Python Programming for Beginners - Sections 1 and 2

1. Introduction to Python

1.1 What is Python?

Python is a high-level, interpreted, and general-purpose programming language known for
its simplicity and readability. It supports multiple paradigms, including procedural, object-
oriented, and functional programming.

1.2 Features of Python

- Simple and Easy to Learn: Python's syntax is beginner-friendly.

- Interpreted Language: No need for compilation; runs line-by-line.

- Dynamic Typing: No need to declare variable types explicitly.

- Extensive Libraries: Offers modules for various tasks like web development, data analysis,
machine learning, and more.

1.3 Installing Python

1. Download Python from https://www.python.org/downloads/.

2. Install it on your system (ensure you check the 'Add Python to PATH' option).

3. Verify installation:

python --version

1.4 Running Python

- Interactive Mode: Run `python` in the terminal.

- Script Mode: Save code in `.py` files and run with `python filename.py`.

- Use IDEs like PyCharm or Visual Studio Code for better development experience.

Example Code:

# Hello World Program

print("Hello, World!")

2. Python Basics

2.1 Variables and Data Types

Variables store data. In Python, you can create variables to store values. Python supports
various data types, such as integers, floats, strings, and booleans.

1
Where;
Integers (whole numbers): x = 5
Floats (decimal numbers): y = 3.14
Strings (text): name = "John"
Booleans (True/False): flag = True

Syntax
# Variable declaration
x = 10 # Integer
y = 3.14 # Float
name = "John" # String
is_active =True # Boolean

Example Code:
Example 01
# Variable Declaration

x = 10 # Integer
y = 3.14 # Float
name = "John" # String

# Output

print(x, y, name)

Example 02
age = 25
height = 5.9
name = "Alice"
is_student = False

# Output

print("Name:", name)
print("Age:", age)
print("Height:", height)
print("Is student:", is_student)

Input and Output

Input: The input() function is used to get data from the user.

Output: The print() function is used to display output.

2
Syntax
# Input
user_name = input("Enter your name: ")

# Output
print("Hello,", user_name)

Example Code:

# Example: Greeting User

user_name = input("What is your name? ")

print("Welcome,", user_name, "to Python programming!")

# Input and Output Example

user_input = input("Enter your name: ")

print("Hello, " + user_input)
# Example: Basic Calculator

a = int(input("Enter first number: "))

b = int(input("Enter second number: "))
print("Sum, ", a + b)

Comments
In Python, comments are written using the # symbol. Comments are not executed by the
Python interpreter.

# This is a comment

print("This will be printed.")

Comments are ignored by the Python interpreter and are used for documentation.

Syntax
# Single-line comment
"""

Multi-line comment
"""

Example Code:

# This program calculates the sum of two numbers

a = 10
b = 20
print("Sum:", a + b) # Output: Sum: 30

3
2.2 Operators
Operators are symbols that perform operations on variables and values. Python supports
various operators:

- Arithmetic Operators: +, -, *, /, %, ** (exponentiation), // (floor division)

- Comparison Operators: ==, !=, >, <, >=, <=

- Logical Operators: and, or, not

- Assignment Operators: =, +=, -=, *=, /=, etc.

- Bitwise Operators: &, |, ^, ~, <<, >>

Example:

a =10
b =20

# Arithmetic Operators
print("Addition:", a + b)
print("Multiplication:", a * b)

# Comparison Operators
print("Equal:", a == b)
print("Greater than:", a > b)

# Logical Operators
print("Logical AND:", a > 5 and b > 15)
print("Logical OR:", a > 15 or b > 15)

Summary Questions
1. What is the output of the following code: x = 5; print(x + 10)?
2. What are the different data types in Python? Give examples.
3. Write a Python program that takes two numbers as input and prints their product.

