C# UNIT V (NEP)

Working With Collections:

In c#, the collection is a class that is useful to manage a group of objects in a flexible
manner to perform various operations like insert, update, delete, get, etc., on the
object items in a dynamic manner based on our requirements.
we learned about arrays in c#, but those are useful only when working with a fixed
number of strongly-typed objects. To solve this problem, Microsoft has introduced
collections in c# to work with a group of objects that can grow or shrink dynamically
based on our requirements.

Collection Types:
 Generic (System.Collections.Generic)
 Non-Generic (System.Collections)

In c#, generic collections will enforce a type safety so we can store only the elements
with the same data type, and these are provided by System.Collections.Generic
namespace.
Example:List and Dictionary
In c#, non-generic collection classes are useful to store elements of different data
types, and these are provided by System.Collections namespace.
Example:Arraylist and HashTable

List :
n c#, List is a generic type of collection, so it will allow storing only strongly typed
objects, i.e., elements of the same data type. The size of the list will vary dynamically
based on our application requirements, like adding or removing elements from the
list.
Synatax:
IList<T> lst = new List<T>();
C# List Methods:

Description
Method

Add It is used to add an element at the end of the List.

Clear It will remove all the elements from the List.

Contains It is used to determine whether the specified element exists in the

List or not.

Insert It is used to insert an element into the List at the specified index.

Remove It is used to remove the first occurrence of a specified element from

the List.

List Properties:

Description
Property

Capacity It is used to get or set the number of elements a list can contain.

Count It is used to get the number of elements in the list.

Item It is used to get or set an element at the specified index.

Example:

OUTPUT:
Dictionary in C#

In c#, Dictionary is a generic type of collection, and it is used to store a collection of

key/value pairs organized based on the key. The dictionary in c# will allow to store only the
strongly-typed objects, i.e., the key/value pairs of the specified data type.

 Key should Be Unique.

 Value can be Null or Duplicate.

Methods of Dictionary:

Properties of Dictionary:
Example:

OUTPUT:
ArrayList in C#

In c#, ArrayList is useful to store elements of different data types. The size of ArrayList can
grow or shrink dynamically based on the need of our application, like adding or removing
elements from ArrayList.

In c#, arraylists are same as arrays, but the only difference is that arrays are used to store a
fixed number of the same data type elements.

ArrayList is a non-generic type of collection, and it is provided by System.Collections

namespace.

Description
Method

Add It is used to add an element at the end of the ArrayList.

Clear It will remove all the elements from the ArrayList.

Contains It is used to determine whether the specified element exists in the ArrayList or not.

Insert It is used to insert an element into the ArrayList at the specified index.

Remove It is used to remove the first occurrence of a specified element from the ArrayList.

Properties
Example:

HashTable in C#

 HashTable is similar to ArrayList but represents the items as a combination of

key and value.

 The Hashtable is a non-generic collection that stores key-value pairs, similar

to generic Dictionary<TKey, TValue> collection.

 It comes under System.Collections namespace.

 Keys must be unique and cannot be null.

 Values can be null or duplicate.

 Example:

using System;
using System.collections;
namespace HashtableDemo
{
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
Hashtable a = new Hashtable();
a.Add(1,”Arun”);
a.Add(2,”Akash”);
Console.WriteLine(a[1]);
Console.WriteLine(a[2]);
}
}
}

Methods
Properties

Generic Classes:

In c#, generic is a type used to define a class, structure, interface, or method with
placeholders (type parameters) to indicate that they can store or use one or more of
the types. In c#, the compiler will replace placeholders with the specified type at
compile time.

The generics were introduced in .NET Framework 2.0 with a new namespace called
System.Collections.Generic

To define a class or method as generic, we need to use a type parameter as a

placeholder with angle (<>) brackets.
following is the example of creating a generic class using type parameter (T) with angle (<>)
brackets in c# programming language.

