Unit-4

Classes and Objects in C++

1. Define Object Oriented Programming Language? Explain about Object Oriented

Programming Language Features or Characteristics?

Definition:
 In object oriented programming language the problem or program is divided into
smaller objects.
 The object oriented programming language is to combine both data and functions is
known as Object.

Major Problem

Basic Concepts of Object-Oriented Programming or characteristics of OOPS:

1. Objects:
 Objects are primary run-time entities in object oriented programming.
 It has data and methods/functions.
 Objects are person, a place, bank account etc.
Object: student
Data/properties/attributes
Name
Date of birth
Marks
Functions/Methods
Reading
Writing
Listening
Figure : Representation of Object
2. Classes
 A class is collection of similar objects.
 They have the properties/attributes/characteristics/features/data.
 They have common behavior, and shared relationship.
 A class combines the data and its related functions together.

3. Data Abstraction
 Data Abstraction refers to the representation of essential features without
including the background details.
 Data abstraction refers to the representation of needed information in the
program without presenting details.

4. Encapsulation
  The packing of data and functions into a single component is known as encapsulation.
 Example of Encapsulation is Class.
 A class defines the structure of data and member functions.
 Encapsulation is a way of achieving data security in an object-oriented program.

Object

Data

Methods

5. Inheritance
 A new class can be derived from the existing class without affecting the existing
class is treated as inheritance.
 In the following figure: Course is base class/Super class/parent class/Existing
class

 Non-professional course and professional course are Sub-classes/ Child Class/

Derived Class

6. Polymorphism
 It is an important feature of OOP concept.
 Poly means Many or Several, Morphism means Forms or behaviors.
 It holds an ability to take more than one form or behavior.
 In polymorphism, two types of polymorphism are involved.
o Function overloading: only one function can do different behavior.
o Operator overloading: only one operator can do different behavior.
7. Dynamic Binding

 Message passing to objects can be done at runtime is called dynamic binding.

 Procedure call or function invoking can be done only during compilation is
called static binding or early binding.
 Procedure call or function invoking can be done only runtime is called dynamic
binding or late binding.
8. Message passing
 In OOPs, Data is transferred from one object to another object.
 It is possible with functions in classes.

2. Explain about History of C++? Write about C++ Program

Structure?
2. Write about different sections of a C++ program?
 C++ programming language was developed in 1980 by Bjarne Stroustrup at bell
laboratories of AT&T (American Telephone & Telegraph), located in U.S.A.
 C++ was initially known as “C with classes”.
 Bjarne Stroustrup is known as the founder of C++ language.
 It was develop for adding a feature of OOP (Object Oriented Programming) in C
without significantly changing the C component.
 C++ programming is "relative" (called a superset) of C, it means any valid C program is
also a valid C++ program.
Structure of a C++ Program or different sections of C++ Program:
Documentation -Optional
Include files -Mandatory
Classes declaration and Definition -Optional
Global Variables Declaration -Optional
int main(void) –Mandatory -Mandatory
{
Local Variables Statements -Optional
return 0; -Mandatory
}
Description:
Documentation
 Documentation section is optional.
 Documentation consists of comment lines, these line are indicate program title,
author name and other relevant details related to the program.
 Two types of comment are available i.e single line comments and multiline comments
 Single line comments are indicated by // these are used to explain the each line in
the program.
 Multiline comments are indicated by /* */ these are used on top of the
program.
Include files or standard library files or header files:
 Include section is mandatory.
 Include files is refers to the files.
 Standard library file or include file are which consists of a large number of
commonly used built-in functions.
Example:
 #inlcude<iostream.h>, #include< iomanip.h>, #include<conio.h> and #include<string.h>
etc.

Class declarations and definitions:

 Class section is optional.
 Class declaration and definition is to declare and define the classes that are used
by the program.

Global variables:
 Global Variable section is Optional.
 Those variables are working out of the function.
 Global variable will hold their value throughout the lifetime of your program.

