Transport phenomena MCQs of GTU

1. What is the momentum flux for fluid with viscosity 0.7 cP, flowing with velocity 1 m/s
and width of the flow path is 0.001 m?
a. 0.0007 Pa
b. 0.7 Pa
c. 0.7 m/s
d. 7 m/s
2. The viscosity of a gas is the collision cross section.
a. Directly Proportional to
b. Inversely Proportional to
c. Equal to
d. Independent of
3. Divergence of shear stress tensor =0 indicates
a. Steady Flow
b. Irrotational flow
c. Compressible flow
d. Inviscid Flow
4. The Hagen Poiseuille Equation is valid for
a. Re > 2100
b. Re > 4000
c. Re < 2100
d. All values of Re
5. The term rDv/Dt is
a. Restricted to constant density
b. Restricted to incompressible fluids only
c. Not restricted to constant density
d. Both a & b
6. The relative ease of momentum and energy transport in a flow system is given by
a. Peclet number
b. Prandtl number
c. Reynolds number
d. Nussult number
7. The thermal conductivity of gases increases with increase in temperature'- This
statement is true for
a. at low densities
b. at high densities
c. All ranges of densities
d. None of the above
8. Biot number gives
a. relative ease of conductive and convective heat transport across phase boundary
b. The relative ease of mass and energy transport across phase boundary
c. relative ease of conductive and convective heat transport inside and
outside an object

Mr. Sukhadiya
Transport phenomena MCQs of GTU

d. The relative ease of mass and energy transport within a solution

9. The relative heat produced by viscous dissipation to that transfer by molecular
conduction is given by
a. Grashof number
b. Nussult number
c. dispersion number
d. Brinkman number
10. For heat transfer in axial direction for a fluid in a plug flow
a. Heat is mainly transferred by axial convection
b. Heat is mainly transferred by axial conduction
c. Heat is mainly transferred by molecular transport in axial direction
d. all of the above
11. The assumption of zero divergence of shear stress and heat flux tensors is valid for
a. Isothermal flow process
b. Adiabatic flow process
c. Constant density
d. constant pressure
12. The potential energy term does not appear in a horizontal flow system because
a. The potential energy of a horizontal flow system is zero
b. The change in potential energy in horizontal flow system is zero
c. gravity force is not acting on a horizontal flow system
d. all of the above
13. the mass diffusivity has the dimensions of
a. (mass)sq./time
b. (length)sq./time
c. force/area
d. (force)Sq./time
14. a ratio of momentum diffusivity to mass diffusivity is known as
a. Prandtl number
b. Shmidt number
c. Lewis number
d. Reynolds number
15. for binary gas mixtures at low pressure, diffusivity is inversely proportional to
a. temperature
b. volume of the system
c. pressure
d. initial concentration of the mixture
16. the diffusion flux is found out by
a. Fourier's law
b. Newton's law
c. Diffusion law
d. Fick's Law
17. Viscosity of gas varies with temperature as
a. T square
b. square root T
c. T power 4
d. no specific relation is present

Mr. Sukhadiya
Transport phenomena MCQs of GTU

18. Thermal conductivity of monoatomic gases is given by

a. Chapman-Enskog equation
b. Eucken formula
c. Bridgman's Theory
d. Wiedemann-Franz-Lorenz equation
19. The ratio of Schimdt number and Prandtl is known as
a. Lorenz number
b. Couront number
c. Peclet Number
d. Lewis number
20. Turbulence occurs when the Reynolds number, which compares inertia to viscosity, is
large. Which of the following are true statements about turbulence?
a. There is less viscous dissipation in turbulent versus laminar flow
b. Turbulent flow is the same as flow of an inviscid fluid
c. Both are true
d. None are true
21. The flux of x momentum acting on the face perpendicular to y direction is denoted as
a. Ʈxy
b. Ʈyx
c. Ʈy
d. Ʈx
22. At a liquid-liquid interface, the ‘No slip’ boundary condition means
a. Equality of normal stress components
b. Equality of normal velocity components
c. Equality of tangential velocity components
d. Equality of both normal and tangential velocity components
23. A fluid having viscosity of 0.016 Pa.s and a density of 0.8x103 kg/m3 is flowing down
a vertical wall of width 1 m. The flow is known to be laminar. What is the maximum
thickness of a falling film that can be formed on the wall?
a. 2.5 mm
b. 7.8 mm
c. 10.3 mm
d. Cannot find insufficient data
24. Two immiscible liquids, A and B, are flowing in laminar flow between two parallel
plates. Is it possible that the velocity profiles would be of the following form?

a. Yes
b. No

25. Two immiscible liquids, A and B, are flowing in laminar flow between two parallel
plates. Comment on the densities of the fluids A and B.

Mr. Sukhadiya
Transport phenomena MCQs of GTU

a. ρA > ρB
b. ρA < ρB
c. ρA = ρB = compressible
d. ρA = ρB= incompressible
26. A fluid having viscosity 0.4 cm sq/sec flows through an annulus with 10 cm ID outer
pipe. Find the maximum ID of the inner pipe that maintains Laminar flow with avg
velocity 1.5 m/sec.
a. 0.22 cm
b. 2.2 cm
c. 0.44 cm
d. 4.4 cm
27. Which of the following conditions is not suitable for applying Hagen-Poiseuille
equation?
a. Laminar Flow
b. No slip conditions at the wall
c. Free molecular flow
d. Negligible end effects
28. The Stokes law for the motion of colloidal particals is valid for
a. Re < 0.1
b. 0.1 < Re < 1
c. Re > 1
d. Re > 0.1
29. Which of the following fields v(x,y,z) is not irrotational?
a. vx = 0, vy = bz, vz = by
b. vx = by, vy = bx, vz = 0
c. vx = by, vy = 0, vz = bz
d. vx = -bz, vy = 0, vz = -bx
30. Momentum diffusivity is
a. Ratio of dynamic viscosity to density
b. Ratio of Momentum flux to the gradient of momentum per unit volume
c. Both a) and b)
d. None of the above
31. The thermal conductivity tensor is introduced in Fourier’s law in case of
a. One dimensional heat conduction
b. Three dimensional heat conduction
c. Isotropic heat conduction
d. Anisotropic heat conduction
32. Peclet Number is
a. Advective transport rate / Diffusive transport rate
b. Lu/α
c. Lu/DAB
d. All of the above