If you observe the above code, we are sending a type as “string” so the compiler will
substitute all the type parameters (T) with defined type “string” and our class (GenericClass)
will be like as shown Above.
Comparable:
 It is class under a collection namespace.
 The comparable class can performe only to compare the values.
 To define in program we must declare namespace (i.e using
System.Collection.Generic;)
 In this comparable class only compare source value to any destination
value.
Sorting :
 This method can be used to sort the particular list/value.
 But this sorting method uses when we declare a class comparable
otherwise not possible to sort the list/value.
 If you declare the sort method without a comparable class then your
output window becomes a blank screen.

Example:
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace ConsoleApplication6
{
public class student : IComparable<student>
{
public int Sid { get; set; }
public string Name { get; set; }
public int CompareTo(student other)
{
if(this.Sid>other.Sid)
return 1;
else if(this.Sid<other.Sid)
return -1;
else
 return 0;
}
}
class compareStudent
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
student s1 = new student { Sid = 2, Name = "Amit" };
student s2 = new student { Sid = 1, Name = "Arun" };
student s3 = new student { Sid = 5, Name = "Kiran" };
student s4 = new student { Sid = 3, Name = "Suman" };
student s5 = new student { Sid = 4, Name = "Sohan" };
List<student> students = new List<student>() { s1, s2, s3, s4, s5 };
students.Sort();
foreach (student s in students)
{
Console.WriteLine(s.Sid + " " + s.Name);
}
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
}
OUTPUT:
1 Arun
2 Amit
3 Suman
4 Sohan
5 Kiran
WinForms:
Introduction
• Windows Forms is a Graphical User Interface(GUI) class library that is bundled in
.Net Framework.
• Its main purpose is to provide an easier interface to develop applications for
desktops, tablets, and PCs.
• It is also termed the WinForms. The applications which are developed by using
Windows Forms or WinForms are known as the Windows Forms Applications that
run on the desktop computer.
• WinForms can be used only to develop Windows Forms Applications not web
applications. WinForms applications can contain different types of controls like
labels, list boxes, textboxes, etc.

Create a project

First, you'll create a C# application project. The project type comes with all the template
files you'll need before you've even added anything.

1. Open Visual Studio.

2. On the start window, select new project.
3. In New Project Window Select Windows Forms Application and give a name to the
project and Click OK.
Controls:
The Control class implements very basic functionality required by classes that display
information to the user. It handles user input through the keyboard and pointing devices.

C# Control Windows Forms controls are reusable components that encapsulate user interface
functionality and are used in client-side Windows applications.

Control Description
Fires an event when a mouse click occurs or the Enter or
Esc key is pressed. Represents a button on a form. Its text
Button
property determines the captiondisplayed on the button's
surface.
Permits a user to select one or more options.Consists of a check
box with text or an image beside it. The check box can also be
CheckBox
represented as a buttonby setting: checkBox1.Appearance =
Appearance.Button.
Displays list of items. ListBox with checkbox preceding each item in
CheckedListBox
list.
Provides TextBox and ListBox functionality. Hybrid control that
ComboBox consists of a textbox and a drop-down list. It combines properties
from boththe TextBox and the ListBox.
Adds descriptive information to a form. Text that describes the
Label contents of control or instructions for using a control or form.
Displays a list of items—one or more of which may be selected. May
ListBox contain simple text or objects. Its methods, properties, and
events allowitems to be selected, modified, added, and sorted.
Adds a menu to a form. Provides a menu and submenu system for a
MenuStrip form. It supersedes the MainMenu control.

Permits user to make one choice among a group of options.

RadioButton Represents aWindows radio button.

Accepts user input. Can be designed to accept single- or multi-line

TextBox input. Properties allow it to mask input for passwords, scroll, set
letter casingautomatically, and limit contents to read-only.
Displays data as nodes in a tree. Features include the ability to
TreeView collapse or expand, add, remove, and copy nodes in a tree.
Button:

Button control is used to perform a click event in Windows Forms, and it can be clicked by
a mouse or by pressing Enter keys. It is used to submit all queries of the form by clicking
the submit button or transferring control to the next form.

Buttons are one of the simplest controls and are mostly used for executing some code when
the user wants.

Button Properties
Properties Description

BackColor It is used to set the background color of the Button.