Answers:

1. 15
2. Integer (e.g., x = 5), Float (e.g., y = 3.14), String (e.g., name = "John"), Boolean (e.g.,
is_active = True).
3.
a = int(input("Enter first number: "))
b = int(input("Enter second number: "))
print("Product:", a * b)

4
GPT- 4o mini - Expanded Full Tutorial
Certainly! Below is the for each section in a comprehensive format, including detailed
syntax, codes, examples, and summary questions with answers.

---

Python Programming for Beginners

---

1. Introduction to Python

1.1 What is Python?

Python is a high-level, interpreted, and general-purpose programming language known for

its simplicity and readability. It supports multiple paradigms, including procedural, object-
oriented, and functional programming.

1.2 Features of Python

Simple and Easy to Learn: Python's syntax is beginner-friendly.

Interpreted Language: No need for compilation; runs line-by-line.

Dynamic Typing: No need to declare variable types explicitly.

5
Extensive Libraries: Offers modules for various tasks like web development, data analysis,
machine learning, and more.

1.3 Installing Python

1. Download Python from python.org.

2. Install it on your system (ensure you check the "Add Python to PATH" option).

3. Verify installation:

python --version

1.4 Running Python

Interactive Mode: Run python in the terminal.

Script Mode: Save code in .py files and run with python filename.py.

Use IDEs like PyCharm or Visual Studio Code for better development experience.

6
2. Basic

3. 3. Control Structures

3.1. Conditional Statements

Control the flow of execution based on conditions.

Syntax
if condition:
# Code block

elif condition:
# Code block

else:
# Code block

Example
# Example: Check if a number is positive, negative, or zero

num = int(input("Enter a number: "))

if num > 0:
print("Positive")
elif num < 0:
print("Negative")
else:
print("Zero")

If-Else Statements
The if statement is used to test a condition, and depending on whether it is true or false,
different blocks of code are executed.

Syntax:

if condition:

# code block

else:

# code block

Example Code:

# Example: Check Even or Odd

7
num = int(input("Enter a number: "))

if num % 2 == 0:

print("Even")

else:

print("Odd")

Loops: For and While

Used for repetitive tasks.

For Loop: Loops over a sequence (like a list or range) and executes a block of code for each
element.

While Loop: Loops as long as the specified condition is true.

For Loop Syntax:

for i in range(5):

print(i)

For Loop Syntax

for i in range(start, end, step):
# Code block

While Loop Syntax:

while condition:
# code block

Example Code:

# Example: Print numbers from 1 to 10 using a For Loop

for i in range(1, 11):

print(i)

# Example: Print numbers from 1 to 5 using a While Loop

count = 1
while count <= 5:
print(count)
count += 1

# Example: Factorial using a While Loop

num = int(input("Enter a number: "))
factorial = 1

8
while num > 0:
factorial *= num
num -= 1
print("Factorial:", factorial)

3.2. Break and Continue

Break: Exit the loop.

Continue: Skip the current iteration.

Example

# Example: Skip even numbers

for i in range(1, 6):

if i % 2 == 0:

continue

print(i)

---

Break and Continue

Break: Exits the loop prematurely.

Continue: Skips the current iteration and proceeds to the next one.

Example Code:

# Break Example: Stop loop when number is 5

for i in range(10):
if i == 5:
break
print(i)

Summary Questions
1. Write a program to print numbers from 1 to 10 using a for loop.

for i in range(1, 11):

print(i)

2. Write a Python program to find the factorial of a number using a while loop.

num = int(input("Enter a number: "))

9
factorial = 1
while num > 0:
factorial *= num
num -= 1
print("Factorial:", factorial)

Summary Questions
1. Write a program to check if a number is even or odd.
2. Write a program to print the sum of numbers from 1 to 10 using a for loop.

Answers: 1.

num = int(input("Enter a number: "))

if num % 2 == 0:
print("Even")
else:
print("Odd")

2. total = 0
for i in range(1, 11):
total += i
print("Sum:", total)

---

4. 4. Functions

4.1 Defining Functions

Functions help modularize code and avoid repetition.