Main function:
 Main section is mandatory.
 Every C++ program will have one main().
 This is main execution of a program.
 Main function starts with opening braces{ and the closing brace }
 The statements enclosed within the opening brace and the closing brace form the
body of the main().
 It consists of two parts.
Local variables declaration: Those variables are working within a function
Statements: it refers to the executable statements.
Simple Program:

A simple program in C++:

#include <iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main(void)
{
clrscr();
cout << “Data Encapsulation\n”;
cout << “Inheritance\n”;
cout << “Polymorphism”;
return 0;
}
Example 2:
#include<iostream.h>
 #include<conio.h>
int main()
{
char name[15];
clrscr();
cout<<“Enter Your Name :”;
cin>>name;
return 0;
}

3. Explain the procedure to execute the C++ program? Or

3. how will you execute C++ program?
 Brief information is given about the different platforms for C++ implementation,
and execution of C++ programs using Borland C++ compiler under the Windows
platform is described.

STEP 1: OPEN ANY TEXT EDITOR

Unix/Linux platform:

 Use text editors such as Gedit, Kwrite, Medit, ed, VI, etc.
Windows platform:

 Use text editors such as Notepad, Wordpad, etc.

 Alternately, one can use integrated Borland C++ compiler, which supports its own
text editor. Once Turbo C++ is installed, it automatically creates a directory
turboc3 and subdirectory bin. Follow the path c:\turboc3 and click the executable
file tc. One can use desktop shortcut for turboc3.
 Turbo C++ screen appears which is blank initially and has a menu bar at the top,
which is shown as follows.
STEP 2: WRITE THE CODE FOR THE PROGRAM
 Write the code to fulfill the requirements of the program, if possible using the
proper syntax and indentation using an editor.

 Create a source program using integrated Turbo C++ editor. Go to the File menu and
select New. The file name NONAME00.CPP appears on the screen at the center of
the window. Check whether your source program is typed correctly. If mistakes are
found, correct them.
STEP 3: SAVE THE FILE WITH .CPP AS AN EXTENSION

 Now press F2 to save your program or use Save option with .cpp extension.
You can change the file name and save it using the Save option in File menu.
In the following window the file is saved with ABC.CPP.
STEP 4: COMPILE THE PROGRAM
Windows platform:
 From the File menu, open the program file and compile it using Compile option in
Compile menu or use Alt+F9.
 It will display the errors and warnings. If there are any errors or warnings, correct
them and save the corrected file again, compile again. If program is correct, then
the window shows:
Warnings: 0
Errors: 0
STEP 5: RUN THE PROGRAM
Windows platform:
 Use‘Run’option from Run menu of Turbo C++ IDE or use ctrl+F9 and see the output
as per program.
 The following window shows execution of ABC.CPP program.
4. Describe about Input and Output statements In C++?
4. write about Cin and Cout statements in C++?
The Input and Output Statements (cin and cout)
The cin Statement
 The cin is the input statement.
 The statement is used to receive a value from the keyboard and stores in a
variable.
Syntax:
cin >> variable;
 The symbol >> is called the insertion operator.

The cout Statement

 The cout is the output statement.
 The cout statement is used for displaying the values of the variables on the screen
as outputs.
Syntax:
cout << variable;

 The symbol << is called Extraction Operator.

Example:
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main()
{
int a;
cout<< Enter a value for a\n”;
cin>>a
cout<<a;
return 0;
}
5. Explain about class in C++? Or write about the structure of
class? Or
5. Explain the creating of classes in C++? Or

What is meant by class in C++? How to define a class in C++?

Class definition:

 C++ is an object-oriented programming language.

 Class is collection of objects and similar behavior.
Or

 Class is a collection of data items and functions/methods.

Class members:

Class members are classified into two types:

Member data:

Member functions:

Member data:

 It is a collection of data that related to the single class.

Member functions:

 It is a collection of functions that related to the single class.

