What is programming language

 Language is set of instruction many language passing

instructions using language.
 Should follow some of instructions
Why Programming Language?
 To communicate computer.
 Set of instructions i.e, programs which is used to
develop applications is a software.
 It is language which is predefined language to develop
applications.

 Using computer language to communicate software

with other devices.
Need of programming language
 We communicate with machine for some task to be
performed.
 To share information we communicate.
 We the person wants to communicate with machine
 Factorial 5! = 120
 But its difficult to identify factorial of 120! = ?...
Directly we can’t identify.
 To perform complex operation
Why language
 We want to communicate with computer
 Persons in order to pass instruction in machine code
only
 Computer understandable language, i.e in binary
language
 Can we anyone pass in binary language, NO it is very
complex.
 First, we have to learn programming language
 i.e C, C++, .net, java, python – High Level Language
Compiler in Programming language
 Compiler is predefined software
 Ready for conversions of source code to binary code
 Compiler converts all instruction to binary
 Now machine code is ready.
 That, we can pass as an input to computer.
 Now computer is able to produces output.

 To perform complex operations.

 Ex: ATM if it doesn’t exist, process to withdraw would
be very difficult to follow up manually.
Chapter 5
» Introduction to Python
» Python Keywords
» Identifiers
» Comments
» Data Types
» Operators
» Expressions
» Statement
» Input and Output
» Type Conversion
» Debugging
Data types in Python
Mutable and Immutable Data Types
Object and its identifier
OPERATORS
 Arithmetic Operators
Addition
 Adds the two numeric values on either side of the operator
 This operator can also be used to concatenate two strings
on either side of the operator
>>> num1 = 5
>>> num2 = 6
>>> num1 + num2
11
>>> str1 = "Hello"
>>> str2 = "India"
>>> str1 + str2
'HelloIndia'
 Subtracts the operand on the right from the operand on the left
>>> num1 = 5
>>> num2 = 6
>>> num1 - num2
-1

 Multiplies the two values on both side of the operator

Repeats the item on left of the operator if first operand is a
string and second operand is an integer value
>>> num1 = 5
>>> num2 = 6
>>> num1 * num2
30
>>> str1 = 'India'
>>> str1 * 2
'IndiaIndia'
Division/Modulus
 Divides the operand on the left by the operand on the right
and returns the quotient
>>> num1 = 8
>>> num2 = 4
>>> num2 / num1
0.5
 Divides the operand on the left by the operand on the right
and returns the remainder
>>> num1 = 13
>>> num2 = 5
>>> num1 % num2
3
Floor Division (//)
 Divides the operand on the left by the operand on the right
and returns the quotient by removing the decimal part. It is
sometimes also called integer division.

>>> num1 = 13
>>> num2 = 4
>>> num1 // num2
3
>>> num2 // num1
0
Exponent (**)
 Performs exponential (power) calculation on
operands. That is, raise the operand on the left to the
power of the operand on the right
>>> num1 = 3
>>> num2 = 4
>>> num1 ** num2
81
Relational Operators
Logical Operators
 Logical AND >>> True and True
 If both the operands are True
True, then condition >>> num1 = 10
becomes True
>>> num2 = -20
>>> bool(num1 and num2)
True
>>> True and False
False
>>> num3 = 0
>>> bool(num1 and num3)
False
>>> False and False
False
Logical OR
 If any of the two >>> True or True
operands are True, then True
condition becomes True >>> True or False
True
>>> bool(num1 or num3)
True
>>> False or False
False
Logical NOT
 Used to reverse the >>> num1 = 10
logical state of its >>> bool(num1)
operand True
>>> not num1
>>> bool(num1)
False
Assignment Operators
= (Equal Symbol)
 Assigns value from right-side operand to left- side
operand