BackgroundImage It is used to set the background image of the button control.

ForeColor It is used to set or get the foreground color of the button.

It is used to set or gets the image on the button control that is

Image
displayed.

Text It is used to set the name of the button control.

Button Events
Events Description

A BackColorChaged event is found in button control when the

BackColorChanged
Background property is changed.

BackgroundImage A BackgoundImageChanged event is found in button control

when the value of the BackgoundImage property is changed.
Changed

A Click event is found in the button control when the control is

Click
clicked.

When the user makes a double-click on the button, a double-click

DoubleClick
event is found in the button control.

It is found in the button control when the value of the text

TextChanged
property is changed.
Here we have a really simple case, showing a Message box when a button is clicked. We add
a button to a form, name it cmdShowMessage as used in code to identify the object, and set
the text of the button to Show Message.

We just need to double-click the button on the visual designer and Visual Studio will
generate the code for the click Event. Now we just need to add the code for the MessageBox
there:

private void cmdShowMessage_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
MessageBox.Show("Wellcome to Controls");
}

If we run the program now and click the button we'll see the message appearing:
TextBox:

Text box controls are used for entering text at runtime on a form. A single line of text is
taken in by default. But, you can change the settings to accept multiple texts. Also, we can
even add scroll bars to it.
TextBoxes allows the user to input data into the program.

TextBox Properties
Properties Description

TextAlign It is used for setting text alignment.

ScrollBars It is used for adding scrollbars, both vertical and horizontal.

Multiline It is used to set the TextBox Control to allow multiple lines.

It is used for specifying the maximum character number the

MaxLength
TextBox Control will accept.

Font It is used to display text in the control.

We are going to modify the form and add a textbox so the message box shows us the
message that the user wants. Now our form looks like this:

And then modify the button click event to use the text of the textbox:

private void cmdShowMessage_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
string UserText = txtUserMessage.Text;
MessageBox.Show(UserText);
}

As you can see we are using the .Text property of the Textbox that is the text contained in
the textbox.
If we run the program, we will be able to write in the textbox. When we click the button the
MessageBox will show the text that we have written:
Label:
Label control is used as a display medium for text on Forms. Label control does not
participate in user input or capture mouse or keyboard events.

Label Properties
Properties Description

Name property represents a unique name of a Label control. It is used

Name
to access the control in the code.
 Font Font property represents the font of text of a Label control.

Text Text property of a Label represents the current text of a Label control .

The TextAlign property represents text alignment that can be Left,

TextAlign
Center, or Right.

MaxLength The TextLength property returns the length of a Label’s contents.

Menus And Context menus

Menus
• An imperative part of the user interface in a Windows-based application is the menu.
• A menu on a form is created with a Menu object, which is a collection of MenuItem objects.
• You can add menus to Windows Forms at design time by adding the Menu control and
then adding menu items to it using the Menu Designer.
• Menus can also be added programmatically by creating one or more Menu controls
objects in to a form and adding MenuItem objects to the collection.
• Different types of menus available in C# are
➢ MenuStrip –used to create normal horizontal or vertical menus.
➢ ContextMenu- used to create popup menus. Menus appears when the mouse right
clicked and disappears once selection is made.
➢ ToolStrip- used to create menus when there is less space and these are called as
dropdown menus.
➢ StatusStrip- used to create status bar where status of form controls can be displayed.

Context Menu
A context menu is a group of commands or menu items that can be accessed by right-
clicking on the control surface. It usually contains some frequently used commands for
example Cut, Copy and Paste in a text editor.

• In Windows Forms, a context menu is created using the ContextMenuStrip control and its
command or menu items are ToolStripMenuItem objects.

• The Image property of ToolStripMenuItem is used to add an image to a menu item. In

 design view, select the menu item and go to its property and click the ellipsis next to the
Image property and select image from the Local Resource or Project Resource File.

• A context menu is also known as a popup menu. A context menu appears

when you right click on a Form or on a control.