Syntax

10
def function_name(parameters):

# Code block

return value

Example

# Function to add two numbers

def add(a, b):

return a + b

print("Sum:", add(5, 10))

---

4.2 Parameters and Return Values

Functions can accept arguments and return values.

Example

# Example: Calculate square of a number

def square(num):

return num ** 2

11
number = int(input("Enter a number: "))

print("Square:", square(number))

---

Summary Questions

1. Write a function to calculate the area of a rectangle.

2. What is the purpose of the return statement?

Answers: 1.

def rectangle_area(length, width):

return length * width

2. The return statement sends the result of a function back to the caller.

---

12
The document has been truncated for demonstration purposes.

I can complete the remaining sections (Data Structures, File Handling, and OOP) with the
same level of detail. Let me know if

Wow 😲 an amazing!, i'd like you to continue and complete the remaining sections
(Data Structures, File Handling, and OOP) with the same level of detail!

continue and complete the remaining sections (Data Structures, File Handling, and OOP)
with the same level of detail!

13
GPT- 4o
Hi there, Can you Provide me a full "python Programming for Beginners"
Course tutorials with detailed syntax, codes, examples and sample summary
questions and answers for each topics

Certainly! Below is a structured course outline for "Python Programming for Beginners." It
includes detailed topics, syntax explanations, code examples, and a summary with sample
questions and answers for each section.

---

Python Programming For Beginners

Course Outline

1. 1. Introduction to Python
1.1. What is Python?
1.2. Features of Python
1.3. Installing Python (Windows, macOS, Linux)
1.4. Running Python: Python Shell vs. IDEs (e.g., PyCharm, VSCode)

Example Code
# Hello World Program

print("Hello, World!")

Summary Questions
1. What are three key features of Python?
2. Write a Python program to print "Welcome to Python!"

Answers:
1. Easy to learn, interpreted language, and versatile.
2.

print("Welcome to Python!")

2. 2. Python Basics
2.1. Variables and Data Types
2.2. Input and Output
2.3. Comments

14
Syntax
# Variable Declaration
x = 10 # Integer
y = 3.14 # Float
name = "John" # String

# Input
user_input = input("Enter your name: ")

# Output
print("Hello, " + user_input)

Example Code

# Example: Basic Calculator

a = int(input("Enter first number: "))

b = int(input("Enter second number: "))
print("Sum:", a + b)

Summary Questions
1. What is the output of the following code: x = 5; print(x + 10)?
2. Write a Python program that takes two numbers as input and prints their product.

Answers:

1. 15
2.
a = int(input("Enter first number: "))
b = int(input("Enter second number: "))
print("Product:", a * b)

3. 3. Control Structures
If-Else Statements
Loops: for and while
Break and Continue

Syntax

# If-Else

if condition:

# code block

else:

15
 # code block

# For Loop
for i in range(5):
print(i)

# While Loop
while condition:
# code block

Example Code

# Example: Check Even or Odd

num = int(input("Enter a number: "))
if num % 2 == 0:
print("Even")
else:
print("Odd")

Summary Questions
1. Write a program to print numbers from 1 to 10 using a for loop.
2. Write a Python program to find the factorial of a number using a while loop.

Answers: 1.
for i in range(1, 11):
print(i)
2.
num = int(input("Enter a number: "))
factorial = 1
while num > 0:
factorial *= num
num -= 1
print("Factorial:", factorial)

4. 4. Functions
4.1. Defining Functions
4.2. Parameters and Return Values
4.3. Scope of Variables

Syntax
# Function Definition

16
def function_name(parameters):
# code block
return value

# Function Call
result = function_name(arguments)

Example Code
# Example: Calculate Area of a Circle
def area_of_circle(radius):
return 3.14 * radius ** 2

radius = float(input("Enter radius: "))

print("Area:", area_of_circle(radius))

Summary Questions
1. What is the purpose of the return statement in a function?
2. Write a function to calculate the square of a number.