 Class is blueprint for creating objects.
 A class is user defined data type.
 An object is defined to be an instance of a class.
Access Specifier/Access Modifiers/Access Controls:

 Access specifiers define how the members (attributes and methods) of a class can
be accessed.
In C++, there are three access specifiers:

A. Public – class members are accessible from outside the class.

B. Private – class members cannot be accessed from outside the class.
C. Protected – class members cannot be accessed from outside the class,
however, they can be accessed in inherited classes.
Syntax of defining the class is as follows:
class classname
{
 private:
member data
member functions
public:
member data
member functions
};

Example:

class student //class structure

{
public: // access specifier/access
modifier/access controls
int Rollno; // attribute/properties/data/variable
float balance; //attribute/properties/data/variable
};

6. Explain Objects in C++? Or define object and how will be it

created in C++? Or
6. Define Object? Explain the creating an objects in C++?
 Objects are a runtime entity in a program.
 Objects are used to access the class members into main function.
Creating objects:

 In C++, an object is created from a class.

 We have already created the class named student, so now we can use this to
create objects.
 To create an object of student, specify the class name, followed by the
object name in the main function.
Object creating syntax

Class name object name;

Accessing class member using Object and Access Operator:

 To access the class members we can use the dot syntax (.) on the object:
 Dot is the access operator.
Example

 Create an object called "manoj" and access the attributes/variables:

#include <iostream.h>
class student
{ // The class
public: // Access specifier
int Rollno; // member data/variable
float balance; //member data/variable
};
int main() //main function
{
student manoj; //Create an object of MyClass

//Access attributes and set values

manoj.Rollno = 15;
manoj.balance=5000.0;
// Print values
cout << manoj.myNum << "\n";
cout << manoj.balance;
getch();
return 0;

}
Output:
15
5000.0
7. Explain the static member data and static member
function in C++?
Static Member Data in c++
Definition:
 It is variable in the class that is called member data or member variable.
 It is declared with static keyword so this is called static member data or variable.
 It provides single copy of the variables for the all objects.
 When we declare a normal variable (data member) in a class, different copies of
those data members create with the associated objects.

Declaration Syntax for static member data

 static data_type member_name;
Defining the static data member/Initialization of Static Variable outside the class:

 data_type class_name :: member_name =value;

Static member function in C++

 It is a function in the class that is called member function or method.

 It is declared with static keyword so this is called static member functions.
 It provides access of only static member variables of the same class.
 The non-static members are not available to these functions.
 The static member function declared in public section.
Rules for mention the static member functions:

 Static member function can access only static data members or functions.
 Static member function can be invoked using class name.
 It is also possible to invoke static member functions using objects.
Declaration syntax for static member functions:

Static return type function name ()

Statements;

Initialization of static variable outside the class:

Data type class name :: variable =value;

Example:

Write a program in c++ to show the static member data and static member
functions?

#include<iostream.h>

class number //class name

static int c; //static member variable

public:

static void count() //member function declaration and definition within a

class.

++c;
 cout<<“\n c=”<<c;

};
int number :: c=0; // initialization of static member variable

int main() //main function

{

number a,b,c; //Object creation

a.count(); //object is accessing the class static members

b.count(); //object is accessing the class static members

c.count(); //object is accessing the class static members

getch();

return 0;

OUTPUT

c=1

c=2

c=3

8. Write about Friend function in C++? Or

8. Define friend function? How to create a function using friend
keyword? Or
8. What is meant by friend function? Explain how the friend
function defined in C++?
Definition of the friend function:

 The function is declared with friend keyword that function is called friend
function.
 Friend function is used to access the private and protected data of class.
 For accessing the data, the declaration of a friend function should be done inside
the body of a class starting with the keyword friend.