Mr. Sukhadiya
Transport phenomena MCQs of GTU

33. The thermal conductivity tensor is useful in

a. Heat Conduction in packed beds
b. Heat conduction in Shell and tube Heat exchangers
c. Heat conduction in Cooling fins
d. All of the above
34. Are the thermal conductivities of Ne20 and Ne22 different? (2M)
a. Yes, k Ne20 > k Ne22
b. Yes, k Ne20 < k Ne22
c. No k Ne20 = k Ne22
d. Cannot predict
35. For heat conduction with viscous heat source the heat flux is given by
a. k dT
b. µ k dT
c. µ v
d. µ v2
36. A copper wire is heated by passing electric current. The wire is open to ambient air. If
the heat transfer coefficient between the wire surface and the air is constant, Does the
ambient air temperature affect the maximum surface temperature of the wire and how?
a. Yes, Tmax increases with Tair
b. Yes, Tmax decreases with Tair
c. No, Tmax only depends on the heat generated by current
d. No, Tmax is always equal to Tair
37. Current passing through a copper wire, 2 mm in diameter and 5 m long, produces heat
at a rate of 800 KW/m3. The heat transfer coefficient h is 32 W/m2K. Find the ambient
air temperature if the surface of wire reaches a maximum of 325.5 K.
a. 25 deg C
b. 40 deg C
c. 0 deg C
d. 50 deg C
38. What maximum thickness of a plastic panel of area A = 1 m2 can conduct heat at 5.0 W
at steady state with temperatures 25 and 27 degC imposed on the two main surfaces.
The thermal conductivity of the plastic is 0.1 w/mK.
a. 0.04 m
b. 0.4 mm
c. 4 m
d. 4 mm
39. The thermal conductivity of molecular oxygen at 300 K and low pressure is 0.025
W/mK. Find the thermal conductivity at 600 K.
a. 0.05 W/mK
b. 0.035 W/mK
c. 0.01 W/mK
d. More data is required.
40. In the case of viscous heat dissipation if both the inner and outer cylinders are
maintained at same temperature, what would be the shape of the temperature profile?
a. Linear
b. Parabola
c. Distorted parabola

Mr. Sukhadiya
Transport phenomena MCQs of GTU

d. Constant gradient
41. In the case of viscous heat dissipation if both the inner and outer cylinders are
maintained at same temperature, can one still use the Brinkman Number?
a. No, since Br= infinity
b. Yes, since Br is represents heat transfer by viscous dissipation
c. No, since there no heat transfer from fluid to wall
d. Yes, since Br is a dimensionless number and does not depend on temperatures
42. In case of the heat conduction by a nuclear heat source, the heat generation (Sn) was a
parabolic function of radius of the nuclear material. Instead if one uses a constant value
of heat generated, what would be the shape of the temperature profile?
a. Half parabola
b. Parabola
c. Linear increasing
d. Linear decreasing
43. Fourier’s law expresses
a. Heat transfer in solids only
b. Heat transfer in liquids only
c. Convective heat transfer
d. Molecular heat transfer
44. Units of Heat transfer coefficient are
a. J / s m K
b. J / s m2 K
c. J / s
d. J / s K
45. For a mixture of species A and B, the Schmidt No is found to be 2.1, what can you
comment about the species A and B?
a. Gas-Gas
b. Liquid-Liquid
c. Gas-Liquid
d. Liquid-Solid
46. Pick true statements from following
i. Gas diffusivities at low density are concentration dependent
ii. Liquid diffusivities increase with temperature
iii. Solid diffusivities are strongly concentration dependent
iv. Gas diffusivities decrease with pressure at low densities
a. i, ii and iii
b. i, ii and iv
c. ii, iii and iv
d. i, iii and iv
47. An equimolar mixture of gas A and gas B has mixture viscosity 0.015 cP. The product
of total concentration and diffusivity (CDAB) is 2 X 10^-5 mol/ cm s. Find the Schmidt
number for the mixture. Molecular weights of A = 2 and B = 120.
a. 0.1
b. 0.5
c. 1
d. 2

Mr. Sukhadiya
Transport phenomena MCQs of GTU

48. Pick true statements from following for the case diffusion of A through stagnant non-
diffusing B.

i. The level of the liquid Z1 must be maintained constant

ii. The gas diffuses into the liquid
iii. The liquid must evaporate and then diffuse in gas
iv. One of the boundaries is impermeable to B
a. i, ii and iii
b. i, ii and iv
c. ii, iii and iv
d. i, iii and iv
49. For equimolar counter diffusion
a. NA = NB
b. NA + NB = 0
c. DAB = DBA
d. DAB + DBA = 0
50. Ammonia is diffusing through a 0.1 m long tube containing Nitrogen at 1 atm and 298
K. Ammonia is found to be diffusing at a rate of 0.0005 mol/s per sq meter area. What
is the diffusivity of ammonia in nitrogen? The partial pressure of ammonia at the two
ends of the tube are 0.1 atm and 0.05 atm.
a. 0.00024 m^2/s
b. 0.000024 m^2/s
c. 0.0024 m^2/s
d. 0.024 m^2/s
51. The diffusivity for a dilute solution of polymer (A) in a low molecular weight solvent
(B) is
a. Proportional to the molecular weight of the polymer
b. Proportional to the square root of solubility of the polymer
c. Inversely proportional to the square root of solubility of the polymer
d. Inversely proportional to the square root of the molecular weight of the polymer
52. the transfer of mass from one phase to another is termed as
a. momentum transfer
b. Heat transfer
c. mass transfer
d. fluid flow
53. the rate of transfer process is calculated by the ratio of
a. driving force/resistance
b. resistance/driving force
c. driving speed/resistance
d. none of the above
54. the phenomenon responsible for the transfer of water from soil to the roots of the plants
is
a. mass transfer
b. Diffusion
c. mass flux
d. all of the above
55. when there is rapid mixing and turbulence then the mass transfer is termed as