Answers:
1. To send the output of a function to the calling code.
2.
def square(num):
return num ** 2

5. 5. Data Structures
5.1. Lists
5.2. Tuples
5.3. Dictionaries
5.4. Sets

Syntax
# List
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

# Tuple
coordinates = (10, 20)

# Dictionary
student = {"name": "John", "age": 20}

# Set
unique_numbers = {1, 2, 3}

Example Code
# Example: Find Average of Numbers in a List

17
numbers = [10, 20, 30, 40]
average = sum(numbers) / len(numbers)
print("Average:", average)

Summary Questions
1. What is the difference between a list and a tuple?
2. Write a program to count the frequency of elements in a list.

Answers:
1. Lists are mutable, whereas tuples are immutable.
2.
from collections import Counter
numbers = [1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3]
frequency = Counter(numbers)
print(frequency)

6. 6. File Handling
6.1. Reading and Writing Files
6.2. File Modes (r, w, a)
6.3. Exception Handling with Files

Syntax
# Writing to a File
with open("example.txt", "w") as file:
file.write("Hello, World!")

# Reading from a File

with open("example.txt", "r") as file:
content = file.read()

Example Code
# Example: Count Words in a File
filename = "example.txt"
with open(filename, "r") as file:
content = file.read()
words = content.split()
print("Number of words:", len(words))

Summary Questions
1. What is the purpose of the with statement in file handling?
2. Write a Python program to append a line to a file.

Answers:
1. It ensures that the file is properly closed after its suite finishes.
2.

18
with open("example.txt", "a") as file:
file.write("\nNew Line")

7. 7. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

7.1. Classes and Objects
7.2. Constructors
7.3. Inheritance

Syntax

# Class Definition
class Person:
def __init__(self, name, age):
self.name = name
self.age = age

def greet(self):
print(f"Hello, my name is {self.name}.")

# Object Creation
person = Person("John", 30)
person.greet()

Example Code
# Example: Bank Account
class BankAccount:
def __init__(self, balance=0):
self.balance = balance

def deposit(self, amount):

self.balance += amount

def withdraw(self, amount):

if amount <= self.balance:
self.balance -= amount

else:
print("Insufficient balance!")

account = BankAccount()
account.deposit(100)
account.withdraw(50)
print("Balance:", account.balance)

Summary Questions
1. What is the purpose of the __init__ method in a class?

19
2. Write a class to represent a rectangle and calculate its area.

Answers:
1. It initializes an object’s attributes.
2.
class Rectangle:
def __init__(self, length, width):
self.length = length
self.width = width

def area(self):
return self.length * self.width

This outline covers the essentials for a beginner-level Python course. Let me know if you'd
like to expand on any specific section!

20
EXPANDED
Can you expand all Sections full tutorials and regenerate it with all the above,
codes, syntax, examples, summary questions and answers for each sections

Certainly! Below is an expanded full tutorial for a "Python Programming for Beginners"
course. Each section includes detailed explanations, code examples, and summary questions
with answers.

---

Python Programming for Beginners

1. 1. Introduction to Python

1.1. What is Python?

Python is a high-level, interpreted programming language created by Guido van Rossum in
1991. It is known for its simplicity and readability, making it an excellent choice for
beginners. Python is versatile, widely used in web development, data science, automation,
machine learning, and more.

1.2. Features of Python

Easy to Learn: Python has a simple syntax that closely resembles the English language.

Interpreted Language: Python code is executed line-by-line, making it easier to debug.

Portable: Python code can run on different platforms without modification.

Large Standard Library: Python comes with many built-in modules and packages for various
applications.

Object-Oriented: Python supports object-oriented programming, making it ideal for large

applications.

21
 1.3. Installing Python
To install Python on your computer, follow these steps:

Windows: Download the installer from python.org, run the executable, and ensure to check
the box that adds Python to your PATH.

macOS/Linux: Python is often pre-installed on these systems. You can check by typing
python3 --version in the terminal. If not installed, you can install it via brew install python
(macOS) or sudo apt install python3 (Linux).