Declaration and Definition of the friend function

 friend return type function name (class name &argument name)

Statements;

Example:
Write a program to access private data using non-member function Use friend
function.
#include <iostream.h>
class temp //Class name
{
private: //Access Specifier
int x; //member data/variable
public: //Access Specifier
void get() //member function
{
cin>>x;
}
friend void display(temp &t) //member function with friend
{
cout<<t.x;
}
};
int main() //main function
{
temp y; //Object creation
cout << "Enter the value of t \n";
y.get();
cout << "The value of t = ";
display(y);
getch();
return 0;
}
9. What is meant by Constructor? Narrate the features of
Constructors? Types of constructors in C ++?
Definition:
 A constructor is defined to be a special member function.
 It is used to initialize the class variables within a class.
 The constructor has the same name as the class.
 It is always public, and it does not have any return value.
Characteristics:
 It should be a public member.
 The name of the constructor should be as that of the class name.
 It can take arguments (Even the default arguments) but it does not return
any value.
 No return type should be specified including void.
 It is invoked implicitly at the time of creation of the objects.
 The addresses of the constructors cannot be retrieved.
Types of Constructors

1. Default constructor

2. Parameterized constructor

3. Copy constructor

4. Dynamic constructor.

1. Default constructor:
 Default constructor is the constructor.
 It is a special member function.
 It doesn’t take any argument. So this is called Default Constructor.
 It will not return any value.
Syntax of Default constructor:
Class name ( )
{
Statements;
}
Example:
Program: Default Constructor in Integer Class
#include <iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
class integer //class name
{
private: //Access specifier
int x; //member data
public: //Access specifier
integer( ) // Default Constructor
{
x = 10;
}
void display( ) //member function
{
cout << x << "\n";
}
};
int main() //main function
{
clrscr();
integer a, b; //objects creating
cout << "The member data of a =";
a.display( );
cout << "The member data of b =";
b.display( );
getch();
return 0;
}
Input-Output:

The member data of a = 10

The member data of b = 10

2. Parameterized constructor:
 Parameterized constructor is the constructor.
 It takes any argument.
 It has parameters this is known as parameterized constructor.
 It will not return any value.
Syntax:
Class name(type arg1, type arg2,..., type argn)
{
member1 = arg1;
 member2 = arg2;
:
:
Member n = argn;
}
Example:
#include <iostream.h>
class integer //class structure
{
private: //access specifier
int x; //member data/variable
public: //access specifier
integer(int y) //parameterized constructor
{
x = y;
}
void display() //member function
{
cout << x << "\n";
}
};
int main() //main function
{
integer a(15), b(25); //constructor called
cout << "The member data of a = ";
a.display();
cout << "The member data of b = ";
b.display();
return 0;
}
Input-Output:
The member data of a = 15
The member data of b = 25

3. Copy Constructor
Copy constructor is constructor.

It is special member function.

A constructor is used to initializes an object with another object is called the

copy constructor.
Syntax:
 Class name (class name &variable name)
{
Statements;
}
Example:
#include<iostream.h>
class num
{
int n;
public:

num (int k) // constructor with one argument

{
n=k;
}
num (num &j) // copy constructor

{
n=j.n;
}
void show()
{
cout<<n<<”\n”
}

};
main()
{
num J(50); //object with parameter
num K(J); //j object is copied into k object
J.show();
K.show();

getch();
return 0;
}
4. Dynamic Constructor:
 A constructor is used allocates memory and initializes an object during
runtime is called a dynamic constructor.
9. Define Destructors and its Characteristics?
Destructor:
 A destructor works opposite to constructor.
 Destructor is a member function which destructs or deletes an object.
 It can be defined only once in a class. Like constructors, it is invoked
automatically.
 A destructor is defined like constructor.
 It must have same name as class. But it is prefixed with a tilde sign (~).
Characteristics of a destructor:
 It should be a public member function..
 The name of the destructor should be as that of the class name and it is
preceded by the tilde symbol ~.
 It cannot take arguments and does not return any value.
 No return type should be specified including void.
Example:

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
class Employee //class structure
{
public: //Access specifier
Employee() //Constructor
{
cout<<”Constructor invoked”;
}
~Employee() //Destructor
{
cout<<”Destructor invoked”;
}
};

int main() //main function

{
clrscr();
Employee e1; //creation of objects
getch();
return 0;
}
Output:
Constructor invoked

Destructor invoked