Mr. Sukhadiya
Transport phenomena MCQs of GTU

a. diffusive transfer
b. diffusion
c. eddy diffusivity
d. eddy diffusion
56. the movement of individual molecules through a fluid by means of the random
movements of the molecules is termed as
a. eddy diffusion
b. molecular diffusion
c. diffusion
d. random path
57. the concentration profile of gas A diffusing through a horizontal plate of solid B tends
towards
a. a straight line
b. a curve
c. increases initially then decreases
d. Decreases initially then increases
58. movement of individual molecules through the layer of same molecules is termed as
a. diffusive transfer
b. diffusion
c. self diffusion
d. interdiffusion
59. when A diffuses through non diffusing B, then the total flux of B is
a. 1
b. 0
c. negative of the total flux of A.
d. can’t say
60. the rate of molecular diffusion in liquids is than in gases
a. higher
b. slower
c. equal
d. can’t say
61. the movement of individual molecules through the layer of molecules of other
substances is called
a. diffusive transfer
b. diffusion
c. self diffusion
d. interdiffusion
62. At the interface between gas and liquid, shear stress for a Newtonian fluid is
a. 0
b. 1
c. Infinity
d. can not be specified
63. The equations of change are result of
a. Molecular level analysis
b. Microscopic analysis
c. Macroscopic analysis
d. Combination of all above

Mr. Sukhadiya
Transport phenomena MCQs of GTU

64. The fundamental understanding of the transport processes is sought in..

a. Molecular level analysis
b. Microscopic analysis
c. Macroscopic analysis
d. All of the above
65. Analysis of a process based on small elemental volume is
a. Molecular level analysis
b. Microscopic analysis
c. Macroscopic analysis
d. Both a and b
66. According to law of conservation of momentum
a. The momentum possessed by all the atoms before and after the collision is
equal.
b. The sum of the momentum of all the atoms before and after the collision is
equal.
c. The product of the momentum and velocity is conserved during the collision.
d. All of the above
67. The resistance to flow of all gases and all liquids with molecular weight of less than
about 5000 is described by
a. Chapman-Enskog theory
b. Stoke’s Law
c. Mooney equation
d. Newton’s Law
68. Momentum diffusivity is
a. The product of momentum and diffusivity
b. The ratio of momentum to diffusivity
c. The ratio of kinematic viscosity to density
d. The ratio of dynamic viscosity to density
69. Identify the shear stresses from the following stress components acting on a fluid
element.
Ꚍxy, Ꚍyx, Ꚍxx,and Ꚍyy
a. Ꚍxx and Ꚍxy
b. Ꚍxx and Ꚍyy
c. Ꚍxy and Ꚍyx
d. All
70. Viscous stresses are
a. Stresses acting in direction normal to the flow
b. Stresses acting in direction parallel to the flow
c. Same as molecular stresses
d. All of the above
71. The dilatational viscosity needs to be considered in the Newton’s law of viscosity for
a. Non isotropic fluids
b. For polyatomic gases
c. For liquids containing gas bubbles
d. All of the above
72. The dilatational viscosity in the Newton’s law of viscosity can be eliminated by
assuming

Mr. Sukhadiya
Transport phenomena MCQs of GTU

a. Ideal monoatomic gases

b. Incompressible fluid
c. Isotropic fluids
d. All of the above
73. Which of the following describes the governing equations for fluid flow and heat
transfer?
a. Conservation of momentum
b. Conservation of energy
c. Fourier’s law of heat conduction
d. All of the above
74. Shear stress in a fluid at a particular point can be treated as which of the following?
a. Scalar
b. Triad
c. Tensor
d. Vector
75. Which of the following correctly represents Fourier’s law of heat conduction?
a. Ꚍ⃗ = Ꚍ∇ Ꚍ
b. Ꚍ⃗ = −Ꚍ∇ Ꚍ
c. Ꚍ= ℎ ∇ Ꚍ
dT
d. ꚌꚌ = Ꚍ dx
76. Which of the following correctly represents the ∇ operator?
Ꚍ Ꚍ
a. ∇ = Ꚍ +Ꚍ
ꚌꚌ ꚌꚌ
Ꚍ Ꚍ
b. ∇ = Ꚍ −Ꚍ
ꚌꚌ ꚌꚌ
ꚌꚌ ꚌꚌ
c. ∇ = Ꚍ +Ꚍ
ꚌꚌ ꚌꚌ
Ꚍ Ꚍ
d. ∇ = Ꚍ +Ꚍ
ꚌꚌ ꚌꚌ
77. Which of the following describes an unsteady term?
ꚌꚌ
a.
ꚌꚌ
ꚌꚌ
b. ꚌꚌ
ꚌꚌ
c. ꚌꚌ
ꚌꚌ
d. ꚌꚌ
78. Which of the following correctly describes a streamline?
a. Streamlines are the same as equi-potential lines
b. Streamlines are imaginary lines that are parallel to boundaries
c. A streamline is a line that is everywhere tangent to the velocity field.
d. All of the above
79. The acceleration of a fluid particle can be because of which of the following?
a. Local time rate of change of velocity field
b. Spatial gradient of velocity field
c. Options A and B above.
d. Pressure gradient in the flow
80. Which of the following represents a Newtonian fluid?
a. Stress is directly proportional to strain
b. Stress is a linear function of strain
c. Stress is directly proportional to velocity gradient
d. All of the above
81. Which of the following is not generally considered in Navier-Stokes equation?
a. Gravity force
b. Surface tension force