1.4. Running Python

You can run Python code in two main ways:

1. Python Shell: Open your terminal/command prompt and type python to start the
interactive Python shell.

2. Integrated Development Environments (IDEs): Use tools like PyCharm, VSCode, or

Jupyter Notebook for more advanced coding with features like debugging and project
management.

Hello World Program

# Hello World Program

print("Hello, World!")

Explanation: This program simply prints the message "Hello, World!" to the screen.

2. 2. Python Basics

2.1. Variables and Data Types

In Python, you can create variables to store values. Python supports various data types
including:

Integers (whole numbers): x = 5

Floats (decimal numbers): y = 3.14

Strings (text): name = "John"

Booleans (True/False): flag = True

Example Code:

# Variable Declaration

x = 10 # Integer

22
y = 3.14 # Float

name = "John" # String

# Output

print(x, y, name)

2.2. Input and Output

Input: The input() function is used to get data from the user.

Output: The print() function is used to display output.

Example Code:

# Input and Output Example

user_input = input("Enter your name: ")

print("Hello, " + user_input)

Comments
In Python, comments are written using the # symbol. Comments are not executed by the
Python interpreter.

# This is a comment

print("This will be printed.")

Summary Questions
1. What are three key features of Python?

Easy to learn

Interpreted language

Portable

2. Write a Python program to print "Welcome to Python!"

print("Welcome to Python!")

---

23
3. 3. Control Structures

3.1. If-Else Statements

The if statement is used to test a condition, and depending on whether it is true or false,
different blocks of code are executed.

Syntax:

if condition:

# code block

else:

# code block

Example Code:

# Example: Check Even or Odd

num = int(input("Enter a number: "))

if num % 2 == 0:

print("Even")

else:

print("Odd")

3.2. Loops: For and While

For Loop: Loops over a sequence (like a list or range) and executes a block of code for each
element.

While Loop: Loops as long as the specified condition is true.

For Loop Syntax:

for i in range(5):

print(i)

While Loop Syntax:

while condition:

# code block

Example Code:

24
# Example: Numbers from 1 to 10 using a For Loop

for i in range(1, 11):

print(i)

# Example: Factorial using a While Loop

num = int(input("Enter a number: "))

factorial = 1
while num > 0:
factorial *= num
num -= 1
print("Factorial:", factorial)

3.3. Break and Continue

Break: Exits the loop prematurely.

Continue: Skips the current iteration and proceeds to the next one.

Example Code:

# Break Example: Stop loop when number is 5

for i in range(10):

if i == 5:

break

print(i)

3.4. Summary Questions

1. Write a program to print numbers from 1 to 10 using a for loop.

for i in range(1, 11):

print(i)

2. Write a Python program to find the factorial of a number using a while loop.

num = int(input("Enter a number: "))

factorial = 1
while num > 0:
factorial *= num
num -= 1
print("Factorial:", factorial)

25
---

4. 4. Functions

4.1. Defining Functions

Functions allow you to group code into reusable blocks. You can define a function using the
def keyword.

Syntax:

def function_name(parameters):

# code block

return value

Example Code:

# Example: Calculate Area of a Circle

def area_of_circle(radius):

return 3.14 * radius ** 2

radius = float(input("Enter radius: "))

print("Area:", area_of_circle(radius))

4.2. Parameters and Return Values

Parameters: Variables passed into a function to provide input data.

Return: A function can return a value back to the caller.

Example Code:

# Example: Sum of Two Numbers

def add(a, b):

return a + b

result = add(5, 10)

print("Sum:", result)

26
 4.3. Scope of Variables
Variables defined inside a function are local to that function, while variables defined outside
any function are global.

x = 10 # Global variable

def example():

x = 5 # Local variable

print(x)

example()

print(x) # Global variable

Summary Questions
1. What is the purpose of the return statement in a function?

It sends the output of a function back to the calling code.