>>> num1 = 2
>>> num2 = num1
>>> num2
2
>>> country = 'India'
>>> country
'India'
+=
 It adds the value of right-side >>> num1 = 10
operand to the left-side operand >>> num2 = 2
and assigns the result to the left- >>> num1 += num2
side operand
 Note: x += y is same as x = x + y
>>> num1
12
>>> num2
2
>>> str1 = 'Hello'
>>> str2 = 'India'
>>> str1 += str2
>>> str1
'HelloIndia'
-=
 It subtracts the value of right-side operand from the
left-side operand and assigns the result to left-side
operand
 Note: x -= y is same as x = x – y

>>> num1 = 10
>>> num2 = 2
>>> num1 -= num2
>>> num1
8
*=
 It multiplies the value of right-side operand with the value of
left-side operand and assigns the result to left-side operand
 Note: x *= y is same as x = x * y
>>> num1 = 2
>>> num2 = 3
>>> num1 *= 3
>>> num1
6
>>> a = 'India'
>>> a *= 3
>>> a
'IndiaIndiaIndia'
/=
 It divides the value of left-side operand by the value of
right-side operand and assigns the result to left-side
operand
 Note: x /= y is same as x = x / y
>>> num1 = 6
>>> num2 = 3
>>> num1 /= num2
>>> num1
2.0
 %=
 It performs modulus operation using two operands and
assigns the result to left-side operand
 Note: x %= y is same as x = x % y

 //=
 It performs floor division using two operands and
assigns the result to left-side operand
 Note: x //= y is same as x = x // y
**=
 It performs exponential (power) calculation on
operators and assigns value to the left-side operand
 Note: x **= y is same as x = x ** y

>>> num1 = 2
>>> num2 = 3
>>> num1 **= num2
>>> num1
8
Identity Operators
Identity operators are used to determine whether the
value of a variable is of a certain type or not.
Identity operators can also be used to determine
whether two variables are referring to the same
object or not
>>> num2 = num1
>>> id(num1)
>>> num1 = 5 1433920576
>>> type(num1) is int >>> id(num2)
1433920576
True >>> num1 is num2
True
>>> num1 is not num2
False
Membership Operators
 Membership operators are used to check if a value is a
member of the given sequence or not.

>>> a = [1,2,3]
>>> 2 in a
True
>>> '1' in a
False

>>> a = [1,2,3]
>>> 10 not in a
True
>>> 1 not in a
False
Data Types in Python
 Numeric
 Sequence
 Sets
 None
 Dictionary
Operators:
 Arithmetic Operators
 Assignment Operators
 Logical Operators
 Relational Operators
 Identity Operators
 Membership Operators
EXPRESSIONS
 An expression is defined as a combination of
constants, variables, and operators.
 An expression always evaluates to a value.
 A value or a standalone variable is also considered as
an expression but a standalone operator is not an
expression.
(i) 100 (iv) 3.0 + 3.14
(ii) num (v) 23/3 -5 * 7(14 -2)
(iii) num – 20.4 (vi) "Global" + "Citizen"
Precedence of Operators
 Evaluation of the expression is based on precedence of operators
 When an expression contains different kinds of operators,
precedence determines which operator should be applied first
 Higher precedence operator is evaluated before the lower
precedence operator.

 Binary operators are operators with two operands.

 The unary operators need only one operand,
 They have a higher precedence than the binary operators.
 The minus (-) as well as + (plus) operators can act as both unary
and binary operators.
Note:
a) Parenthesis can be used to override the precedence of
operators. The expression within () is evaluated first.
b) For operators with equal precedence, the expression is
evaluated from left to right.

How will Python evaluate the following expression?