Type of items in ContextMenuStrip

1. MenuItem (ToolStripMenuItem): It is used to give a simple menu item like "Exit" in
the above example.
2. ComboBox(ToolStripComboBox): It is used to insert a ComboBox in the context
menu where the user can select or type an item in the ComboBox.
3. Separator (ToolStripSeparator): It is used to put a horizontal line (ruler) between
menu items.
4. TextBox (ToolStripTextBox): It is used to put a TextBox in the context menu wherethe
user can enter an item.

MenuStrip

• MenuStrip adds a menu bar to Windows Forms program.

• With this control, we add a menu area and then add the default menus or create custom
menus directly in Visual Studio.

• We can create a menu using MenuStrip control at design-time or using the MenuStrip class
in code at run-time or dynamically.

• Once a MenuStrip is on the Form, you can add menu items and set its properties and
events.

Type of items in MenuStrip

 MenuItem (ToolStripMenuItem): It is used to give a simple menu item like "Exit".

 ComboBox(ToolStripComboBox): It is used to insert a ComboBox in the context

menuwhere the user can select or type an item in the ComboBox.

 Separator (ToolStripSeparator): It is used to put a horizontal line (ruler) between

menuitems.
  TextBox (ToolStripTextBox): It is used to put a TextBox in the context menu
where theuser can enter an item.

Toolstrip

• ToolStrip control provides functionality of Windows toolbar controls in Visual Studio

2010.

• This menu is also called as dropdown menu because in the form only an arrow will be
appearing when we click on arrow menu will appear.

• To create a ToolStrip control at design-time, simply drag and drop a ToolStrip control from
Toolbox onto a Form.

• At run time this can be created by creating the object of toolStrip class.

Type of items in toolstrip

• Button : Used to create a toolbar button that supports both text and images. Represents
a selectable ToolStripItem.
• Separator: Represents a line used to group items. Use this to group related items on a
menu or ToolStrip. The Separator is automatically spaced and oriented horizontally or
vertically to accord with its container.
• Label: Used to create a label that can render text and images that can implement
the ToolStripItem.
• DropDownButton: It looks like ToolStripButton, but it shows a drop-down area when
the user clicks it.
• SplitButton: Represents a combination of a standard button on the left and a drop-
down button on the right, or the other way around if the value of RightToLeft is Yes.
• ComboBox: Displays an editing field combined with a ListBox, allowing the user to
select from the list or to enter new text. By default, a ToolStripComboBox displays an
edit field with a hidden drop-down list.
 MDI
• MDI stands for Multiple Document Interface.

• It is an interface design for handling documents within a single application.

• When application consists of an MDI parent form containing all other window
consisted by app, then MDI interface can be used.
• Switch focus to specific document can be easily handled in MDI. For maximizing all
documents, parent window is maximized by MDI.

SDI
• SDI stands for Single Document Interface.
• It is an interface designed for handling documents within a single application.
• SDI exists independently from others and thus is a stand-alone window.
• SDI supports one interface means you can handle only one application at a time.
• For grouping, SDI uses special window managers.

Key Difference

SDI MDI
Stands for “Single Document Interface”. Stands for “Multiple Document Interface”

One document per window is enforced in Child windows per document are
SDI allowed inMDI.

SDI is not a container control MDI is a container control

MDI contains multiple documents at a time

SDI contains one window only at a time
that appeared as a child window

MDI supports many interfaces means we can

SDI supports one interface means you
handle many applications at a time
can handleonly one application at a time.
according to the user's requirements.
 For switching between documents MDI
SDI uses Task Manager for switching
uses a special interface inside the
betweendocuments
parent window

SDI grouping is possible through

MDI grouping is implemented naturally
special window managers.

In SDI it is implemented through a For maximizing all documents, the parent

special code orwindow manager. window ismaximized by MDI

Switch focus to a specific document can be

It is difficult to implement in SDI. easily handled.

Dialog boxes
Dialog boxes are of two types, which are given below.