Mr. Sukhadiya
Transport phenomena MCQs of GTU

c. Pressure force
d. Viscous force
82. Which of the following is a result of momentum conversion for inviscid flows?
a. Bernoulli’s Equation
b. Navier-Stokes Equation
c. First law of thermodynamics
d. Euler’s Equation
83. The flow of a liquid through a circular pipe is in the laminar zone. Now the fluid through
the pipe is replaced with a more viscous fluid and passed through the pipe again with
the same velocity. What can we say about the nature of this flow?
a. The flow will become turbulent
b. The flow will be transition flow
c. The flow will remain laminar
d. Insufficient data to define.
84. Which of the following forms of pure water has the highest value of thermal
conductivity?
a. Boiling water
b. Steam
c. Solid ice
d. Melting Ice
85. Winch of the following is not correct for a transient flow process?
a. The state of matter Inside the control volume may vary with time.
b. There can be work and heat interactions across the control volume
c. There is no accumulation of matter Inside the control volume
d. The rate of inflow and outflow of mass may be different
86. The relationship between thermal and hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness is
governed by
a. Peclet number
b. Prandtl number
c. Stanton number
d. Fourier’s number
87. Which of the following is the statement of Fick’s Law?
a. The molar flux of species relative to an observer moving with the molar average
velocity is proportional to the concentration gradient of the species.
b. The mass flux of species relative to an observer moving with the molar average
velocity is proportional to the concentration gradient of the species.
c. The molar flux of species relative to an observer moving with the mass average
velocity is proportional to the concentration gradient of the species.
d. The molar flux of species relative to a stationary observer is proportional to the
concentration gradient of the species.
88. Which of the following is always true for mass transfer to occur?
a. Difference in concentration
b. Difference in Pressure
c. Difference in temperature
d. Difference in chemical potential
89. For an incompressible fluid flow if area reduces, velocity will
a. Increase
b. Decrease
c. First increase then decrease
d. First decrease then Increase
90. The relationship between Darcy friction factor (C) and finning friction factor (f) is
a. C = 4f
b. f = 4C
c. C = f

Mr. Sukhadiya
Transport phenomena MCQs of GTU

d. f = C/2
91. The boundary condition of no-shear at the liquid-vapour interface is not valid for which
of the following situations?
a. High surface tension of the liquid
b. High boiling point of the liquid
c. High relative velocity between the two phases
d. High interfacial slip between the two phases
92. Consider a liquid with kinematic viscosity 0.004 m sq./s, flowing over an inclined flat
plate (angle of inclination 45 deg with vertical). Calculate the film thickness in m at a
distance of 0.05 m from the origin, if the film travels at a velocity of 0.1 cm/sec
a. 2.25
b. 0.0025
c. 1.25
d. 0.05
93. For a liquid with a density of 800 kg/m3 and viscosity of 0.1 Pa. s, flowing over a
vertically oriented flat plate of width 3 cm, calculate the mass flow rate in kg/s. The
film thickness is 1 mm.
a. 0.00063
b. 0.0000063
c. 0.063
d. 6.3
94. Which of the following is the correct representation of Hagen-Poiseuille’s equation?
Ꚍ∆Ꚍ 4
a. Ꚍ= Ꚍ
8ꚌꚌ
Ꚍ∆Ꚍ 3
b. Ꚍ= Ꚍ
8Ꚍ2Ꚍ
Ꚍ∆Ꚍ 2
c. Ꚍ= Ꚍ
8ꚌꚌ
Ꚍ∆Ꚍ
d. Ꚍ = Ꚍ2/3
8Ꚍ1/2Ꚍ
95. The kind of stress wherein the principal direction of motion and the direction in which
the momentum gets transported are identical is termed as?
a. Tangential stress
b. Normal stress
c. Vertical stress
d. Equilibrium stress
96. For an Inviscid fluid the equation of motion can be written as
ꚌꚌ
a. Ꚍ = −∇ P + ρg + μ∇ 2Ꚍ
ꚌꚌ
ꚌꚌ
b. Ꚍ = −∇ P + ρg
ꚌꚌ
ꚌꚌ
c. Ꚍ = −∇ P + ρg + μ∇ 2Ꚍ
ꚌꚌ
ꚌꚌ
d. Ꚍ = −∇ P + ρg
ꚌꚌ
97. Which of the following equations actually depicts the relationship between the
substantial derivative and partial derivative? Consider ‘C’ to be an arbitrary dependent
variable and ‘v’ as the velocity vector.
ꚌꚌ
a. ꚌꚌ = + (v. ∇ C)
ꚌꚌ ꚌꚌ
ꚌꚌ ꚌꚌ
b. = + (v. ∇ C)
ꚌꚌ ꚌꚌ
ꚌꚌ ꚌꚌ
c. = + v. (v. ∇ C)
ꚌꚌ ꚌꚌ
ꚌꚌ ꚌꚌ
d. = + ∇ (v. C)
ꚌꚌ ꚌꚌ
98. Which of the following assumptions are made in the derivation of the Bernoulli’s
equation?
a. uniform, irrotational, compressible, steady
b. irrotational, turbulent, frictionless, incompressible
Mr. Sukhadiya
Transport phenomena MCQs of GTU

c. irrotational, frictionless, compressible, steady

d. irrotational, frictionless, incompressible, steady
99. How is the surface of the golf ball modified to reduce the effect of wake formation?
a. The golf ball has a porous surface
b. The golf ball has dimples on the surface
c. The colour of the ball is white.
d. The ball has a very shiny surface
100. Heat is getting transferred by a chain of static molecules from the hot area of an object
to a colder area. Choose the correct mode of heat transfer.
a. Conduction
b. Natural convection
c. Radiation
d. Forced Convection
101. Heat transfer by conduction is directly proportional to which of the following?
a. (thermal resistance) / (thermal potential difference)
b. (thermal potential difference) / (thermal resistance)
c. thermal resistance
d. (thermal potential difference) • (thermal resistance)
102. In cricket a bowler can use the seam and roughness of the ball to create
a. Turbulence on both the sides
b. Laminar flow on both the sides
c. Laminar flow on one side, turbulence on another side
d. Wakes on both sides
103. If ks, kw, kg are thermal conductivities of aluminum, water and air at the same
temperature, then which of the following is true?
a. kg > kw > ks
b. kw > kg > ks
c. ks > kg > kw
d. ks > kw > kg
104. When crude oil is pumped through a furnace, heat transfer to the tubes occurs when the
hot flue gases rise and heat the tubes. The tubes are heated principally by the process of
a. Conduction
b. Convection
c. Radiation
d. condensation
105. For an incompressible fluid without heat source and with constant thermal conductivity,
the energy equation reduces to
a. ꚌꚌ = Ꚍ∇ 2Ꚍ
ꚌꚌꚌꚌ
b. ꚌꚌ = Ꚍ∇ 2
Ꚍ ꚌꚌ
ꚌꚌ
c. ꚌꚌ = Ꚍ∇ 2
Ꚍ ꚌꚌ
ꚌꚌ
d. ꚌꚌ = Ꚍ∇ 2
Ꚍ ꚌꚌ
106. Lumped capacitance model in cartesian coordinate system implies
a. T is a function of (x,y,z)
b. T is a function of (x,y,z,t)
c. T is a function of (t) oly
d. T is not a function of (t)
107. Which of the following conditions is correct if the boundary condition implies that the
surface is isothermal?
a. T is constant
b. Q is constant
c. T is zero
d. Q is zero