20 + 30 * 40 20 - 30 + 40
= 20 + (30 * 40) = (20 – 30) + 40
= 20 + 1200 = -10 + 40
= 1220 = 30
STATEMENT
 A statement is a unit of code that the Python
interpreter can execute.
>>> x = 4 #assignment statement
>>> cube = x ** 3 #assignment statement
>>> print (x, cube) #print statement
4 64
INPUT AND OUTPUT
 In Python, we have the input() function for taking the user input.
 The input() function prompts the user to enter data.
 It accepts all user input as string.
 The user may enter a number or a string but the input() function treats
them as strings only.
 The syntax for input() is: input ([Prompt])
 Prompt is the string we may like to display on the screen prior to taking
the input, and it is optional.
 When a prompt is specified, first it is displayed on the screen after
which the user can enter data.
 The input() takes exactly what is typed from the keyboard,
converts it into a string and assigns it to the variable on left-hand
side of the assignment operator (=).
 Entering data for the input function is terminated by pressing the enter
key.
Output Statement : using print()
 print(value [, ..., sep = ' ', end = '\n'])
 sep: The optional parameter sep is a separator between the
output values. We can use a character, integer or a string as
a separator. The default separator is space.
 end: This is also optional and it allows us to specify any
string to be appended after the last value. The default is a
new line.
print("Hello")
print(10*2.5)
print("I" + "love" + "my" + "country")
print("I'm", 16, "years old")
Example for input()
>>> fname = input("Enter your first name: ")
Enter your first name: Arnab
>>> age = input("Enter your age: ")
Enter your age: 19
>>> type(age)
<class 'str'>

#function int() to convert string to integer

>>> age = int( input("Enter your age:"))
Enter your age: 19
>>> type(age)
<class 'int'>
TYPE CONVERSION
 Explicit Conversion
 Implicit Conversion

The program was expected to display double the value

of the number received and store in variable num1.
>>>num1 = input("Enter a number and I'll double it: ")
>>>num1 = num1 * 2
>>>print(num1) # Result will be 22
This is because the value returned by the input function is a string
("2") by default.
>>>num1 = input("Enter a number and I'll double it: ")
>>> num1 = int(num1) #convert string input to integer
>>> num1 = num1 * 2
>>> print(num1)
Explicit Conversion
 Explicit conversion, also called type casting happens
when data type conversion takes place because the
programmer forced it in the program.
 The general form of an explicit data type conversion is:
(new_data_type) (expression)
 there is a risk of loss of information since we are forcing an
expression to be of a specific type.
 For example, converting a floating value of
 x = 20.67 #into an integer type.
 int(x) #will discard the fractional part .67.
Explicit type conversion functions
in Python
 Function : Description
 int(x) : Converts x to an integer
 float(x) : Converts x to a floating-point number
 str(x) : Converts x to a string representation
 chr(x) : Converts ASCII value of x to character
 ord(x) : returns the character associated with the
ASCII code x
Implicit Conversion
 Implicit conversion, happens when data type
conversion is done automatically by Python and is not
instructed by the programmer

num1 = 10 #num1 is an integer

num2 = 20.0 #num2 is a float
sum1 = num1 + num2 #sum1 is sum of a float
and an integer
print(sum1)
print(type(sum1))
DEBUGGING
 A programmer can make mistakes while writing a
program, and hence, the program may not execute or
may generate wrong output.
 The process of identifying and removing such
mistakes, also known as bugs or errors, from a program
is called debugging.
 Three Categories:
 i) Syntax errors
 ii) Logical errors
 iii) Runtime errors
 Syntax error :
 If any syntax error is present, the interpreter shows error
message(s) and stops the execution there.
 Logical error :
 A logical error is a bug in the program that causes it to behave
incorrectly. A logical error produces an undesired output but
without abrupt termination of the execution of the program.
 Ex: To find the average of two numbers 10 and 12 and we write the
code as 10 + 12/2. it would run successfully and produce the result
16.
 The correct code to find the average should have been
(10 + 12)/2 to give the correct output as 11.
 Runtime Error:
 A runtime error causes abnormal termination of program
while it is executing.
 Runtime error is when the statement is correct syntactically,
but the interpreter cannot execute it.
 Runtime errors do not appear until after the program starts
running or executing.
 Ex: We have a statement having division operation in the
program. By mistake, if the denominator entered is zero then
it will give a runtime error like “division by zero”.