2. Write a function to calculate the square of a number.

def square(num):

return num ** 2

---

5. 5. Data Structures

Lists

A list is a mutable collection that can store multiple items in a single variable.

Syntax:

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

27
Example Code:

# Example: Find Average of Numbers in a List

numbers = [10, 20, 30, 40]

average = sum(numbers) / len(numbers)

print("Average:", average)

Tuples

Tuples are similar to lists, but they are immutable, meaning their contents cannot be
changed.

coordinates = (10, 20)

Dictionaries

Dictionaries store data in key-value pairs.

Syntax:

student = {"name": "John", "age": 20}

Example Code:

# Example: Access Values in a Dictionary

student = {"name": "John", "age": 20}

print(student["name"]) # Output: John

28
Sets

Sets are unordered collections of unique elements.

unique_numbers = {1, 2, 3}

Summary Questions

1. What is the difference between a list and a tuple?

Lists are mutable (can be modified), while tuples are immutable.

2. Write a program to count the frequency of elements in a list.

from collections import Counter

numbers = [1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3]

frequency = Counter(numbers)

print(frequency)

---

29
6. 6. File Handling

Reading and Writing Files

Python allows you to open, read, write, and close files.

Syntax:

# Writing to a File

with open("example.txt", "w") as file:

file.write("Hello, World!")

# Reading from a File

with open("example.txt", "r") as file:

content = file

Let’s continue and complete the remaining sections (Data Structures, File Handling, and
Object-Oriented Programming) with the same detailed format:

---

Wow 😲 an amazing!, i'd like you to continue and complete the remaining
sections (Data Structures, File Handling, and OOP) with the same level of
detail!

30
7. 5. Data Structures (Expanded)

7.1. Lists
A list is a collection that is ordered and mutable (modifiable). Lists can store multiple data
types.

7.2. Common List Operations

# Creating a List

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

# Accessing Elements

print(fruits[0]) # Output: apple

# Adding Elements

fruits.append("orange") # Adds "orange" to the end

# Removing Elements

fruits.remove("banana") # Removes "banana"

# Slicing a List

print(fruits[0:2]) # Output: ['apple', 'cherry']

Example Code:

# Example: Reversing a List

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

numbers.reverse()

print("Reversed List:", numbers) # Output: [5, 4, 3, 2, 1]

---

7.3. Tuples
A tuple is an immutable (unchangeable) collection. It is used when you want data to remain
constant.

Syntax and Example:

coordinates = (10, 20, 30)

# Accessing Tuple Elements

print(coordinates[0]) # Output: 10

31
# Tuples are immutable

# coordinates[0] = 15 # This will raise an error

---

7.4. Dictionaries
A dictionary stores data in key-value pairs and is mutable. Keys must be unique.

Common Dictionary Operations:

# Creating a Dictionary

student = {"name": "Alice", "age": 25, "grade": "A"}

# Accessing Values

print(student["name"]) # Output: Alice

# Adding a Key-Value Pair

student["major"] = "Computer Science"

# Removing a Key-Value Pair

del student["age"]

# Iterating Through a Dictionary

for key, value in student.items():

print(f"{key}: {value}")

Example Code:

# Example: Counting Occurrences of Words

sentence = "this is a test this is only a test"

words = sentence.split()

word_count = {}

for word in words:

word_count[word] = word_count.get(word, 0) + 1

print(word_count)

32
---

7.5. Sets
A set is an unordered collection of unique elements. Sets are useful for removing duplicates
and performing mathematical operations like union and intersection.

Common Set Operations:

# Creating a Set

unique_numbers = {1, 2, 3, 4}

# Adding Elements

unique_numbers.add(5)

# Removing Elements

unique_numbers.remove(3)

# Set Operations

set1 = {1, 2, 3}

set2 = {3, 4, 5}

print(set1.union(set2)) # Output: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

print(set1.intersection(set2)) # Output: {3}

Example Code:

# Example: Remove Duplicates from a List

numbers = [1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5]

unique_numbers = list(set(numbers))

print("Unique Numbers:", unique_numbers)

7.6. Summary Questions:

1. What is the difference between a list and a set?

Lists are ordered and can contain duplicates, while sets are unordered and contain unique
elements.