Mr. Sukhadiya
Transport phenomena MCQs of GTU

108. Consider a fluid with density 750 kg/m3, viscosity 0.03 Pa. s, thermal conductivity
0.021 W/mk, heat capacity 1.35 kJ/kg k, flowing over a horizontal flat plate. Determine
the thermal diffusivity of the fluid in cm2/s. Assume that there are no significant
variations in the properties of the fluid with temperature.
a. 0.0105
b. 0.207
c. 0.000658
d. 0.000207
109. Amongst the following options, select the correct term that indicates the difference
between the Nusselt and Biot numbers
a. Thermal Conductivity
b. Heat transfer coefficient
c. Characteristic length
d. Heat capacity
110. Which of the following statements is true?
a. Buoyancy forces are negligible is natural convection
b. Solution to energy equation requires knowledge of velocity profile
c. Solution to energy equation does not require knowledge of velocity profile
d. Buoyancy forces need to be considered in Reynolds number
111. Rate of production of species in heterogeneous reactions
a. Appears as a boundary condition at the surface at which chemical reaction
occurs.
b. Appears as a source term in the shell momentum balance.
c. Does not appear in the shell material balance.
d. Appears as a source term in shell energy balance
112. Which of the following is the correct expression for equation of continuity for binary
mixture?
a. ꚌꚌ + ∇ . ꚌꚌ = +Ꚍ
ꚌꚌ Ꚍ Ꚍ
ꚌꚌ
b. + ∇ . ꚌꚌ = 0
ꚌꚌ
ꚌꚌ
c. + ∇ . ꚌꚌ = 0
ꚌꚌ Ꚍ
ꚌꚌ
d. + ∇ . ꚌꚌ ≠ 0
ꚌꚌ Ꚍ
113. For a laminar boundary layer formed on a heated flat plate, with Pr >1 and Se = 1 which
of the following relations is correct? the hydrodynamic, thermal and concentration
boundary layer respectively
a. the hydrodynamic boundary layer is larger than the thermal boundary layer
b. the hydrodynamic boundary layer is smaller than the thermal boundary layer
c. the thermal boundary layer is larger than the concentration boundary layer
d. Can’t be predicted
114. Choose the key dimensionless numbers for mass transfer
a. Re
b. Re and Pr
c. Re and Sc
d. Pr and Sc
115. What is the wall shear stress for flow of a fluid through a capillary of radius R and
Length L
a. –(dp/dz)(R/2)
b. (dp/dz)(R/2)
c. –(dp/dz)/(R/2)
d. (dp/dz)/(R/2)
116. Which mode of capillary viscometer is more appropriate:
a. Constant flow rate device
b. Constant pressure device

Mr. Sukhadiya
Transport phenomena MCQs of GTU

c. Constant flow rate and constant pressure device

d. Variable flow rate device
117. In concentric cylinder viscometers, the shear stress of the test fluid is
a. Independent of torque
b. Inversely proportional to torque
c. Directly proportional to torque
d. Directly proportional to square root of torque
118. In concentric cylinder viscometers, the shear rate of the test fluid is
a. Directly proportional to rotational velocity
b. Directly proportional to torque
c. Inversely proportional to rotational velocity
d. Directly proportional to square root of torque
119. Equation describing the time rate of change of density at a fixed point is known as
a. Equation of motion
b. Equation of energy
c. Continuity equation
d. Bernoulli’s Equation
120. For an incompressible fluid, the equation of continuity can be described as
a. Divergence of temperature is zero
b. Divergence of momentum is zero
c. Curl of velocity is zero
d. Divergence of velocity is zero
121. Which of the following equation holds good if there exist very slow motion or
negligible convection?
a. Euler equation
b. Stokes flow or creeping flow equation
c. Stokes flow and Euler equations
d. Chapman-Enskog equation
122. Degradation of mechanical energy into thermal energy for a flowing fluid is known as:
a. Viscous dissipation
b. Convective transfer of energy
c. Conduction of energy
d. Molecular transport of energy
123. Viscous dissipation in non-isothermal flow system is important when
a. Small viscosity and low velocity gradients exist
b. High viscosity but low velocity gradients exist
c. High viscosity and large velocity gradients exist
d. Small velocity but large velocity gradients exist
124. For non-isothermal conditions, the variations in density due to temperature gradient
would cause:
a. Changes in velocity profile due to natural convection
b. Changes in density with time
c. Changes in pressure with time
d. Changes in pressure gradient with time
125. For non-isothermal flow causing free convection, which of the following
approximation is appropriate to incorporate changes in density due to temperature
difference
a. Poisson flow approximation
b. Stokes flow approximation
c. Boussinesq approximation
d. Poiseuille approximation

Mr. Sukhadiya
Transport phenomena MCQs of GTU

ANSWERS

1. b 2. b 3. d 4. c 5. c
6. b 7. a 8. c 9. d 10. a
11. b 12. b 13. b 14. b 15. c
16. d 17. b 18. a 19. d 20. c
21. b 22. c 23. b 24. b 25. b
26. d 27. c 28. a 29. c 30. c
31. d 32. d 33. a 34. a 35. d
36. a 37. b 38. a 39. b 40. b
41. c 42. a 43. d 44. b 45. a
46. c 47. a 48. d 49. c 50. b
51. d 52. c 53. a 54. d 55. d
56. b 57. a 58. c 59. b 60. b
61. b 62. a 63. b 64. a 65. b
66. b 67. d 68. d 69. c 70. b
71. d 72. d 73. d 74. c 75. b
76. a 77. c 78. c 79. c 80. c
81. b 82. d 83. c 84. c 85. c
86. b 87. a 88. d 89. a 90. a
91. c 92. d 93. a 94. a 95. b
96. d 97. a 98. d 99. b 100. a
101. b 102. c 103. d 104. b 105. c
106. c 107. a 108. d 109. a 110. b
111. a 112. b 113. a 114. c 115. a
116. a 117. c 118. a 119. c 120. d
121. b 122. a 123. c 124. a 125. c

Mr. Sukhadiya
 Module-1

Vector and tensor analysis

Q1: How many components are present in a vector quantity?

