool/mqueue/syslog /var/adm/cron/log /var/adm/ras boot alog -o -t boot alog -o -t console alog -L (list all the logs available) /usr/lib/errdemon -l (display attributes) /usr/lib/errdemon (start error logging) /usr/lib/errstop (stop error logging) # use with above errorlog file errpt (summary errorlog report) errpt -a (detailed errorlog report) errpt -j <identifier> (single errorlog report) AIX

Error logging logger

logger

logger

logger

errclear (clears errorlog) errclear -d <class><days> (clears class errors) errlogger "message upto 230 chars"

Security
Checking the passwd file checking the group file pwck grpck # No reboot required /etc/default/login Solaris pwck grpck # No reboot required /etc/securetty Red Hat Ubuntu/Debian pwck grpck # No reboot required /etc/securetty pwck grpck # No reboot required /etc/securetty HP pwdck -t A usrck -t AL grpck # No reboo /etc/secu

console login (allow/deny)

Note: you may need to create this file chsec -f /e if it does not exist

Misc
eeprom startup setenv boot-device shutdown -h (halt) shutdown -r (reboot) shutdown -f (fast reboot no fsck) shutdown -F (force fsck) Solaris grub (GUI) lilo (text based) Red Hat grub (GUI) Ubuntu/Debian

shutdown -i5 -g0 -y (power down) shutdown -i6 -g0 -y (reboot) shutdown -i0 -g0 -y (OK prompt) shutdown reboot -- -r (reboot/reconfigure) touch /reconfigure

shutdown -h (halt) shutdown -r (reboot) shutdown -P (power off) touch /forcefsck # edit /etc/default/rcS change below so # you dont have to hang around FSCKFIX=yes

Change run level

halt init poweroff reboot

halt init poweroff reboot

halt init poweroff reboot

shutdown telinit uadmin init status 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

shutdown telinit

shutdown telinit

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

- shutdown - single user - n/a - Multi-user - n/a - power off - reboot

0 - halt 1 - single user 2 - multiuser (no networking) 3 - multiuser (networking) 4 - unused 5 - GUI 6 - reboot # change default vi /etc/inittab single- use grub to edit kernel line emergency - use grub to edit kernel line linux rescue - use at the boot prompt single: runlevel1, local fs mounted, no network emergency: root fs read-only, no init files run rescue: use cd-rom/network, root mounted as /mnt/sysimage

0 - halt 1 - single user 2 - multiuser (default) 3 - same as 2 4 - same as 2 5 - same as 2 6 - reboot

# change default vi /etc/inittab -s single user -a interactive -x no device drivers (used in clustering) -r reconfigure devices -m milestone

# change default - change all the telinit vi /etc/event.d/rc-default

single- use grub to edit kernel line emergency - use grub to edit kernel line linux rescue - use at the boot prompt single: runlevel1, local fs mounted, no network emergency: root fs read-only, no init files run rescue: use cd-rom/network, root mounted as /mnt/sysimage

Startup options

/etc/init.d /etc/rc0.d - /etc/rc6.d startup scripts

/etc/init.d /etc/rc0.d - /etc/rc6.d

/etc/init.d /etc/rc0.d - /etc/rc6.d

boot prompt commands

boot printenv setenv banner devalias

F10 or F12

F10 or F12

show-devs show-pci-devs-all probe-scsi-all probe-fcal-all probe-pci watch-net-all reset-all Boot sequence 1. BIOS 2. POST 3. Master Boot Record (MBR) - point to the bootloader GRUB or LILO 4. GRUB (stage 1) - point to GRUB stage 1_ 5. GRUB (stage 1_5) - deals with specific filesystem types look at /boot/grub/*1_ files 6. GRUB (stage 2) reads /boot/grub/men and displays the grub menu, it specifies kernel and the initrd files 7. KERNEL - control given to the kernel 8. INIT - runs the /etc/event.d/rc-default

Phases: Boot PROM: displays system information, run POST, load bootblk, locate ufsboot Boot Programs: bootblk loads and executes the ufsboot Kernel Initialization: ufsboot loads and executes the core kernel, initializes core kernel data structures, loads other kernel modules based on the /etc/system file, starts /sbin/init program init: starts other processes based on the /etc/inittab file who -r cat /etc/inittab locale -a n/a sys-unconfig initialize system Timezone /etc/TIMEZONE /etc/default/init

Boot sequence 1. BIOS 2. POST 3. Master Boot Record (MBR) - point to the bootloader GRUB or LILO 4. GRUB (stage 1) - point to GRUB stage 1_5 5. GRUB (stage 1_5) - deals with specific filesystem types look at /boot/grub/*1_5 files 6. GRUB (stage 2) reads /etc/grub.conf and displays the grub menu, it specifies the kernel and the initrd files 7. KERNEL - control given to the kernel 8. INIT - reads /etc/inittab and runs /etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit script

Boot process

determine the run level obtain default run level list locale start xwindows

runlevel who -r cat /etc/inittab locale -a startx (shorthand of below) initx (lots of parms)

runlevel who -r /etc/event.d/rc-default locale -a

/etc/sysconfig/clock /usr/share/zoneinfo/zone.tab

/etc/timezone /usr/share/zoneinfo/zone.tab