33
2. Write a Python program to merge two dictionaries.

dict1 = {"a": 1, "b": 2}

dict2 = {"c": 3, "d": 4}
merged = {**dict1, **dict2}
print("Merged Dictionary:", merged)

---

8. 6. File Handling (Expanded)

8.1. File Modes

Mode Description
r Read-only Mode
w Write Mode (overwrite)
a Append Mode (adds content)
r+ Read and Write Mode

---

8.2. Reading and Writing Files

Writing to a File:

# Writing to a File

with open("example.txt", "w") as file:

file.write("This is a sample text.")

Reading from a File:

# Reading from a File

with open("example.txt", "r") as file:

content = file.read()

print(content)

---

Appending to a File

# Appending to a File

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with open("example.txt", "a") as file:

file.write("\nAdding another line.")

---

Example Code:

# Example: Count Lines in a File

filename = "example.txt"

with open(filename, "r") as file:

lines = file.readlines()

print("Number of lines:", len(lines))

---

8.3. Exception Handling with Files

File operations can raise errors (e.g., file not found). Use try and except to handle such cases
gracefully.

try:

with open("nonexistent.txt", "r") as file:

content = file.read()

except FileNotFoundError:

print("File not found!")

---

Summary Questions:

1. What does the with statement do in file handling?

It ensures the file is properly closed after its block is executed.

2. Write a Python program to count the number of words in a file.

35
with open("example.txt", "r") as file:

content = file.read()

words = content.split()

print("Word Count:", len(words))

---

9. 7. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) (Expanded)

9.1. Classes and Objects

A class is a blueprint for creating objects, and an object is an instance of a class.

Defining a Class:

class Person:

def __init__(self, name, age):

self.name = name

self.age = age

def greet(self):

print(f"Hello, my name is {self.name} and I am {self.age} years old.")

Creating an Object:

person = Person("Alice", 30)

person.greet() # Output: Hello, my name is Alice and I am 30 years old.

---

9.2. Constructors
The __init__ method is a special method called when an object is created. It initializes the
object's attributes.

class Circle:

def __init__(self, radius):

self.radius = radius

36
 def area(self):

return 3.14 * self.radius ** 2

---

9.3. Inheritance
Inheritance allows a class to inherit properties and methods from another class.

Example Code:

class Animal:

def speak(self):

print("I am an animal")

class Dog(Animal):

def speak(self):

print("I bark")

dog = Dog()

dog.speak() # Output: I bark

---

9.4. Encapsulation
Encapsulation restricts access to some components of an object. Prefix variables with _
(protected) or __ (private).

class BankAccount:

def __init__(self):

self.__balance = 0 # Private attribute

def deposit(self, amount):

self.__balance += amount

def get_balance(self):

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 return self.__balance

---

9.5. Polymorphism
Polymorphism allows methods in different classes to have the same name but behave
differently.

Example Code:

class Shape:

def area(self):

pass

class Rectangle(Shape):

def __init__(self, width, height):

self.width = width

self.height = height

def area(self):

return self.width * self.height

---

Summary Questions:

1. What is the purpose of the __init__ method?

It initializes an object’s attributes when it is created.

2. Write a class to represent a rectangle and calculate its perimeter.

class Rectangle:

def __init__(self, length, width):

self.length = length

self.width = width

38
 def perimeter(self):

return 2 * (self.length + self.width)

rect = Rectangle(5, 10)

print("Perimeter:", rect.perimeter())

---

With this, the course is complete. Let me know if you want additional sections, examples, or
exercises!

Wow 😲, Very good , an amazing!, i'd like you to create a downloadable zip file for Section 1
maintaining quality as above

With this, the course is complete. Let me know if you want additional sections, examples

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