A1: Three

Q2: How many components are present in a 3rd order tensor quantity?

A2: 27

Q3: Determine free indices and dummy indices in following expressions.

a. 𝑢𝑗 𝛿𝑗 . 𝑣𝑖 𝛿𝑖 + 𝑣𝑘

Ans: i and j are the dummy indices and k is the free index.

b. 𝜏𝑖𝑗 𝛿𝑖 𝛿𝑗 + 𝑣𝑘 𝛿𝑘

Ans: i, j and k are the dummy indices

c. ∈𝑖𝑗𝑘 𝛿𝑘

Ans: i and j are the free indices and k is the dummy index.

d. ∈𝑖𝑗𝑘 𝑣𝑗 𝑤𝑘 𝛿𝑖

Ans: i, j and k all are dummy indices.

Q4: What is the order of tensor of Kronecker delta?

A4: Zero order

Q5: What is the order of tensor of alternating unit tensor?

A5: First order

Q6: What is the order of tensors if we add or subtract two tensor quantities?

A6: We can only add or subtract same order of tensor quantities and order of

resultant tensor is also same.

Q7: What is the order of tensor and direction for the following operations?

a. Cross product of two vectors

 Ans: first order and normal to the plane where both vector lies.

b. Dot product of two 2nd order tensors.

Ans: 2nd order tensor quantity, first direction is shown by first indices of first
tensor and second direction is shown by second indices of second tensor.

c. Dot product of two vectors.

Ans: Zero order tensor.

Q8: If 1, 2, and 3 represent coordinates of a three dimensional cartesian coordinate

system then solve following expressions.

a. b. 𝛿1 . 𝛿2

Ans: 𝛿12 = 0

c. d. 𝛿1 . 𝛿1

Ans: 𝛿11 = 1

e. f. 𝛿1 × 𝛿1

Ans:∈123 𝛿3 = 𝛿3

g. h. 𝛿1 × 𝛿3

Ans: ∈132 𝛿2 = −𝛿2

i. j. 𝛿3 × 𝛿2

Ans: ∈321 𝛿1 = − 𝛿1

k. l. 𝛿1 𝛿2

Ans: 𝛿1 𝛿2

m. n. 𝛿1 × 𝛿1

Ans: ∈112 𝛿2 = 0

Q9: What is the significance of curl of a vector field?

A9: The curl of a vector field represents infinitesimal rotation of 3 dimensional vector

fields.
Q10: What is the significance of divergence of a vector operator?

A10: The physical significance of the divergence of a vector field is the rate at which

“density” of that field exist at given region of space.

Q11: What is the meaning of Laplacian operator?

A11: Laplacian operator is a differential operator which gives the divergence of the

gradient of a function.

Q12: What is the dyadic product of a vector and tensor?

A12 3rd order tensor.

Q13: What is the divergence of a tensor field?

A13 Vector quantity

:
Q14: How can you decide the coordinate system for solving transport problem?

A14: Based on the geometry of system and boundary conditions.

Q15: Give the coordinate systems for solving the following problems.

a. b. Flow in pipe.

Ans: Cylindrical coordinate system

c. d. Flow in rectangular channel.

Ans: Rectangular coordinate system

e. f. Heat transfer (axially) in a cone.

Ans: Spherical coordinate system

g. h. Coating on a wire.

Ans: Cylindrical coordinate system

i. j. Heat transfer in a nuclear fuel road.

Ans: Cylindrical coordinate system

k. l. Mass transfer in a spherical catalyst.

Ans: Spherical coordinate system.
 Vector & Tensors

1) If |𝑢
⃗ . 𝑣 | = |𝑢
⃗ 𝑋 𝑣 |, then the angle between 𝑢
⃗ and 𝑣 will be

a) π
b) π/2
c) π/4
d) 0

2) State whether the statement is true or false. 𝑢

⃗ . 𝑣 = 𝑣. 𝑢
⃗

a) True
b) False

3) State whether the statement is true or false. 𝑢

⃗ 𝑋𝑣= 𝑣𝑋𝑢
⃗

a) True
b) False

4) State whether the statement is true or false. 𝜎̿. 𝑣 = 𝑣 . 𝜎̿

a) True
b) False

⃗ = 𝑥 ⃗⃗⃗
5) If 𝑢 𝛿1 + 𝑦 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝛿2 + 𝑧 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝛿3 , then ∇. 𝑢
⃗ is equal to

a) 0
b) 1
c) 3
d) 2

⃗ = 𝑥 ⃗⃗⃗
6) If 𝑢 𝛿1 + 𝑦 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝛿2 + 𝑧 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝛿3 , then ∇ 𝑋 𝑢
⃗ is equal to

a) 0
b) 2
c) 1
d) 3

⃗ = 𝑥 2 ⃗⃗⃗
7) If 𝑢 𝛿1 + 𝑥𝑦𝑒 𝑥 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝛿2 + sin 𝑧 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝛿3 , then ∇. (∇ X 𝑢
⃗ ) is equal to

a) 𝑥 + cos 𝑧
b) 0
c) 𝑒 𝑥
d) 𝑒 𝑧 + cos 𝑧
𝑟
8) If 𝑟 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 , then ∇. (𝑟 ) is equal to