1. Modal dialog box

➢ A dialog box that temporarily halts the application and the user cannot continue
until the dialog has been closed is called a modal dialog box.
➢ The application may require some additional information before it can continue or
may simply wish to confirm that the user wants to proceed.
➢ The application continues to execute only after the dialog box is closed, until thenthe
application halts.
➢ For example, when saving a file, the user gives a name of an existing file; a warning is
shown that a file with the same name exists, whether it should be overwritten or be saved
with a different name. The file will not be saved unless the user selects “OK” or “Cancel”.
2. Modeless dialog box

➢ It is used when the requested information is not essential to continue.

➢ The Window can be left open, while work continues somewhere else.
For example, when working in a text editor, the user wants to find and replace a
particular word. This can be done, using a dialog box, which asks for the word to
be found and replaced. The user can continue to work, even if this box.
Example: Demonstrate Dialog box (Modal and Modeless)
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using System.Windows.Forms;
namespace DailogBoxExample
{
static class Program
{
static void Main()
{
DialogResult result = MessageBox.Show("Do you want to continue?",
"Confirmation",MessageBoxButtons.YesNo, MessageBoxIcon.Question);
if (result == DialogResult.Yes)
{
MessageBox.Show("You clicked Yes");
}
else
{
MessageBox.Show("You clicked No");
}
}
}
}

OUTPUT:
From Inheritance
• In order to understand the power of OOP, consider, for example, form inheritance, a new
feature of .NET that lets you create a base form that becomes the basis for creating more
advanced forms. The new "derived" forms automatically inherit all the functionality
contained in the base form. This design paradigm makes it easy to group common
functionality and, in the process, reduce maintenance costs.

• When the base form is modified, the "derived" classes automatically follow suit and
adopt the changes. The same concept applies to any type of object.

Example:

Visual inheritance allows you to see the controls on the base form and to add new
controls. In this sample we will create a base dialog form and compile it into a class
library. You will import this class library into another project and create a new form
that inherits from the base dialog form. During this sample, you will see how to:
• Create a class library project containing a base dialog form.
• Add a Panel with properties that derived classes of the base form can modify.
• Add typical buttons that cannot be modified by inheritors of the base form.
Developing Custom Controls
• Use Custom Panel/Panel as a border of a Frame for change the size of Form such as
Width,Height etc. and use Custom Buttons as a Control Box of a Frame.

• Use Custom Panel as a Top layered Title border of a frame and use label to display text
of aframe.

• To display icon on a frame we will set background image to added panel.

• Applying Mouse Events to panels and change properties of Form.

Composite and Extended Controls

• Composite controls provide a means by which custom graphical interfaces can be
created and reused. A composite control is essentially a component with a visual
representation.

• As such, it might consist of one or more Windows Forms controls, components, or

blocks of code that can extend functionality by validating user input, modifying display
 properties, or performing other tasks required by the author.

• Composite controls can be placed on Windows Forms in the same manner as other
controls.

• In the first part of this walkthrough, you create a simple composite control called
ctlClock.

• In the second part of the walkthrough, you extend the functionality of ctlClock
throughinheritance.

Add Windows Controls and Components to the Composite Control

• A visual interface is an essential part of your composite control.

• This visual interface is implemented by the addition of one or more Windows
controls tothe designer surface.
• In the following demonstration, you will incorporate Windows controls into your
compositecontrol and write code to implement functionality.

To add a Label and a Timer to your composite control

• In Solution Explorer, right-click ctlClock.cs, and then click View Designer.
• In the Toolbox, expand the Common Controls node, and then double-click Label.
• A Label control named label1 is added to your control on the designer surface.

• In the Toolbox, expand the Components node, and then double-click Timer.

• Because a Timer is a component, it has no visual representation at run time.

• Therefore, it does not appear with the controls on the designer surface, but rather
in theComponent Designer (a tray at the bottom of the designer surface).

• In the Component Designer, click timer1, and then set the Interval property to 1000
and theEnabled property to true.

• The Interval property controls the frequency with which the Timer component
ticks. Eachtime timer1 ticks, it runs the code in the timer1_Tick event.

• The interval represents the number of milliseconds between ticks.

In the Component Designer, double-click timer1 to go to the timer1_Tick event for
ctlClock.