a) 0
b) 𝑟2
c) 3𝑟
d) 2/r

9) Find 𝛿𝑖𝑗 𝛿𝑗𝑖 =

a) 0
 b) 6
c) 3
d) 2

10) Calculate 𝛿𝑖𝑗 𝛿𝑗𝑖 =

a) 6
b) 9
c) 3
d) None of the above

11) Calculate 𝛿𝑖1 𝛿𝑖𝑗 𝛿𝑗1 =

a) 1
b) 3
c) 9
d) None of the above

12) Find ∈𝑖𝑗𝑘 ∈𝑖𝑗𝑘 =

a) 0
b) 9
c) 3
d) 6

13) ∈𝑖𝑗𝑘 ∈𝑝𝑗𝑘 =

a) 𝛿𝑖𝑝
b) 2𝛿𝑖𝑝
c) 0
d) None of the above

14) In the following: 𝐴𝑖𝑗𝑘 𝐵𝑗𝑘 𝐶𝑘 . Identify the free index/indices

a) 𝑖
b) j
c) 𝑘
d) j,k
e) None

14) In the following: 𝐴𝑖𝑗 𝐵𝑗𝑘𝑙 𝐶𝑘 = 𝐷𝑗𝑙 𝐸𝑖𝑗𝑘 𝐹𝑘 . Identify the dummy index/indices

a) 𝑖, l
b) j
c) 𝑘
d) j,k
e) None
Ans Key

Questions Answers
1 c
2 a
3 b
4 b
5 c
6 a
7 b
8 d
9 c
10 b
11 a
12 d
13 b
14 a
15 c
 MOMENTUM TRANSFER

1. What is the meaning of no slip boundary condition? What happens if system works in
slip boundary condition?
Ans: when velocity of adjacent layer of fluid is equal to velocity of solid surface, there
is no slip boundary condition. In slip boundary condition, effect of solid boundary on
fluid flow will not be considered.

2. Write the assumption for solving problem of air flow in pipe at moderate velocities?
Ans: Newtonian fluid, constant viscosity, steady state and isothermal condition.

3. Write the condition when viscosity of fluid is not constant for Newtonian fluids?
Ans: Viscosity is function of temperature for Newtonian fluid. For non-isothermal
condition viscosity will not be constant.

4. Write comparison between Newton’s law of viscosity and Hooke’s law of elasticity?
Ans: Newton’s law of viscous deformation deals with deformation of fluids which is
subjected to a load. As load is removed, the fluid does not recover its original shape. It
is time dependent deformation. Newton’ law state that shears stress is proportional to
shear strain. Hooke’s law of elasticity deals with deformation in solids which are
subjected to a load. As load is removed, the solid recovers its original shape
instantaneously. It is not time dependent deformation. Hooke’s law states that stress is
proportional to strain.

5. What is the physical significance of Reynolds’s number?

Ans: It is ratio of inertial force to viscous force. Reynolds’s number is used to
characterize different flow regimes. Turbulent flow occurs at high Reynolds number
and laminar flow at low Reynolds number. Viscous force is dominant in laminar flow
while inertial force in turbulent flow.

6. What are the reasons of turbulent flow?

Ans: Turbulent flow causes due to disturbances and noise present in environment.

7. If fluid is flowing in between two parallel plates due to motion of lower plate. How
many boundary layers are formed?
Ans: Two boundary layers are formed. At upper surface, velocity of fluid will be zero
while it is equal to the velocity of solid boundary at lower surface.

8. Is a boundary layer formed if fluid is fully slip on solid surface?

Ans: No. For slip boundary condition, velocity of fluid is not equal to velocity of solid
surface.
9. What is the meaning of fully developed and developing flow region?
 Ans: If boundary layer region keep growing along the direction of flow, it is called
developing flow region. Velocity is function of radial and axial direction in developing
flow region while it is only function of radial direction in fully developed flow.

10. When we can take assumption of neglecting developing flow region?

Ans: If length of pipe or tube is very large compared to width or diameter of pipe, effect
of developing flow region can be neiglected.

11. How can we define momentum flux and how it is different to shear stress?
Ans: Momentum flux is defined as transport of momentum of fluid per unit surface area
per unit time. It is same as shear stress but only at opposite direction. Shear stress is
defined as the force acting by solid boundary on fluid per unit surface area. But
momentum flux of fluid act the force on solid boundary.

12. Write the boundary conditions at air-water interface in a channel which is filled by half
of water and half of air. Water is flowing due to very high air velocity which produces
drag on water?
Ans: Shear stresses are equal at air-water interface.

13. In wire coating problem if wire is rotating with angular velocity  and moving axially
with velocity vz. Write the non-zero velocity component and direction where these
velocities are changing?
Ans: Non-zero velocities are vz and v. vz and v are function of r direction only.

14. How can we incorporate developing flow region in Hagan –Poiseuille equation If we
use a capillary flow meter with small length?
Ans: Basically Hagan-Poiseuille equation is used for fully developed region. We can
incorporate developing flow region in Hagan-Poiseuille equation by using effective
length Leff.

15. A Newtonian fluid is flowing in a rectangular channel. Write the non-zero velocity
components and where these velocities are changing?
Ans: vz and vx are the non zero velocities and they depend on z and x directions.

16. A Newtonian fluid is flowing through a narrow slit. Find relation between friction factor
and Reynolds’s number for laminar flow?
Ans.
w
Friction Factor = f 
1 2
 vavg
2
For Narrow Slit
 ( pL  po )
 xz   x
L
( p  po )
w   L B
L
1 ( pL  po ) 2
vavg   B
3 L
Substituting in friction factor equation
6
f 
B  vavg

12
f 
N Re
 MODULE-3

HEAT TRANSFER
Q1: Give similarities and differences between Newton’s law of viscosity and
Fourier’s law of conduction.
A1: Newton’s law of viscosity and Fourier’s law of heat conduction both are
empirical laws, based on the observations. Newton’s law of viscosity describes that
momentum flux in any fluid is proportional to the velocity gradients while Fourier’s
law describes that heat flux due to conduction is proportional to temperature
gradients where velocity and temperature gradients are the driving force,
respectively.

Q2: Write the order of tensor of thermal conductivity, temperature and heat flux.
A2: Thermal conductivity and temperature are the zero order tensor while heat flux
is first order tensor.

Q3: What is the effect of temperarature on thermal conductivity of solid, liquid and
gases?
A3: Thermal conductivity of metals increases with temperature. For gases, it
increases with temperature at low densities while decreases with temperature for
most of the liquids.

Q4: What is the range of Prandtl number of liquids and gases?

A4: For metals (liquids), Prandtl number is very low below 0.1. For non-metal
(liquids), it is more than 1 and varies largely. Examples: 13.4 for seawater and
40,000 for engine oil. For gases, it is less than one (0.1 to 0.9).

Q5: Define the system and surrounding for I.C engine.

A5: In I.C engine, combustion chamber and piston are the system while outside of
combustion chamber is surrounding.

Q6: Write the possible heat source for any systems.

A6: The possible heat sources for any system may be nuclear fusion, heat
produced by reaction, heat produced by electric dissipation or heat produced by
viscous dissipation.

Q7: Define conduction, convection and radiation on molecular level.

A7: Conduction is defined as transport of energy by transfer of kinetic energy from
one molecule to another while convection is transport of energy by bulk motion of
molecules, which takes energy associated with them. Radiation is defined as
transport of energy by emission or absorption of electromagnetic waves.

Q8: Why the heat flux is not constant in hollow composite cylinder unlike in
the problem of composite wall?
A8: Heat flux is dependent on cross sectional area of cylinder. The cross sectional
area for heat transfer is changing with radius in hollow composite cylinder problem.

Q9: What is unit of heat transfer coefficient?

A9: Heat transfer coefficient

Q
h= Where, Q is heat flow (J/s = W), A = heat transfer surface area (m2.) T
A.T
is difference in temperature between the solid surface and surrounding fluid area
(K). Thus, the unit of heat transfer coefficient is W/(m2K)

Q10: Is Fourier’s first law is applicable for unsteady state system?

A10: No, for unsteady state system, energy balance is required.
dH dq
=-
dt dz
Where, H is energy content, t is time and q is heat flow across distance dz. It is
also called as Fourier’s second law of heat conduction.

Q11: Give the condition when critical radius of insulation is negligible

or significant?
A11: If heat transfer coefficient of surrounding is larger than thermal conductivity
of insulation (h>>k), the value of critical radius is negligible and if thermal
conductivity of insulation is larger than heat transfer coefficient of surrounding
(k>>h), the critical radius of insulation is significant.

Q12: Define kinetic, potential and internal energy of system.

A12: The kinetic energy is due to the motion of the system's particles
(translations, rotations, vibrations), and the potential energy is associated with the
static constituents of matter. The summation of all energy associated with the
system is called as internal energy.

Q13: Can mechanical energy of system be converged?

A13: No, only total energy of the system is converged.

Q14: Write the condition when equation of thermal energy can be

solved without equation of motion.
A14: As convection is not significant, equation of thermal energy can be solved
without solving equation of motion.

Q15: Write the condition when equation of motion can be solved without solving
equation of energy for non-isothermal system.
A15: For potential flow, where viscous momentum transport is negligible or if
viscosity is not the function of temperature for given temperature range, the
equation of motion can be solved without solving equation of energy for non-
isothermal energy.

Q16: What is the significance of –(:v) term present in equation of thermal

energy? And why it is always positive?
A16: The term –(:v) represents irreversible degradation of mechanical energy
into thermal energy. It is always positive.

Q17: Where we use equation of mechanical energy and equation of thermal

energy?
A17: Equation of mechanical energy used when energy of the system is changed
due to change in potential energy or internal energy. Equation of thermal energy
is used when energy of system is changed due to change in temperature of the
system.

Q18: What is critical radius of insulation for sphere?

2k
A18: R c = where, k is the thermal conductivity and h is the heat transfer
h
coefficient.

Q19: In which case specific heat at constant volume is equal to specific heat at
constant pressure?
A19: For incompressible fluids.

Q20: Give some example where transpiration cooling or heating is used.

A20: Cooling of electronic equipment, processors of computers and cooling
stagnation points of high speed aerospace vehicle

Q21: Give the condition when efficiency of transpiration cooling is very low.
A21: If velocity or heat capacity of cooling fluid is very low or heat conductivity of
solid is very high then efficiency of transpiration cooling is very low.

Q22: Give the example of fin in daily use technology.

A22: Radiators in cars and heat exchangers.

Q23: Is the efficiency of a circular fin is greater than a rectangular fin?

A23: No, surface area of circular fin is lesser than a rectangular fin.
 MODULE- 4

MASS TRANSFER
Q1: What is the difference between convective mass transport and diffusive mass

transport?

A1: The convective mass transport causes due to bulk motion of molecule while
diffusive mass transport causes due to difference in chemical potential (e.g.
concentration difference).

Q2: Is absolute fluxes are converged?

A2: No.

Q3: Is relative fluxes are converged?

A3: Yes

Q4: Is Fick’s law of diffusion is universal and applicable for all cases?

A4: No, it is applicable only for binary systems and where diffusivity is constant.

Q5: Write the cases when Fick’s law of diffusion is not applicable?

A5: Fick’s law of diffusion is not applicable for the multicomponent system. It is also
not applicable if the coupling effect between fluxes of different components are
significant.

Q6: Write the other approaches to solve mass transport problems?

A6: Stefan Maxwell equation and non-equilibrium thermodynamic approach.

Q7: Give the cases where we can use Fick’s law for multicomponent system?

A7: If compositions of different components in a multi-component system are not

changed significantly, we may assume constant diffusivity of a component
against a mixture of other components.

Q8: What is the driving force in mass transport problem?

A8: The chemical potential which may include pressure difference, concentration
difference, temperature difference etc.
Q9: Why equation of continuity is always used in mass fraction rather than in moles
fractions?

A9: The moles of any system may not converged (in case of chemical reaction) but
mass of any system is always converged.

Q10: What is effect of temperatures and pressures on diffusivity?

A10: According to Chapman-Enskong theory, diffusivity of gases at low density is

directly proportional to T3/2 and inversely proportional to the pressure P. Wilke-
Chang correlation states that diffusivity of liquids is directly proportional to
temperature only

Q11: Define microscopic and macroscopic balances?

A11: Macroscopic balances of momentum, mass and energy at macroscopic level is

called macroscopic balances. Microscopic balances can be applied for smaller
scale description than macroscopic but larger than molecular one. It involves
phenomenological approach (Fick’s law, Fourier’s law and Newton’s law) for
system analysis. Differential equations are formulated for momentum, mass
and energy transport as a result of application of conversation laws. Continuum
approach is used in macroscopic balances.